水声多径信道中的标识延迟空时扩展发射分集

水声信道存在严重的传播时延和多径时延,该文提出了一种带有信道标识的延迟空时扩展(LDSTS)发射分集方案,通过信道探测、延时发射和Rake接收来消除传播时延和多径时延的影响,且顺序延时发射保证了方案的实用性。文中给出了采用频移键控和相移键控调制的LDSTS方案的信号模型、误码率分析和比特误码率的仿真。仿真表明,在多径水声信道中,LDSTS可以更好地实现完全发射分集。     

空地通信信道的统计特性研究

空地通信信道的主要统计特性包括多径衰落特性、多普勒功率谱和时延功率谱。将空地通信信道视为“双线模型”,推导了用信号平均接收功率和莱斯因子表示的接收信号包络的概率密度函数;假设接收端多径分量的到达角服从某范围内高斯分布,给出了接收信号的多普勒功率谱表达式及其示意图;考虑地球曲率对空地通信的影响,建立了信道的时延模型,并给出了接收信号的时延功率谱。     

一种基于超短波地空通信的椭圆信道模型

在矢量信道环境中提出了一种基于超短波地空通信的椭圆信道模型,推导出了地面接收信号的标准多径时延和波达方向的概率密度函数,对标准多径时延、波达方向和接收功率进行了仿真,分析了V/UHF地空通信的信道特性,表明了多径效应对超短波地空通信的影响.     

基于Chebyshev混沌序列的正交宽带调制解调方法

针对常规的相干解调和非相干解调在水声信道通信中可靠性差的问题,文中提出了一种基于Chebyshev混沌序列的正交宽带调制解调方法。该方法基于海洋水声信道环境与传播特点,采用统计特性接近环境噪声且具有尖锐自相关、宽带特性的Chebyshev混沌序列作为信息载体和同步信号,并利用欧氏距离分类器对接收信号进行非相干分类判决解调。该方法可有效抑制水声信道因多途传播而引起的频率选择性衰落和码间干扰,从而更好地实现低信噪比条件下可靠水声通信。仿真实验证明,在-10 dB以上信噪比环境下,文中所提通信方法在具有多途效应的水声信道上具有良好的通信性能。     

时变衰落信道中同步时间扩展信号的分集接收技术

扩频通信可以区分多径信号进行RAKE分集接收,是一种有效处理多径效应的手段。与此对应,时间扩展通信也可以在频域上进行类似RAKE的分集接收,有效处理时变衰落带来的影响。时间扩展会带来严重的符号间干扰,同步时间扩展可以有效控制和处理符号间干扰。基于信道分解的分集接收技术保证了同步时间扩展在时变衰落信道下的性能。获得10-4误码率,本文分集算法(扩展长度1024)在时变衰落信道中所需的信噪比与AWGN信道不分集处理所需的信噪比只相差1.4dB。     

失真自适应接收机技术及信号形式选择

对流层散射信道是一种典型的多径衰落信道,多径传播造成了信号的深衰落和多径扩散。而多径扩散现象的存在,会使速率高、码元窄、频谱宽的信号遭受频率选择性衰落的影响,造成传输中的信号码元之间产生码间干扰,严重影响信息传输质量。在此提出了一种基于失真自适应接收技术和3/4占空半余弦信号形式的数字接收机方案,能够自适应地跟踪失真信号的变化而进行最佳相干接收,使系统具有稳定的通信性能。     

被动时反镜在水声通信中的应用研究

被动时反镜（PTRM）技术具有时间压缩性能,在水下通信中,PTRM技术能实现多径信号的重组,既实现了多径信号能量的聚焦,又抑制了码间干扰。将PTRM技术应用于多径扩展严重的浅水水声通信系统中,在对声信道没有任何先验知识的情况下与声信道自动匹配,实现自适应聚焦。仿真结果表明：PTRM可以良好地重组多径扩展,拟制码间干扰,减小误码率,提高通信质量。     

水下声传感器网络的同步与最优TDMA调度

水声信道的传输时延大、多径扩展严重、带宽受限等特点,极大地制约了水声通信系统的可靠性和有效性。实现水下传感器网络同步,并在同步的基础上设计调度协议是提高水下传感器网络性能的重要手段。在对水声网络同步机制深入研究的基础上,提出了一种基于时空特性的TDMA调度机制(ST-TDMA)。考虑传播时延抖动、同步误差和同步开销的影响,分析并求解了ST-TDMA的最优保护时间间隔。仿真结果表明,提出的ST-TDMA方案可以获得显著的网络吞吐量和端到端时延性能提升。     

一种有效的水声通信网络中用于半双工信道的ARQ协议

自动重传请求(ARQ)在保证通信网络可靠传输中起着关键的作用。但是，在水声通信网络中，由于水声信道的半双工以及信道的长传播时延特性，使得水声通信网络的吞叶性能受到极大的制约。本文针对水声信道长传播时延这一特点，利用扩频通信技术，将单个信道分成两个子信道；一个用于前向信道(从发送方到接收方)，另一个用于反向信道(从接收方到发送方)，从而使得对每个分组数据的响应时间大大缩短，提出了一种有效的适合于半双工特性的ARQ协议。理论分析和仿真结果表明，相对于传统的SW ARQ协议而言，该协议在水声信道下具有更优的吞吐性能。     

短波扩频通信的Rake接收技术

短波天波传播存在严重的多径效应。在短波扩频通信中,采用Rake接收技术可利用多径信号的有效能量提高输出信噪比,改善短波通信质量。Rake接收的关键在于多径信号的识别和分离,论文针对短波信道传播特性,对短波扩频通信中的Rake接收技术进行了研究,设计了有效的多径分离和合并方法,仿真结果表明采用Rake接收技术后,误比特性能有了明显的改善。     

差分混沌移位键控在水声通信中的应用

水声信道作为目前已知最严酷、最复杂的无线通信信道之一，具有强多途干扰、时—频率双扩展、高噪、带宽窄等特征。水声信道的时变特性，使得估计与跟踪信道很困难，因此，研究无需信道估计与均衡的非相干稳健水声通信调制方法具有重要的意义。首先介绍了基于正交频分复用（OFDM）和扩频调制的水声调制技术的研究进展，然后，分析了差分混沌移位键控在水声信道下的可行性，提出了两种基于OFDM的多载波差分混沌移位键控方案，给出两个方案的调制解调器原理。在时—频双扩展信道和水声信道下，对两个方案进行了性能仿真和分析。性能结果表明所提出的方案在水声信道下具有良好的稳健性。     

Multiuser cyclic shift keying spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication

Aiming at the problem of low data rate and high receiver complexity of existing direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS-CDMA),a novel code division multiple access (CDMA) using cyclic shift keying (CSK) signaling,namely CSK-CDMA,was proposed for multiuser underwater acoustic communication.The proposed method used the cyclic correlation characteristic of spread spectrum signals with M-ary modulation to provide a higher data rate than conventional.Passive time reversal technology was employed to suppress inter-code interference between users and the co-channel interference.The quasi-orthogonality of spread spectrum code was used to improve the processing gain.Multiuser communications are demonstrated with lake experimental recorded data under the condition of 5.27 km distance and complex multipath interference.The data rate is 39 bit/s/user for 6 users with bit error rate around 10^-2～10^-4.     

LS码在水声扩频中的应用及估计

水声多径干扰限制了水声直接扩频通信系统的进一步应用,选取性能更好的扩频序列可以提高水声扩频系统的抗干扰性能。在讨论了LS码特性的基础上,提出了将LS码应用于水声直接扩频通信中,并分析了LS码应用的优势。通过多径瑞利水声信道模型仿真,验证了LS码水声扩频通信的良好性能。利用了二次谱和奇异值分解的方法对LS码水声直扩信号的扩频序列进行了估计。仿真结果表明,该方法在信噪比为-11dB时还能准确的估计出LS码。     

Synchronization techniques for underwater acoustic communications

Underwater acoustic channel is a challenging medium for communication due to the presence of significant multipath, high noise, frequency-dependent propagation loss, and high and non-uniform Doppler spread. Doppler shift is non-negligible in underwater communication due to the low velocity of underwater signals. Synchronization and Doppler estimation are important requirements for achieving good performance in this channel. Synchronization algorithms that give good performance in radio communication do not work well in underwater communication. Hence, this area has received a lot of attention from researchers. This paper surveys important works in the area. The techniques proposed in the literature for frame synchronization, frequency and phase synchronization, and timing synchronization in single carrier communications are reviewed here. The synchronization techniques proposed for OFDM, MIMO OFDM, and spread spectrum communication are also surveyed. Doppler estimation methods proposed in the literature are also reviewed. It is found that most of the recent works in underwater acoustic communication focus on OFDM synchronization. Deep learning-based methods proposed in the literature are also reviewed. Key open problems and areas that require future research attention in the field of synchronization and Doppler estimation in underwater communications are highlighted in this paper. The area needing most attention of underwater communication researchers was found to be MIMO OFDM due to the difficulty in synchronization in such systems while used in underwater communication. Reducing the computational complexity of the algorithms used is also important for future work. Schemes that work with Doppler due to relative velocity over 10 m/s also need to be developed.     

Time-Domain Block and Per-Tone Equalization for MIMO–OFDM in Shallow Underwater Acoustic Communication

Shallow underwater acoustic (UWA) channel exhibits rapid temporal variations, extensive multipath spreads, and severe frequency-dependent attenuations. So, high data rate communication with high spectral efficiency in this challenging medium requires efficient system design. Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO–OFDM) is a promising solution for reliable transmission over highly dispersive channels. In this paper, we study the equalization of shallow UWA channels when a MIMO–OFDM transmission scheme is used. We address simultaneously the long multipath spread and rapid temporal variations of the channel. These features lead to interblock interference (IBI) along with intercarrier interference (ICI), thereby degrading the system performance. We describe the underwater channel using a general basis expansion model (BEM), and propose time-domain block equalization techniques to jointly eliminate the IBI and ICI. The block equalizers are derived based on minimum mean-square error and zero-forcing criteria. We also develop a novel approach to design two time-domain per-tone equalizers, which minimize bit error rate or mean-square error in each subcarrier. We simulate a typical shallow UWA channel to demonstrate the desirable performance of the proposed equalization techniques in Rayleigh and Rician fading channels.     

水声多径信道多普勒因子精确估计方法

由水下平台运动导致的多普勒效应是影响高数据率水声通信性能的主要因素,现有多普勒估计方法在复杂水声多径信道条件下估计精度急剧下降。针对此问题,提出了一种可自动匹配水声多径信道的精确多普勒频移估计方法。仿真结果表明：该方法可显著提高水声多径信道的多普勒频移估计精度,信道适应性强,在信噪比大于-5 dB时,估计精度始终保持在10^-4左右,满足高数据率水声通信对多普勒因子估计精度的要求。     

Mobile direct-sequence spread-spectrum underwater acoustic communication based on improved differential energy detector

A Doppler estimation method based on the structural features of spread spectrum signal was proposed,which could achieve real-time Doppler estimation for received spread spectrum signals by energy detecting the result of matching correlation calculation of adjacent received spreading symbols.In addition,this method made full use of the spread spectrum processing gain and could do Doppler estimation under low SNR condition.Improved differential energy detector was further proposed,which can effectively deal with the rapid carrier phase fluctuation interference caused by Doppler effect and time-varying multi-path interference by detecting the output energy of two correlators.Simulation verified the robustness of improved differential energy detector algorithm and the Doppler estimation method based on spread spectrum signal.At-sea data shows that improved differential energy detector combined with the proposed Doppler estimation method can achieve low bit error rate communication for direct-sequence spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication with large time-varying Doppler interference when SNR is ?10 dB.     

空时编码在单天线UWB通信系统中的应用

超宽带(UWB)适用于基带多用户通信、战场无线通信和高数据率多媒体业务等通信系统,其数据传输速率高、功耗低、多径分辨能力强。但超宽带脉冲信号时域支撑区极窄,信道为密集多径,将空时编码技术引入超宽带通信系统,能够提升无线通信系统的信道容量与抗误比特率性能。在对UWB空时分组编码系统模型性能理论分析的基础上,对空时分组码在单天线UWB系统应用方案与UWB空时分层码方案进进行了简要介绍,利用Matlab对IEEEUWB信道模型进行仿真,提出了空时编码在UWB通讯技术中应用后提升短距高速率无线通信的性能的结论 。     

水声信道的计算机仿真研究

简要分析水声信道的传播特性,建立水声时变多径信道的数学模型,给出一种水声信道的多径传播的计算机仿真方法。通过仿真结果,分析水声信道多径传播的特点,有助于对水声信道的了解及相关问题的设计。