利用星载激光雷达研究云层垂直结构及其分布

云的垂直结构（CVS）是云的重要特征量,在大气模式的研究中有着有着十分重要的影响。利用CALIPSO（Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations）星载激光雷达2007年到2010年间的Level 2 Version 3的云数据对中国海及其周边海域的云的垂直结构及其分布随年度和区域的变化进行了统计分析。结果表明：层数不同的云在研究区域内发生的概率（COF）差别较大,云顶海拔高度（LTA）不同的云沿纬度方向的分布差异明显,LTA在10 km到20 km的云出现的概率较高而且大多出现于靠近赤道区域。由于有些云CALIPSO信号不能穿透,可能使云层数以及云顶高度的统计结果偏小。     

南海海区低空大气波导气候学分析

基于2014—2016年发布的全球电信系统（global telecommunication system，GTS）数据，对南海海域附近8个探空站数据进行了统计分析，获得了南海海区低空大气波导参数统计特征以及概率分布特征结果.结果表明:年度统计来看，南海海区表面波导发生概率在20%左右，大部分表面波导高度位于100 m以下，强度小于10 M，悬空波导发生概率在50%左右，悬空波导顶高、层底高、底高参数一般位于1 000~2 500 m，强度位于4 M~15 M，空间分布基本呈现中部高、南北低（与热带辐合带相关）的特点；月份统计来看，南海北部以及中部具有明显的月份变化（与南海季风密切相关），而南海南部（靠近赤道）月份变化则不明显.统计分析结果可为南海海区雷达、通信系统的运行保障提供参考.     

黄海海域低空大气波导发生概率和特征量统计分析

基于2010―2018年全球电信系统（Global Telecommunication System,GTS）发布的探空站数据,对黄海海域周边8个站的低空大气波导发生概率和参数特征量进行了统计分析. 结果显示:黄海海域周边低空大气波导年发生概率为20%~50%,并呈现海域东部站点高于西部的规律;表面波导顶高和强度分别为100 m和10 M单位左右,截止频率不超过1 500 MHz,穿透角大于0.2°;悬空波导顶高、层底高和底高基本位于1 000~2 000 m,强度在10 M单位左右,截止频率不超过300 MHz,穿透角大于0.2°;各站点低空大气波导月份发生概率均在冬季最低,海域东部的光州和京畿道站月份发生概率分布比较相似,海域西北部的丹东、大连和成山头站月份发生概率分布比较一致;整个黄海海域的月份发生概率在冬季最低,不超过20%,春季逐渐提高,夏季达到40%以上,10月份开始降低,下降趋势持续到冬季,月份发生概率变化与该海域气象变化密切相关. 统计结果可以为该海域内雷达、通信等无线电系统的设计和运行保障提供参考.     

南海海温年际变化的均方差分析

利用新的SODA海表温废资料,研究了2002～2007年南海表层水温（SST）的均方差特征,探讨其对声速变化的影响。分析结果表明：在所选取的南海海域中,南海SST均方差随季节和纬度都有所变化,整个南海SST均方差值变化范围为1—6。1～3月高于18°N海域,海温年际变化较大,基本接近4．低于18°N海域均方差值随月份减弱;4～6月南海海域海温年际变化小,随月份和纬度增大而略微增大;7~9月海温变化不明显,基本保持同样的变化趋势;10～12月在高于12°N附近海域,海温均方差值先变小,到12月份又开始增大,低于120N附近海域,均方差值保持在1左右变化。南海海表声速较大,但随季节变化不明显,夏、秋两季比春、冬两季较高。     

基于MODIS云产品的北京地区卷云特性统计分析

利用2007年1月到2008年12月北京地区MODIS云产品数据（MYD06）,对北京地区卷云的光学厚度、有效尺度、和卷云云顶高度的概率分布和季节变化进行了统计分析,并对卷云出现的概率分布进行了研究。结果表明,卷云的云顶高度主要分布在6~12 km处,典型高度在9 km左右,卷云云顶高度分布随季节变化而变化。卷云的有效尺度主要分布在20~80 um之间,40~50 um间概率最大。卷云有效尺度随季节变化不大,并在一定程度上依赖于卷云的云顶高度。北京上空出现的冰云基本上都是不透明冰云。卷云光学厚度主要分布在0~10间,光学厚度小于5出现的概率大。冬季北京地区卷云出现的概率较小,光学厚度较小。     

中国近海大气波导的时空特征分析

利用2006～2007年高时空分辨率的NCEP-FNL大气再分析数据与气象观测数据,详细统计分析了中国近海大气波导的时空分布,给出了大气波导出现概率与其高度、厚度和强度等特征量的统计特征,并初步探讨了其成因.统计结果揭示:中国近海大气波导出现概率及波导类型的变化与东亚季风活动紧密关联,季风是其气候学成因;夏季时渤海、黄海、东海沿岸海域大气波导明显增多;台湾海峡与台湾东南毗邻海域常年是波导发生最频繁的海区.研究表明:借助中尺度大气数值模拟可以更细致地研究与预测中国近海大气波导的时空分布特征.     

基于江西地区多卫星数据的气溶胶立体分布研究

利用长时间序列（2007~2014年）的MODIS/Terra数据探讨了江西地区气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth, AOD）空间变化特征,发现该地区平均AOD呈现由南往北逐渐递增的趋势,其中,九江和南昌达到最高。同时,利用CALIPSO/CALIOP 垂直特征掩膜获得了气溶胶层与云层的混合和分离状态,计算了气溶胶、不同子类型气溶胶和云的垂直概率分布和最大似然高度（maximum probability height, MPH）。结果表明：气溶胶主要聚集在1~3.5 km,气溶胶层和云层混合状态出现的概率高于分离状态。在2～4 km之间,春季污染沙尘出现的概率最高,冬季次之,夏季与秋季相当,而烟尘气溶胶夏季出现的概率最高,春、冬季相当,秋季次之。基于夜间CALIOP数据计算得到的气溶胶和云的MPH均表现出较大的季节差异性。     

MODIS 3A遥感图像的均值融合研究与应用

利用MODIS卫星资料分析研究海洋环境的变化时,需将多幅图像或数据进行融合处理.首先介绍了Terra和Aqua MODIS卫星数据均值融合算法,然后利用该算法分析了2006年热带风暴 "PRAPIROON"前后海表温度的变化,结果表明,南海北部研究海域海表温度在热带风暴"PRAPIROON"前平均为27. 12℃,热带风暴期间平均为25. 18℃,平均下降1. 94℃,区域海域个别点降幅接近10℃,且研究区域海表温度的变化具有非均匀性.该方法不仅可利用多源MOIDS卫星遥感资料反应一定时期研究海域海温的变化程度,还可分析不同区域变化的差异性,对于研究其它海洋或陆地环境参量变化具有一定的应用价值.     

SBDART对云地面长波辐射强迫的模拟研究

为了研究云的地面长波辐射强迫与云的关系,利用SBDART辐射传输模式模拟了云量、云底高和云光学厚度对云的地面长波辐射强迫的影响,并对国内外学者研究的云的地面长波辐射强迫随云量变化的非线性原因进行了理论分析.结果表明:对相同的云,在不同的大气条件下,地面长波辐射强迫是不同的;云的地面长波辐射强迫随云量的增大而增大,随云底高的增大而减小,随云光学厚度的增大而增大,当光学厚度大于10以后,几乎不再增大.随云量的增加,低云和光学厚度大的云出现概率增大,是云的地面长波辐射强迫随云量变化呈非线性的两个原因.     

基于环境减灾卫星热红外波段数据研究核电厂温排水分布

基于环境减灾卫星的热红外波段数据,采用普适性单通道温度反演算法反演了田湾核电厂附近海域海面温度,反演结果与MODIS海面温度产品具有一致性,然后依据反演所得海面温度分布图,对不同季节和不同潮汐条件下温排水的分布特征进行了分析,结果表明,夏季温升超过3℃的区域明显小于冬季,夏季温排水沿海岸单向扩散,冬季的温升区域呈扇形分布;低潮时温排水扩散范围明显增大,温升超过3℃的区域面积超过高潮时的4倍.     

利用MODIS数据对北极夏季卷云特性的研究

利用2011~2014年MODIS云产品数据对北极地区夏季卷云的出现概率、云顶温度、云顶高度、光学厚度、有效粒径大小进行统计分析,并讨论了北极地区夏季卷云有效粒径大小和卷云高度的关系。结果表明,北极地区上空夏季卷云出现概率最高,水云较少。卷云云顶温度主要分布在230~272 K(即-43~-5℃),其云顶高度主要在2~8 km,4.5~6 km出现概率最大。卷云的光学厚度主要在小于10范围内。卷云的有效粒径在5~40 m之间,10~20 m出现概率最大。卷云的有效粒径和高度的关系与中纬度地区相反,北极地区卷云高度越高,卷云有效粒径越大。北极地区卷云随着纬度增大,卷云出现概率增加,卷云云顶温度降低,卷云高度增加,卷云有效粒径增大,卷云光学厚度增大。     

Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing. The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region. In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

Cloud Storage Technology and Its Applications

Cloud storage employs software that interconnects and facilitates collaboration between different types of storage devices.Compared with traditional storage methods, cloud storage poses new challenges in data security, reliability, and management. This paper introduces four layers of cloud storage architecture: data storage layer (connecting multiple storage components), data management layer (providing common support technology for multiple services), data service layer (sustaining multiple storage applications), and user access layer. A typical cloud storage application-Backup Cloud (B-Cloud)-is examined and its software architecture, characteristics, and main research areas are discussed.     

Cloud cover comparisons of the MODIS daytime cloud mask with surface instruments at the north slope of Alaska ARM site

This paper compares daytime cloud fraction derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), an imager on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aqua and Terra platforms, to observations from a suite of surface-based instrumentation located at the Department of Energy's atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Clouds and Radiation Testbed site. In this systematic comparison of satellite-to-surface measurements, 3650 cases are analyzed from February through September 2001. The surface instruments used in these comparisons include the Vaisala Ceilometer (VCEIL), the Micropulse Lidar (MPL), the Active Remote Sensing of Clouds (ARSCL) composite laser-derived data product, the Whole-Sky Imager (WSI), and the Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP). In terms of the active sensors, VCEIL cloud cover results compare to within /spl plusmn/20% of MODIS results 77% of the time. As expected, VCEIL is found to be insensitive to optically thin high-level clouds. MPL results are consistent with MODIS in 83% of the cases; however, the MPL preliminary.cbh variable reports spurious clouds in clear-sky conditions. The ARSCL composite laser-derived data product agrees with MODIS in 81% of the cases, improving upon high cloud detection of the VCEIL, while eliminating the spurious clear-sky cloud detections in the MPL preliminary.cbh variable. For the passive WSI, cloud cover agrees with the MODIS cloud fraction in 74% of the cases, with the difference primarily caused by the insensitivity of the WSI to thin clouds. Detailed analysis of individual cases shows that the MODIS cloud mask generally detects more thin cirrus than the surface-based instruments, but it sometimes fails to detect low-level cumulus and fog over the ARM NSA site.     

高分一号光学遥感数据自适应云区识别

光学卫星遥感数据在获取过程中易受云层干扰,云区识别是光学遥感数据应用及分析的一个基础但重要的步骤,高效的云区识别技术对节省数据收集成本和提高数据利用效率具有较强的现实意义.同态滤波算法是经典的基于单幅影像的云区识别方法之一,该算法具有计算快速方便、云区检测精度较高的优点,然而识别的云区范围极大程度取决于同态滤波器截止频率的位置.同态滤波截止频率通常采用经验值,显然经验截止频率无法适应批量遥感数据的自动处理需求.针对以上问题,本文通过建立输入影像频谱能量与截止频率的关系,结合白度指数(Whiteness Index)和形态学算子,实现对国产高分辨率光学卫星高分一号(GF-1)遥感数据的批量云区识别处理.与传统同态滤波方法相比,该算法能根据影像频谱能量自适应判定同态滤波时采用的截止频率,具有更强的适用性.通过对98景GF-1多光谱数据进行随机点人工目视标记精度检验,精度检验结果表明该算法对云区有较好的检测效果,总体识别精度达93. 81%.该算法对GF-1遥感数据能进行批量化云区检测,获得高精度的云区掩膜结果,并有效降低高反射率地物造成的误识率.     

Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequencies for Satellite Applications over Equatorial Climate

A propagation experiment has been carried out at Penang using the SUPERBIRD-C satellite beacon. Cloud occurrences were observed during different months and it is seen that the low cloud occurrences over Penang is very significant from October to January. The cloud attenuation results that are presented, which include the testing of models, have been obtained from the data gathered over five years. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 75 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been estimated whereby the values varies from 0.14 dB/km at 12 GHz to 10.1 dB/km at 100 GHz.     

Cloud Statistics Measured With the Infrared Cloud Imager (ICI)

The Infrared Cloud Imager (ICI) is a ground-based thermal infrared imaging system that measures spatial cloud statistics with a 320$,times,$240-pixel uncooled microbolometer detector array. Clouds are identified from the residual radiance that remains after water vapor emission is removed from radiometrically calibrated sky images (the water vapor correction relies on measurements of precipitable water vapor and near-surface air temperature). Cloud amount, the percentage of an ICI image containing clouds, is presented for data from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites at Barrow, AK in February–April 2002, Lamont, OK in February–April 2003, and Barrow, AK in March–April 2004. In Oklahoma, the percent cloud cover determined from full ICI images was slightly higher than that found from a single-pixel time series, suggesting that cloudiness may be under sampled by vertically viewing lidars or radars under highly variable conditions. Full-image and single-pixel statistics agreed more closely for Arctic clouds, which tend to be uniform for long periods of time. Good agreement is found in comparing cloud amount from ICI and active remote sensors during day and night, but much worse agreement is found between ICI and the ARM Whole Sky Imager during nighttime relative to daytime, indicating the importance of the diurnally consistent ICI measurements.     

MAAS: A mobile cloud assisted architecture for handling emergency situations

Recent advancements in the area of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) have significantly contributed towards assisting mankind to handle varied types of emergency situations that may arise as a result of different natural calamities like earthquakes, floods, fire, etc, which may cause huge damage to public property and result in loss of wealth of the nation. In this work, we have proposed a mobile cloud assisted architecture that supports the multicloud and hybrid‐cloud environments, together with Cloud Probing Service (CPS) and Cloud Ranking Service (CRS). The proposed algorithm consumes data from the sensor nodes and offloads the data to the most suitable cloud. A three‐layered architecture has been proposed, and the anchor points facilitate in the creation of the interface between the different layers. The simulation results indicate that the proposed mobile cloud assisted architecture for handling emergency situations (MAAS) approach performs better than the baseline algorithms.