太赫兹成像技术研究进展及应用

太赫兹波（terahertz waves）位于红外波段与微波波段之间,相比其他波段具有高透射性、低能量性、相干性、指纹光谱以及瞬态性等特点。随着太赫兹成像技术在空间通信、雷达探测、航天航空以及生物医疗等领域的广泛应用,已经表现出传统成像技术（如可见光、超声波和X射线成像）无法比拟的优势。本文首先对太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）成像技术以及室温（非制冷）微测辐射热计太赫兹成像技术的发展现状进行介绍,再介绍太赫兹成像技术的典型应用,最后指出太赫兹成像技术在发展中存在的限制因素并给出合理的建议。     

太赫兹成像技术研究进展及应用

太赫兹波（terahertz waves）位于红外波段与微波波段之间,相比其他波段具有高透射性、低能量性、相干性、指纹光谱以及瞬态性等特点。随着太赫兹成像技术在空间通信、雷达探测、航天航空以及生物医疗等领域的广泛应用,已经表现出传统成像技术（如可见光、超声波和X射线成像）无法比拟的优势。本文首先对太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）成像技术以及室温（非制冷）微测辐射热计太赫兹成像技术的发展现状进行介绍,再介绍太赫兹成像技术的典型应用,最后指出太赫兹成像技术在发展中存在的限制因素并给出合理的建议。     

肝脏和肺组织的太赫兹光谱成像

与红外辐射、X射线、核磁共振、超声波等传统医疗诊断技术相比,太赫兹技术具有能量低、空间分辨力高和带宽宽等独特分析能力,成为人体成像或人体组织癌症诊断技术的补充技术。分别对肝脏和肺的正常组织与肿瘤组织做了太赫兹光谱检测与太赫兹成像研究,通过肝脏的光谱检测与成像实验总结出相关经验,使得肺癌组织太赫兹成像得到了明显的效果,并且发现肺癌肿瘤组织在1.0 THz~1.75 THz频率范围内的太赫兹成像能够明显区分出正常组织与肿瘤组织,且频率越高,成像分辨力越高。     

太赫兹成像雷达系统研究进展*

与微波雷达和光电探测器相比,太赫兹成像雷达具有高分辨率成像、穿透能力好等众多优势,是太赫 兹技术的重要应用方向之一。本文介绍了近年来国内外全固态太赫兹成像雷达系统方面的研究进展,指出太赫兹 成像雷达研究中的部分关键技术,为太赫兹成像雷达系统的应用发展提供参考。     

太赫兹雷达成像技术

从体制角度论述了近几年来国内外各大主要研究机构对太赫兹雷达成像的研究情况,及其应用和未来的发展方向等.太赫兹雷达技术是一项正在蓬勃发展的技术,由于其波长与机理介于光学与微波之间,因而可以获取光学和微波所不可探测的信息.太赫兹雷达成像技术的发展为高分辨太赫兹空间遥感奠定了基础.     

太赫兹二维成像技术研究进展

太赫兹成像技术在人体安检、无损探伤、质量监控、生物医学、半导体特性表征等许多领域展现出广泛的应用前景。本文综述了各类太赫兹二维成像技术,包括太赫兹扫描成像、太赫兹单像素成像、电光调制太赫兹成像、太赫兹相机直接成像等技术,综述各类成像技术的研究背景,分析了具体的成像方法和成像结果,总结了不同太赫兹成像技术的优缺点并对今后太赫兹成像技术的发展趋势做出展望。     

太赫兹雷达成像技术

从体制角度论述了近几年来国内外各大主要研究机构对太赫兹雷达成像的研究情况,及其应用和未来的发展方向等。太赫兹雷达技术是一项正在蓬勃发展的技术,由于其波长与机理介于光学与微波之间,因而可以获取光学和微波所不可探测的信息。太赫兹雷达成像技术的发展为高分辨太赫兹空间遥感奠定了基础。     

聚四氟乙烯材料的太赫兹特性

太赫兹(THz)辐射能够穿透很多对可见光不透明的非金属、非极性材料,而用X辐射对这些材料成像的对比度又相对低,因此,太赫兹成像在安全检测和生产质量控制等领域日益受到重视。对成像材料的太赫兹特性的实际测量是太赫兹成像技术的重要组成部分。利用CO_2激光抽运太赫兹激光对聚四氟乙烯材料的太赫兹吸收特性和透过光斑轮廓进行了实验研究,获得聚四氟乙烯在70.51μm,96.5μm,118.83μm,122.4μm,158.51μm,184.31μm和214.58μm波长的吸收系数。     

利用里德堡原子探测微波和太赫兹波的研究

里德堡(Rydberg)原子具有极大的极化率和电偶极矩,并对外电场十分敏感,因此可利用Rydberg原子的量子干涉效应实现微波和太赫兹场的高精确度、自校准测量,基于Rydberg原子对太赫兹波频率上转换效应可实现太赫兹波段的实时成像。本文回顾了利用Rydberg原子的电磁诱导透明效应和Autler-Townes分裂现象实现对微波和太赫兹场的高精确度探测的研究进展,以及Rydberg原子在快速太赫兹成像方面的研究。     

采用CMOS太赫兹波探测器的成像系统

太赫兹波成像技术在生物医疗和安全检测等领域具有广阔的应用前景。针对新一代信息技术对便携式太赫兹波成像设备的需求，设计了基于CMOS太赫兹波探测器的成像系统。该系统包括一款CMOS太赫兹波探测器、片外模数转换器（ADC）、FPGA数字信号处理器、二位步进机、四个抛物面镜和太赫兹波辐射源等。CMOS太赫兹波探测器集成了片上贴片天线以及作为检波元件的NMOS晶体管，探测器由180 nm标准CMOS工艺制成。太赫兹波探测器的输出被片外模数转换器（ADC）采集并转换为数字信号，该数字信号被FPGA采集并传输到电脑上成像。所有上述元件均被装备在印刷线路板（PCB）上以减小系统体积。该系统实现了透射式太赫兹波扫描成像而无需斩波-锁相技术，并给出在860 GHz的太赫兹波照射下隐藏在信封内部金属的成像结果。     

De-noising techniques for terahertz responses of biological samples

Signal processing techniques may be used to improve the speed, resolution and noise robustness of pulsed terahertz (T-ray) imaging systems. Such systems have a wide range of applications and much recent interest has focussed on several promising biomedical fields. There are a number of significant challenges to be overcome before a commercial biomedical terahertz system can be realised. Recent research is focussed on the implementation of a high speed, compact and portable T-ray imaging system. This system will draw heavily on MOEMS technology. One of the major stages in the development of such a system is the design of efficient software algorithms to perform signal recognition and imaging operations in real time.

This paper considers a number of signal processing techniques suitable for de-noising and extracting information from the data obtained in a terahertz pulse imaging system. Two main de-noising techniques are considered. Wavelet de-noising and Wiener deconvolution algorithms are applied to the terahertz responses of biological samples including Spanish Serrano ham and an oak leaf.     

基于小波去噪的T-ray图像复原

针对实时THz脉冲（T-ray）成像系统所成图像分辨率低、受l/f相关噪声干扰严重的特点,提出一种新的基于小波去噪的T—ray图像复原算法。对T-ray图像进行离散小波变换后,先利用广义交叉确认估计出各个分辨率层的噪声闽值,然后对每个分辨率层的高频子带进行迭代去噪,最后对去噪后的T-ray图像采用Jasson-Van-Cittert算法进行复原处理以提高分辨率。实验结果表明,该方法在提高T-ray图像分辨率的同时,能显著地抑制THz成像系统的l/f相关噪声。创新之处在于以广义交叉确认作为T-ray图像中l/f噪声的估计方法,大幅度提高了图像信噪比（-5dB）,避免了噪声带来的复原算法中的不适定问题,达到较好的图像复原效果。     

Identification of biological tissue using chirped probe THz imaging

We consider the application of pulsed THz imaging systems in biomedical diagnostics and mail/packaging inspection. The sub-millimetre spectroscopic measurements obtained from T-ray systems contain a wealth of information about the sample under test. We demonstrate that different types of tissue can be classified based on their terahertz response measured with the chirped probe pulse technique. We demonstrate the performance of a quadratic classifier using linear filter models for feature extraction in the discrimination between different tissues.

Modern THz systems are hindered by the slow acquisition speed. The chirped probe pulse technique offers a significant improvement in this context. We present the terahertz responses of biological samples measured using a chirped probe pulse, and discuss the problem of data processing and extracting sample characteristics.     

Electromagnetic THz Radiation Modeling by DPSM

THz or T-ray imaging and spectroscopy are becoming increasingly popular nondestructive evaluation techniques for damage detection and characterization of materials. In order to understand the interaction between the T-ray electromagnetic waves and dielectric media a reliable model of electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric materials must be developed. A recently developed semi-analytical method called the distributed point source method (DPSM) is extended to model electromagnetic wave propagation in THz range. Since T-ray signals generated by emitters or sources are close to Gaussian beams, the DPSM modeling is carried out for Gaussian beams generated by finite sized emitters. The DPSM generated results are compared with the analytical and experimental results. T-ray propagation in layered structures in absence of any anomaly and the interaction between the Gaussian beam and the spherical scatterer are also investigated.     

Terahertz波相干层析成像技术

介绍和讨论了Terahertz波相干层析成像技术(T-CT)。与X-射线计算机层析成像技术(X-CT)相比,Terahertz-CT可获得更丰富的信息来处理图像。理论上,该技术可获得被测物在Terahertz波段的复折射率的三维分布。这意味着有可能利用Terahertz-CT进行暗箱识别探测,该技术在安全检查和无损探测等方面有着广阔的前景。     

Synergy of Organic and Inorganic Sites in 2D Perovskite for Fast Neutron and X-Ray Imaging

Fast neutron and X-ray imaging are considered complementary nondestructive detection technologies. However, due to their opposite cross-sections, development of a scintillator that is sensitive to both fast neutrons and X-rays within a single-material framework remains challenging. Herein, an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (C₄H₉NH₃)₂PbBr₄ (BPB) is demonstrated as a scintillator that fully meets the requirements for both fast neutron and X-ray detection. The hydrogen-rich organic component acts as a fast neutron converter and produces detectable recoil protons. The heavy atom-rich inorganic fraction efficiently deposits the energy of charged recoil protons and directly provides a large X-ray cross-section. Due to the synergy of these organic and inorganic components, the BPB scintillator exhibits high light yields (86% of the brightness of a commercial ZnS (Ag)/⁶LiF scintillator for fast neutrons; 22 000 photons per MeV for X-rays) and fast response times (τ_decay = 10.3 ns). More importantly, energy-selective fast neutron and X-ray imaging are also demonstrated, with high resolutions of ≈1 lp mm⁻¹ for fast neutrons and 17.3 lp mm⁻¹ for X-rays; these are among the highest resolution levels for 2D perovskite scintillators. This study highlights the potential of 2D perovskite materials for use in combined fast neutron and X-ray imaging applications.     

Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance tomographic imaging

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) tomographic imaging is a newly emerging, noninvasive, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique. Although similar to the well known X-ray Computerized Tomography (X-CT), it uses magnetic fields and RF signals to obtain anatomical information about the human body as cross-sectional images in any desired direction, and can easily discriminate between healthy and abnormal tissues. This new technique is an interdisciplinary science which encompasses the latest technologies in electrical, electronics, computers, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and medical sciences. Principles of this new technique known as "Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance imaging" or simply "NMR imaging" are reviewed from the physics and engineering points of view to provide basic concepts and tools, which, hopefully, will be useful for the future development of this exciting new field. Along with the review of the basic principles and methods involved in NMR tomography, computer simulations and modelings are presented to clarify the complexity of the NMR imaging method and provide an insight into the method, especially image-formation aspects and processing, the central theme of NMR tomography. In this paper, four main types of imaging methods-namely, line-scan imaging, direct Fourier-transform (Kumar-Welti-Ernst method) imaging, line-integral projection reconstruction, and plane-integral projection reconstruction, as well as the possibility of relaxation time imaging, are discussed in detail Methods of improving performance with respect to the statistical aspects of image quality and imaging times are also discussed.     

基于Talbot干涉的X射线光栅成像技术研究进展

从技术特点和研究热点的角度,综述了X射线光栅干涉成像技术与系统的国内外最新进展。介绍了具有代表性的基于Talbot-Lau干涉法的X射线光栅成像原理与系统结构,以及物质对X射线的衰减、折射与小角散射的多信息获取技术。综述了国内外对X射线光栅成像技术与系统的优化改进研究,主要包括光栅步进对高位置分辨率的松弛与大视场高分辨率光栅成像技术的实现。介绍了二维光栅与基于光栅的具有时间分辨率的四维成像技术的国内外最新发展动态。展望了X射线光栅成像技术的发展趋势。     

Chemistry is right for T-ray imaging

What do you get if you combine very high frequency microwaves, real-time imaging, submillimeter spatial resolution, and chemical sensitivity? The answer is Terahertz, or “T”-ray, imaging. This novel imaging technology operates in the submillimeterwave region of the electro-magnetic spectrum, a portion of the spectrum that was previously hard to access using conventional technologies. But recent advances in high-speed optoelectronic and femtosecond laser technology facilitate generation and detection of short bursts of terahertz radiation, which have proven to be extremely useful for spectroscopic measurements in the submillimeter-wave range. T-ray imaging combines these spectroscopic measurements with real-time imaging and advanced signal processing and recognition, so that each pixel element of the image contains spectroscopic information about the object. In many cases, the spectroscopic information gives us significant clues about the chemical composition of the object of interest     

太赫兹计算机辅助层析成像发展近况

由于太赫兹波可穿透塑料、纸张、衣服等非金属、非极性物质,较X辐射具有较低的光子能量,且计算机辅助层析成像(CT)可获得物体内部结构信息,并可重构出物体的三维图像,因此太赫兹CT受到国际广泛关注。重点介绍了近年来太赫兹CT研究重点及具体状况,并分析了存在的问题和发展趋势。可为我国太赫兹CT技术的发展提供技术借鉴。