星载SAR多普勒质心估记的新方法幅度相关法

本文分析了星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)多普勒质心与距离走动之间的线性关系,提出了一种估计多普勒质心的新方法幅度相关法。利用星载SEASAT-A SAR原始数据,讨论了该方法与目前最常用的杂波锁定法的差别。结果表明,采用幅度相关法具有运算量小和在准均匀或非均匀场景下估计精度高的优越性。     

A new method of doppler centroid estimation for spaceborne SAR—Amplitude correlation method

The linear relationship between Doppler centroid and range walking in spaceborne SAR data is analyzed, and a new method to estimate Doppler centroid is proposed, which is so called amplitude correlation method. Compared with clutter-lock method which is widely used now, the new method has much less computation burden and is able to give higher estimation accuracy for a quasi-homogeneous scene or a non-homogeneous scene. This is clearly verifled by the experimental results of estimating Doppler centroid for SEaSAT-A raw data.     

A spatially selective approach to Doppler estimation for frame-based satellite SAR processing

When Doppler centroid estimators are applied to satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, biased estimates are often obtained because of anomalies in the received data. Typical anomalies include areas of low SNR, strong discrete targets, and radiometric discontinuities. In this paper, a new method of Doppler centroid estimation is presented that takes advantage of principles such as spatial diversity, estimator quality checks, geometric models, and the fitting of a "global" estimate over a wide area of a SAR scene. In the proposed scheme, Doppler estimates are made over small blocks of data covering a whole frame, so that all parts of the scene are potentially represented. The quality of each block estimate is examined using data statistics or estimator quality measures. Poor estimates are rejected, and the remaining estimates are used to fit a surface model of the Doppler centroid versus the range and azimuth extent of the scene. A physical model that relates the satellite's orbit, attitude, and beam-pointing-direction to the Doppler centroid is used to get realistic surface fits and to reduce the complexity (dimensionality) of the estimation problem. The method is tested with RADARSAT-1 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission X-band SAR (SRTM/X-SAR) spaceborne data and is found to work well with scenes that do have radiometric anomalies, and in scenes where attitude adjustments cause the Doppler to change rapidly.     

一种用于海洋要素反演的机载SAR多普勒中心偏移计算方法

多普勒中心偏移是合成孔径雷达(SAR)反演海面风场、海表流场的重要参数。该文针对机载正侧视提出一种多普勒中心偏移计算方法,分别利用载机运动状态数据和海洋探测回波数据计算多普勒中心频率,再作差求解多普勒中心偏移,并在多普勒谱分析中加入小波分析去除噪声的影响来提高计算精度。以CDOP经验模型计算结果作为比对真值,机载SAR飞行探测试验结果表明,9组探测数据多普勒中心偏移计算误差的绝对值均小于2 Hz,均方根误差为1.4 Hz,满足海洋环境要素反演的精度要求。实验表明高精度的平台运动状态数据和探测回波数据是多普勒中心偏移海洋应用的关键。      

PRF-ambiguity resolving by wavelength diversity

For high-precision synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, the determination of the Doppler centroid is indispensable. The Doppler frequency estimated from azimuth spectra, however, suffers from the fact that the data are sampled with the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and an ambiguity about the correct PRF band remains. A novel algorithm to resolve this ambiguity is proposed. It uses the fact that the Doppler centroid depends linearly on the transmitted radar frequency for a given antenna squint angle. This dependence is not subject to PRF ambiguities. It can be measured by Fourier-transforming the SAR data in the range direction and estimating the Doppler centroid at each range frequency. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified with Seasat data of different scene content. The algorithm works best with low contrast scenes, where the conventional look correlation technique fails. It needs no iterative processing of the SAR data and causes only low computational load     

Estimation of doppler centroid frequency in spaceborne ScanSAR

Doppler centroid frequency is an essential parameter in the imaging processing of the Scanning mode Synthetic Aperture Radar （ScanSAR）. Inaccurate Doppler centroid frequency will result in ghost images in imaging result. In this letter, the principle and algorithms of Doppler centroid frequency estimation are introduced. Then the echo data of ScanSAR system is analyzed. Based on the algorithms of energy balancing and correlation Doppler estimator in the estimation of Doppler centroid frequency in strip mode SAR, an improved method for Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR is proposed. The method has improved the accuracy of Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR by zero padding between burst data. Finally, the proposed method is validated with the processing of ENVironment SATellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar （ENVISAT ASAR） wide swath raw data.     

Minimum mean square error space-varying filtering ofinterferometric SAR data

This paper addresses the problem of filtering interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) signals in presence of nonplanar topography to mitigate geometrical decorrelation effects. The problem is space-variant. The authors assume knowledge about the scene topography and derive an optimal, minimum mean square error (MMSE), filtering procedure. The algorithm is flexible and, beside the standard stripmap-stripmap interferometry, it may be applied to IFSAR data acquired in any operative mode. For instance, in scan-scan, scan-strip, and scan-spot interferometry. The scene topography contribution may be either derived from an external rough digital elevation model (DEM) or directly estimated from the SAR data. The filtering technique is extended to the azimuth direction to account for possible Doppler centroid decorrelation. Experimental results carried out on real data confirm the validity of the theory and show that this filtering procedure allows the authors to obtain a reduction of the interferometric noise content. Its gain is particularly marked in the cases of steep topography, where application of the standard common band filters could deteriorate the signal quality, or for large Doppler centroid shifts between the two acquisitions     

一种基于局域中心频率的SAR图像舰船方位向速度估计方法

针对现有船速估计算法大多数只能估计出舰船距离向速度的问题,该文提出一种基于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像局域中心频率的舰船方位向速度估计方法。首先分析了动目标在SAR图像局域多普勒中心频率的变化规律,并推导了利用中心频率变化率估计目标方位向速度的理论公式。然后给出了根据SAR图像局域方位向功率谱的概率密度函数,利用最大似然估计算法估计中心频率变化率的方法。同时,对所提方法的精度与适用性应用性进行分析。最后,通过仿真和实测数据,将该方法的估计结果与直接计算调频率获得的结果进行对比分析。结果表明,相对于调频率法,该方法具有更高的估计精度,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

椭圆轨道全零多普勒导引律研究

星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据处理中,多普勒特性对于方位向性能以及成像精度都有直接的影响。基于轨道动力学理论,在椭圆轨道情况下,该文导出了同时考虑偏航控制和俯仰控制的多普勒中心频率解析表达式,分别分析了偏航控制和俯仰控制对多普勒中心的影响,提出一种基于椭圆轨道的全零多普勒方法,并用TerraSAR-X轨道参数进行了数值仿真,仿真结果表明,使用该方法后,多普勒中心频率被减小到不超过5 Hz,比传统的偏航导引方法缩小了约一百倍,比基于瞬时圆轨道的全零多普勒方法缩小了5倍,表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于最小熵DCFT的双基地SAR多普勒参数估计

多普勒参数估计是SAR成像技术研究中的一项关键技术,多普勒参数估计精度将直接影响机载双基地SAR系统成像质量,为了实现对感兴趣目标区域有效地成像,需要对回波信号的参数进行准确估计。本文提出基于最小熵的离散调频傅里叶法(DCFT),该方法基于线性调频信号,可同时估计多普勒质心和多普勒斜率,并用RD算法对双基地SAR仿真数据成像,通过仿真验证了该方法的性能。     

一般构型机载双站SAR回波信号特性分析

一般构型机载双站合成孔径雷达(SAR)的成像结构与系统参数使其回波信号具有新的特性,文中从残余距离徙动、多普勒参数、回波频谱三个方面对信号特性进行分析。研究结果表明,残余距离走动与残余距离弯曲具有方位向非对称性,宽场景成像中需按照残余距离徙动与二阶相位误差对观测场景进行成像区分块;多普勒质心具有二维扩散性,多普勒调频率与多普勒带宽具有二维扩展性;在距离频域-方位时域校正距离走动可削弱因双站斜视带来的回波信号距离-方位向二维强耦合,推导了距离走动校正后的回波频谱公式。仿真验证了一般构型机载双站SAR的信号特性与距离走动校正方法的有效性。     

一种单星方位多通道高分辨率宽测绘带SAR系统通道相位偏差时域估计新方法

方位多通道合成孔径雷达(SAR)可有效抑制多普勒模糊以实现高分辨率宽测绘带(High-Resolution Wide-Swath, HRWS)成像。通道间的幅相误差以及位置测量误差都将影响多普勒模糊抑制性能。通过分析单星方位多通道SAR系统的通道相位误差特性,该文提出一种基于回波数据的通道相位误差时域估计方法。该方法首先利用相邻通道间的回波数据进行干涉处理,其干涉相位包含回波多普勒中心信息以及相邻通道间的相位偏差信息。然后利用循环相消方法消除通道间相位偏差的影响,提取出原始回波的多普勒中心。最后,通过对去除多普勒中心分量后的通道间干涉相位进行积分,即可得到各通道相对于参考通道的相位误差。该文方法不仅可以有效地估计通道间的相对相位偏差,还可对原始回波的多普勒中心进行有效地估计。仿真实验验证了该文算法的有效性。     

A combined SAR Doppler centroid estimation scheme based upon signalphase

This paper describes a complete end-to-end Doppler centroid estimation scheme, which determines the fractional PRF part of the Doppler centroid. It also resolves the Doppler ambiguity. Experiments show that the scheme works successfully over various terrain types, including land, water, and ice, and that it requires only a modest amount of SAR data to perform reliably. The proposed scheme has an added advantage that it is directly applicable to RADARSAT and ENVISAT ScanSAR data. The scheme uses two complementary Doppler estimation algorithms, both utilizing the phase information embedded in the radar signal. In each algorithm, upper and lower parts of the available bandwidth of the received signal are extracted to form two range looks. The first algorithm, called multilook cross correlation (MLCC), computes the average cross correlation coefficient between adjacent azimuth samples for each of the two looks and then takes the difference between the angles of the two coefficients. The Doppler ambiguity is determined from the angle difference. The fractional pulse repetition frequency (PRF) part is also determined from the cross correlation coefficients. In the second algorithm, called multilook beat frequency (MLBF), the two looks are multiplied together to generate a beat signal. The beat frequency is then estimated and the Doppler ambiguity determined from the beat frequency. The MLCC algorithm performs better with low contrast scenes while the MLBF works better with high contrast ones. Although each algorithm works well on its own with sufficient averaging, it is also possible to use quality measures to select the best result from either algorithm. In this way, scenes of different content or contrast can be handled reliably. This paper presents the analysis of the two algorithms, explaining why their performance is affected by scene contrast, which is confirmed by experimental results with ERS-1 and JERS-1 data     

Airborne SAR processing of highly squinted data using a chirpscaling approach with integrated motion compensation

Proposes a new approach for high-resolution airborne SAR data processing, which uses a modified chirp scaling algorithm to accommodate the correction of motion errors, as well as the variations of the Doppler centroid in range and azimuth. By introducing a cubic phase term in the chirp scaling phase, data acquired with a squint angle up to 30° can be processed with no degradation of the impulse response function. The proposed approach is computationally very efficient, since it accommodates the variations of Doppler centroid without using block processing. Furthermore, a motion error extraction algorithm can be incorporated into the proposed approach by means of subaperture processing in azimuth. The new approach, denoted as extended chirp scaling, is considered to be a generalized algorithm suitable for the high-resolution processing of most airborne SAR systems     

Optimal range and Doppler centroid estimation for a ScanSAR system

This paper presents a new range and Doppler centroid estimation algorithm for a ScanSAR system. This algorithm is based on processing the image data in the overlapped region of two bursts of the same beam or adjacent beams. It leads to highly accurate radar pointing angles that are paramount to achieving good radiometric performance in ScanSAR imagery. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified by tests performed using SIR-C ScanSAR data and ERS data. This algorithm is computationally efficient and easy to implement. The proposed Doppler centroid estimation algorithm is also an excellent candidate for a strip mode SAR system     

面向顺飞双站小卫星条带SAR的电扫多普勒中心导引方法

多普勒导引是保证星载条带SAR正常工作的重要手段。传统星载双站SAR通过分别对主、辅星进行偏航控制实现多普勒导引,该方法对天线安装、波束宽度、基线长度等因素有较高的依赖性。高频段小卫星条带SAR波束较窄,对主、辅星分别进行多普勒导引会引入较大的增益损失;且对于天线指向星下点的小卫星,调整偏航角不再改变信号的多普勒中心,传统方法失效。为解决上述问题,本文提出了一种面向顺飞双站小卫星条带SAR的电扫多普勒中心导引方法。该方法采用电扫描的方式对主、辅星波束指向进行联合调整,并通过多普勒方程的联立保证调整后多普勒中心为零,因此实现了在不降低回波增益的条件下抑制多普勒中心的变化,从而大幅放宽了顺飞双站小卫星SAR受天线安装指向、雷达波段、基线长度的限制。本文使用Ka波段双站小卫星的参数进行了仿真实验,实验结果符合预期,验证了本文方法的有效性。      

WIDE SWATH FMCW SAR DATA PROCESSING IN SQUINT MODE简

This paper concentrates on the data processing of Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave （FMCW）, Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） in the case of wide swath and squint mode. In the mode, the Doppler centroid dramatically varies along slant range compared to conventional pulsed-SAR. This poses a challenge for system design and signal processing since a very large azimuth bandwidth would be introduced. In the paper, we accommodate the Doppler centroid variations with range by an im- proved spectral-length extension method, where a bulk range shift and updated Doppler centroid variations are introduced to greatly reduce the azimuth aliasing with respective to the existing methods Moreover, an image formation approach that integrates wave number domain algorithm is presented to focus the raw data of FMCW SAR in the case of wide swath and squint mode. Point target simulation experiment demonstrates the advantages of the presented method.     

高轨SAR多普勒中心补偿的二维姿态控制方法

该文提出一种高轨SAR多普勒中心补偿的2维姿态控制方法,在保证波束照射到地球表面的前提下,调整波束中心指向将多普勒中心补偿为零。首先分析了无偏航控制、1维偏航控制情况下的多普勒中心,说明了2维姿态控制的必要性;然后根据零多普勒面与地球表面的交线,在卫星轨道坐标系下,得到了在任意轨道位置将多普勒中心补偿为零的波束中心指向的解析表达式。仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

星载SAR多普勒质心估计的改进方法

本文基于星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）多普勒质心估计的原理，提出估计多普勒质心的能量均衡逼近法，它改进了杂波锁定法的算法结构，减小了估计的运算量；同时还提出距离向加权拟合法，有效地改善了估计精度；最后利用星载SEASAT－ASAR原始数据，证明了这两种新方法的优越性。     

地球同步轨道星载SAR多普勒特性分析

该文推导了适用于任意轨道高度的星载SAR多普勒中心频率和调频率的精确公式,为中高轨SAR多普勒特性的研究提供了有效的方法。基于上述公式,分析了地球同步轨道SAR多普勒中心频率与低轨SAR的联系;研究了星载SAR多普勒调频率随轨道高度的变化和地球自转对同步轨道SAR和低轨SAR调频率的影响;探讨了同步轨道SAR多普勒中心频率和调频率的特征。通过数值仿真验证了推导公式和多普勒特性分析的正确性。