基于数字相关型全极化微波辐射计的灵敏度分析

灵敏度是表征微波辐射计能够检测到最小亮温变化的能力,是微波辐射计一项重要指标.本文针对数字相关型全极化微波辐射计,提出了一种使用相关器输出的计数值计算各通道灵敏度的方法,并通过了实验验证.对比模拟通道灵敏度和数字通道灵敏度,分析了量化噪声和通道间串扰对灵敏度的影响.     

L波段微波辐射计周期脉冲式干扰时域检测方法研究

L波段微波辐射计是探测土壤湿度和海水盐度的有效遥感器。但是,全球定位系统(GPS)信号、雷达信号以及一些商用电子产品的电磁辐射造成的频谱污染都可以对微波辐射计的探测造成干扰,使得被动微波遥感对地观测结果具有一定的偏差,降低了地表参数的反演精度。该文通过实验模拟脉冲式噪声干扰,观测其在L波段(全功率接收型式)微波辐射计系统中的传输特性,分析输出信号特性与辐射计参数(积分时间、灵敏度)的相关性,获取其数字特征参数,结合脉冲检测法(APB),提出一种新的自相关检测(ACD)算法,能够有效用于周期性的脉冲式辐射干扰的检测,在微波辐射计系统积分时间1 ms的情况下,能够检测1.5 K的噪声干扰,满足卫星遥感探测反演地表参数精度的需求。     

Digital measurement of narrowband noise power

A digital measurement method for narrowband noise power is described and analyzed in the case of flat spectrum Gaussian noise. Noise power is measured by counting the number of times the noise voltage crosses upwards a fixed voltage level. The method should be useful in noise-figure measurements, and by applying it a digital radiometer can be constructed. This digital radiometer has the same theoretical (about 9 percent worse than the best possible radiometer) as conventional radiometers now in use but offers several advantages in comparison with them. A switched digital radiometer is somewhat more sensitive to large gain variations than a normal switched radiometer.     

Stokes参数数字化求解的误差分析

Stokes参数是描述极化波的强度量纲,在电磁测量、合成孔径雷达、辐射计中均有广泛应用.文中提出了求解Stokes参数的数字化方法,具有带宽高、稳定性高等特点.针对将模拟信号采样量化后求解Stokes参数的方法,本文分别就自相关和互相关两种计算过程,详细分析并给出了数字量化对最终亮温的误差贡献.文中证明了高于3bit量化引入的亮温误差小于1*10^-5K,进一步给出了量化后的系统灵敏度,分析了由数字量化产生的亮温灵敏度偏差.当量化位数为3bit时,数字相关系统灵敏度可以达到理想模拟相关系统的95%.本文为不同应用条件下,满足不同精度时,如何选择特定量化位数与量程提供了依据.     

带外噪声对DSDR辐射计灵敏度的影响

给出了考虑带外噪声的直接射频采样数字微波辐射计灵敏度公式;分析并仿真了在不同存储深度条件下带外噪声对系统灵敏度的影响,仿真结果表明在带外抑制度比较好的时候,对于存储深度一定的系统,采样频率的降低会使直接射频采样数字微波辐射计的灵敏度变好;但是对于存储深度不受限的系统,采样频率的降低会使直接射频采样数字微波辐射计的灵敏度变差.最后模拟存储深度受限系统进行了实验验证.     

基于FPGA的多通道高速数字谱仪的关键算法的设计与实现

为实现微波辐射计大带宽数字化探测的需求,解决现场可编程门阵列（Feild Programmable Gate Array,FPGA）内部处理速度限制输入数据速率的问题,提出了一种基于多相滤波器组和高级快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）结构的高速数字谱仪设计方案,介绍了多相滤波器组和高级FFT理论基础并给出了具体的硬件设计和硬件实现,完成了硬件的功能仿真,将MATLAB仿真和硬件功能仿真的结果进行对比,验证了该设计方案的可行性.在低时间成本和低经济成本条件下,该方案可实现微波辐射计后端的灵活配置和共享多个微波辐射计前端的功能.     

8MM total power radiometer with periodic calibration

The total power radiometer has simple structure and high theoretical sensitivity. But its actual sensitivity can not be so high as the application demands because of the effect of the gain fluctuation and other factors. This paper provides a 8mm total power radiometer system with periodic calibration which can be used on the ground and the aeroplane, it decreases the effect of the gain fluctuations effectively and increases the radiometer sensitivity. Experiments has also been made to analyse the effect of the calibration parameters upon the radiometer sensitivity. The results is given in the paper. Besides, the paper gives the way to do absolute calibration.     

Digital correlators for synthetic aperture interferometricradiometry

A numerical simulator is developed to assess various design implications of a digital correlator used by a synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer (SAIR). The simulator permits control of the type of digitization, the digitization thresholds with respect to noise power, and the degree of correlation between the two antenna signals which are being cross correlated. Digitization schemes are considered which use 2, 3, 4, and 8 levels. Estimates are made of the increase in inherent radiometer noise (ΔT) due to the digitization. The increase in ΔT is found to depend strongly on the degree of correlation, with higher correlations suffering less increase. In most cases, 3 level digitization is recommended based on this sensitivity consideration. Two levels perform significantly noisier and four levels only slightly cleaner. Several case studies are also considered regarding the need to control the signal level relative to the digitizer thresholds. Automatic gain control circuitry prior to digitization is found not to be necessary, provided the thresholds are preset within a fairly broad region of minimum sensitivity to variations in signal power, and provided the system noise temperature of the radiometer is monitored with reasonable accuracy. It is also found that, under conditions of very high correlation between the two signals, digital correlators have better SNR performance than analog. Reasons for this behavior are discussed     

高阶量化数字相关辐射计的采样率要求

通过对不同采样率情况下高阶量化数字相关辐射计的相关值测量结果进行分析,研究了此种辐射计的采样率要求.结果表明采样率并不需要满足奈奎斯特率,相关值的方差取决于互不相关的采样点个数.利用8mm波段综合孔径微波辐射计原理样机中的相关辐射计单元进行了不同采样率情况下的相关值测量实验,验证了分析结果.     

微波辐射计接收机两点定标法误差分析及准确性验证

介绍了微波辐射计接收机两点定标法,并进行了误差分析.对自行研制的23.8GHz数字增益自动补偿微波辐射计进行了定标,计算定标误差范围.对接收机两点定标法得到的定标方程进行了验证实验,结果表明采用两点定标法对辐射计接收机进行定标有良好的准确性.     

全极化微波辐射计数字化引入误差分析

全极化微波辐射计是一种用于海洋表面风场测量的新型被动微波遥感器.数字相关器是全极化辐射计的核心部件.数字相关器的应用相对于模拟相关辐射计具有可配置、集成度高和易于控制的特点.同时,数字化技术会给辐射计带来量化误差和相位抖动误差.具体的误差分析验证了全极化微波辐射计中数字化的可行性.文中详细分析了定量误差,并根据实际工程应用说明了多比特数字化带来的误差可以在系统整体误差中忽略.     

数字增益自动补偿微波辐射计的计算机仿真

数字增益和补偿微波辐射计是一种新型的微波辐射计,它能很好地实现增益补偿,有效地提高微波辐射计性能,更适合星载使用,本文对以全功率微波辐射计为基础的数字增益自动２微波辐射计进行仿真,分析了全功率微波辐射计的特点,并在此荐 ,提出了在频程跨度很大时实现系统频域仿真的有效方法,仿真结果不仅证明功率微波辐射计的特点,在此基础上,提出了在频程跨度很大时实现系统频域仿真的有效方法,仿真的结果不仅证明所采用的方     

数字全极化微波辐射计系统设计与定标分析

海洋风场是海洋与大气作用的重要参数之一。全极化微波辐射计是一种新型的微波遥感器。数字全极化微波辐射计采用多路数字相关技术,对水平和垂直极化信号进行相关处理,产生反演海面风场模型所需海面亮温Stokes矢量。详细介绍了数字全极化微波辐射计的系统设计方法,包括射频前端、中频段和数字相关器的设计。同时给出了系统内定标以及外定标方法。对数字全极化微波辐射计做了细致的理论分析和硬件实现设计。     

Two-load radiometer precision and accuracy

The advent of fast computers and digital signal processing permits many aspects of radiometer operation to be decided in real time so that precision and accuracy are maximized. Closed-form expressions for precision, optimal antenna/load dwell times, and maximum chopping period are derived for a class of radiometers that uses two loads to calibrate its measurements of antenna brightness temperature. The importance of load brightness temperature selection emphasizes the need to develop "cold" calibration loads that can operate at ambient temperature. A method of incorporating critical thermistor data into the radiometer brightness temperature calibration can be used to help stabilize measurements against drift and may permit radiometers to operate without thermal control in some low-accuracy applications.     

全极化微波辐射计数字相关器下变频算法设计

全极化微波辐射计是一种用于海洋表面风场测量的新型被动微波遥感器,数字相关器是全极化辐射计的核心部件。针对全极化微波辐射计接受到的数字信号采样率较高的问题,提出应用多相滤波的算法以降低数字信号速率,从而满足FPGA时序约束的要求。之后为进一步节省乘法器资源和提高处理速率,滤波部分采用分布式算法,两种方法结合完成下变频模块处理,通过Matlab软件对下变频算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明算法是可行的。     

周期两点定标微波辐射计原理研究

根据热辐射理论,任何温度处于绝对零度以上的物体都存在热辐射。通常用亮度温度来表征物体的辐射强度,其取决于物体本身的几何特性与介电特性。微波辐射计是用于测量物体微波辐射能量的被动遥感仪器,在军事、环境科学上都有重要的作用。阐述了微波辐射计的定标原理,介绍了周期两点定标方法,并简要描述了某毫米波成像辐射计的结构组成和工作原理。     

How digital correlation affects the fringe washing function inL-band aperture synthesis radiometry

The phase coherence limitations of L-band digital correlation radiometry are investigated for receiver architectures that use low A/D converter resolution (1-3 bits). Statistical models and measurements of a 1.4 GHz digital radiometer system show that coarse quantization can cause excess fringe washing losses which degrade the spatial resolution capabilities in synthetic thinned array radiometry (STAR) implementations. For single-bit STAR, excess fringe washing is discernible immediately away from the boresight direction and, further from the center of the image, can result in as much as 2 dB loss in visibility information. To accommodate low-bit correlators in remote sensing STAR, a novel band division correlation (BDC) processor is proposed. BDC improves the time-coherence of each correlated brightness signal while it also maintains the system bandwidth and noise-equivalent sensitivity of a conventional STAR radiometer. Analytical and numerical solutions are presented for the point spread function of a 27 m L-band STAR sensor to evaluate the band-slicing technique. The results show that with 4 subband channels, BDC improves swath edge resolution from 17.0 to 10.2 km and reduces correlation loss from 2.5 to 0.2 dB     

Sensitivity of the Total Power Radiometer with Periodic Absolute Calibration

The total power radiometer is an attractive choice for imaging applications due to its high sensitivity and simple configuration. However, available theoretical results are inadequate to allow an accurate radiometer performance prediction in the presence of receiver gain fluctuations and other receiver characteristics with nonuniform fluctuation power spectra. An improved analysis of the total power radiometer Delta T is presented in terms of the receiver output fluctuation power spectral density and a transfer function due to postdetection filtering and periodic calibration. Verification of this analysis is obtained by measuring the fluctuation power spectrum of a 94-GHz receiver and comparing the predicted Delta T with a direct measurement. Numerical results including application to an example radiometer system are presented. These results indicate that the total power radiometer should function well in short integration time, periodically calibrated radiometer systems.     

合成孔径辐射计多路高阶数字复相关器方案研究

本文针对目前合成孔径辐射计中存在的相关器单元过于复杂，难以星载应用的问题，提出了一种新的数字相关方法．借鉴了软件无线电中的数字接收机技术，利用大规模可编程门阵列(FPGA)，用一块芯片来实现功率分配和大量复相关器的工作，实现了片上系统(SOC)，解决了多天线单元合成孔径辐射计相关器系统中存在的体积、重量、功耗和硬件复杂程度过大的问题．通过仿真表明，多路高阶数字相关器系统得到的天线阵列的干涉方向图与模拟相关器系统得到的干涉方向图基本一致，证明该方案可行。     

全极化辐射计的2GHz带宽数字相关系统设计

全极化微波辐射计是进行海面风场测量的新型被动式遥感器。数字极化辐射计通过数字相关器对两个极化通道做相关处理,完成四个Stokes矢量参数的测量,反演海面风场。文中提出辐射计核心器件宽带数字相关器的设计方法。双极化通道通过IQ变换转化为两对正交信号,四片国内自主研制的A/D转换器以2.2Ghz采样率采样四路信号,采样结果通过多路复用DEMUX芯片复用后,传输到新一代现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)-Virtex5芯片中作进一步多路复用和相关运算。文中详细介绍了系统结构,数据处理流程和测试结果。