Subjective Impairmnt Units in Relation With Oscilloscope Graticules for Evaluating Short-Time Linear Waveform Distortion of the Luminance Signal in 525-Line Television

Objective ratings (for example, the K-rating) for waveform distortion are assessed customarily by using oscilloscope graticules. They are based on subjective evaluations of television picture impairments. As the impairment unit (imp) is a unit which expresses subjective impairments quatitatively, it is used here as a means to check whether the graticules proposed for the assessment of short-time linear distortion of the luminance signal in television in North America comply with the principle that a given rating factor should correspond to a single value of subjective impairment. This is accomplished by converting to imps the results of published North American evaluations of subjective picture quality and utilizing a computer, in connection with a specially devised algorithm, to derive the imp value corresponding to any given point on a rating outline of the graticules examined. In addition, imp-to-rating relations are derived where feasible.     

Choice of the T Step or the 2T Pulse for Measuring Short-Time Waveform Distortions in TV Facilities

There are basically three types of short-time waveform distortion: overshoot, undershoot and ringing. Overshoot and undershoot distortions can readily be measured by either the 2T Pulse or the T Step. This is because the flanks of the 2T Pulse and the T Step are identical for all practical purposes, a fact not widely recognized and easily overlooked. Ringing distortions cannot be measured with the 2T Pulse but can be with the T Step. It is shown that TV film and live cameras produce brightness transitions whose risetimes are nearly identical to the risetimes of the T Step.     

Predictive Coding of Speech at Low Bit Rates

Predictive coding is a promising approach for speech coding. In this paper, we review the recent work on adaptive predictive coding of speech signals, with particular emphasis on achieving high speech quality at low bit rates (less than 10 kbits/s). Efficient prediction of the redundant structure in speech signals is obviously important for proper functioning of a predictive coder. It is equally important to ensure that the distortion in the coded speech signal be perceptually small. The subjective loudness of quantization noise depends both on the short-time spectrum of the noise and its relation to the short-time spectrum of the Speech signal. The noise in the formant regions is partially masked by the speech signal itself. This masking of quantization noise by speech signal allows one to use low bit rates while maintaining high speech quality. This paper will present generalizations of predictive coding for minimizing subjective distortion in the reconstructed speech signal at the receiver. The quantizer in predictive coders quantizes its input on a sample-by-sample basis. Such sample-by-sample (instantaneous) quantization creates difficulty in realizing an arbitrary noise spectrum, particularly at low bit rates. We will describe a new class of speech coders in this paper which could be considered to be a generalization of the predictive coder. These new coders not only allow one to realize the precise optimum noise spectrum which is crucial to achieving very low bit rates, but also represent the important first step in bridging the gap between waveform coders and vocoders without suffering from their limitations.     

Spectrum estimation of short-time stationary signals in additivenoise and channel distortion

In this work, spectrum estimation of a short-time stationary signal that is degraded by both channel distortion and additive noise is addressed. A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm is developed to jointly identify the degradation system and estimate short-time signal spectra. The source signal is assumed to be generated by a hidden Markov model (HMM) with state-dependent short-time spectral distributions described by mixtures of Gaussian densities. The distortion channel is linear time-invariant, and the noise is Gaussian. The algorithm is derived by using the principle of expectation-maximization (EM), where the unknown parameters of channel and noise are estimated iteratively, and the short-time signal power spectra are obtained from the posterior sufficient statistics of the source signal. Other spectral representation parameters, such as autoregressive model parameters or cepstral parameters, are obtained by minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimation from the power spectral estimates. The estimation algorithm was evaluated on simulated signals at the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 20 dB down to 0 dB, where it produced convergent estimation and significantly reduced spectral distortion     

利用参考波形估计导航信号测距偏差

针对卫星导航信号存在的微小信号畸变,研究了因导航信号畸变而引起的测距偏差的估计问题。基于理想矩形脉冲波形和真实信号波形的上升沿零交叉点信息,给出参考波形定义,并以此为基础估计测距偏差。该方法可用于定量评估卫星导航信号波形畸变对测距偏差的影响及比较卫星之间的测距差异。以二阶模型为基础产生畸变波形,验证了该方法的有效性,并分析了估计精度与信噪比关系。通过大口径天线采集“北斗”卫星B1频点信号,利用该方法获得了B1频点I/Q支路信号的测距偏差,表明该方法可用于在轨卫星信号的测距性能评估。     

Waveform distortion due to stimulated Raman scattering in wide-bandWDM transmission systems

The influence of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) taking into account the random modulation and the walk-off effect on wide-band wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems are studied theoretically. First, it is shown that power depletion due to SRS can be separated into average power loss and waveform distortion. The waveform distortion is evaluated for various types of pulse shapes and fibers, and simple equations for evaluating the waveform distortion due to SRS are derived. These equations can be easily applied for designing wide-band WDM transmission systems from the viewpoint of the SRS waveform distortion. We also compare results obtained from our method with those from the split-step Fourier method, and confirm validity of our method. Our method should be useful in the design of wide-band WDM transmission systems, in which SRS is expected to be a serious limitation     

Low-Distortion Sinewave Generation Method Using Arbitrary Waveform Generator

This paper describes algorithms for generating a low-distortion single-tone signal, for testing ADCs, using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). The AWG consists of DSP (or waveform memory) and DAC, and the nonlinearity of the DAC generates distortion components. We propose here to use DSP algorithms to precompensate for the distortion. The DSP part of the AWG can interleave multiple signals with the same frequency but different phases at the input to the DAC, in order to precompensate for distortion caused by DAC nonlinearity. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental results all demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.     

Design theory of long-distance optical transmission systems usingmidway optical phase conjugation

This paper describes the basic system principle, the residual waveform distortion, the optimal design method, the ultimate transmission capacity, and its future improvement of the long-distance optical fiber transmission system using midway optical phase conjugation. We show that the periodic power variation in an optical amplifier chain and the dispersion value fluctuation from span to span along the system cause imperfect compensation for waveform distortion in the midway optical phase conjugation system. The optimal design method for suppressing the residual waveform distortion is proposed and confirmed by using computer simulations     

基于半导体光放大器交叉增益饱和的波长转换的理论分析

建立了基于半导体光放大器交叉增益饱和的波长转换的理论模型。分别讨论了小信号下波长转换特性和大信号下转换波形的畸变情况。结果表明,半导体光放大器的载流子寿命是导致输出波形畸变的主要因素。     

Compensation of Interchannel Crosstalk Induced by Optical Fiber Nonlinearity in Carrier Phase-Locked WDM System

A scheme that compensates the waveform distortion induced by nonlinear interchannel crosstalk such as four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation as well as self-phase modulation in phase-locked wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission systems is proposed. Reduction of FWM-induced waveform distortion by controlling the phase relationship between neighbouring channels and its cancellation by precompensation is successfully demonstrated     

超宽带脉冲信号波形失真仿真与分析

超宽带无线信道的频率依赖特性直接影响到超宽带接收机的设计和以脉冲波形为基础的多址技术。本文针对频率依赖特性对超宽带脉冲信号波形产生的影响,分别从相位谱和幅度谱两个方面分析超宽带脉冲信号的相位失真和幅频失真特性,建立了描述脉冲波形失真特性的数学模型。使用该模型对高斯二阶导数脉冲信号的波形失真进行仿真分析,得到了只发生相位响应失真、只发生幅度响应失真、以及同时发生相位—幅度响应失真的脉冲波形。     

频域宽带波束形成器优化设计

将常规频域宽带波束形成运用到电子战侦察系统存在一个问题：分块DFT处理会造成时域输出波形在块衔接处产生周期性失真,影响系统对信号时域参数的检测。为解决上述问题,在分析失真产生原因的基础上提出采用交叠DFT处理对传统方案予以改进,该方法首先对预处理数据进行交叠分段,再完成DFT运算及后续窄带处理。最后的仿真通过对比改进前后方案时域输出波形的保真度,验证改进后方法能有效缓解时域输出波形失真对系统的影响,并为工程实现提供了依据。     

放大器非线性失真研究装置

本文设计并制作了一种基于晶体管放大器的非线性失真研究装置。本装置以频率为1kHz、峰峰值为20mV的正弦波作为晶体管放大器输入信号,输出峰峰值不低于2V的无明显失真波形及其余四种失真波形,并对输出波形进行AD采集后,通过FFT方式计算输出信号的总谐波失真值(Total Harmonic Distortion)。本装置由STM32F407核心控制板、晶体管及偏置电路组成。通过改变五个通道的放大器偏置电路调节静态工作点,同时采用4051模拟开关进行五种波形通道的切换,实现“无明显失真”、“顶部失真”、“底部失真”、“双向失真”、“交越失真”五种波形输出,并在TFT LCD屏上显示波形以及THD值。     

Nonlinearly strain-chirped fiber Bragg grating with an adjustabledispersion slope

In this letter, we demonstrate an adjustable dispersion slope compensator for waveform distortion compensation based on a nonlinearly strain-chirped fiber Bragg grating. The dispersion slope of the device can be tuned up to -18.9 ps/nm² with a bandwidth >2.4 nm. After transmission through a 120-km-long dispersion-shifted fiber, the resulting waveform distortion for a 2.65-ps pulse is successfully compensated by using this device     

飞机电源波形畸变对机载用电设备影响的分析与研究

飞机电源系统是现代飞机的重要组成部分,其电压波形畸变直接影响到机载电子设备的工作和寿命。本文以某型民用飞机电源系统为例,介绍了飞机主交流电源系统结构和用电设备类型,在对飞机电源系统畸变参数分析的基础上,进一步研究了飞机电源波形畸变对典型用电设备的影响,希望以此对新型飞机的研制和对现役飞机的改进能提供参考。     

UWB信号波形墙体透射的研究

理论上推导了均匀平面波垂直入射与任意入射时的透射系数，利用Fourier变换对各种超宽带（UWB）脉冲波形在室内墙体透射中的失真问题进行了研究，仿真结果和时域的精确结果对比，一致性良好，另外初步分析了波形失真的特性。     

Cumulative waveform distortion in cascaded optical amplifierrepeaters for multigigabit IM/DD systems

An analysis was conducted of a cumulative pattern-dependent waveform distortion in cascaded semiconductor laser and Er³⁺-doped fiber amplifiers. At 2.5 Gb/s, cumulative waveform distortion limits the number of cascaded amplifiers to about 20 for the semiconductor amplifiers. The Er³⁺-doped fiber amplifier is relatively unaffected-over 100 stages can be cascaded. The Er³⁺ amplifier is seen to be the better choice for long-haul multigigabit systems     

Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by usingsemiconductor optical amplifier

We examine the fiber transmission performance of the optical signal whose chirp is controlled by utilizing phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with both simulations and experiments. This chirp control technique converts a positive chirp created by electroabsorption (EA) modulator into negative chirp, which reduces the waveform degradation due to the chromatic dispersion in transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF). It also provides an optical gain that is sufficient to compensate the insertion loss of the EA modulator. We investigate how the chirp control is affected by the input power to the SOA and the carrier lifetime of the SOA. As the SOA input power increases, the negative chirp becomes large, while the waveform is largely distorted due to gain saturation. However, the waveform distortion at high SOA input powers can be shaped by using a frequency discriminator. The acceleration of the carrier lifetime also reduces the waveform distortion due to gain saturation. We demonstrate that the chirp control technique is effective even for a high bit rate optical signal up to 10 Gb/s, when the carrier lifetime is expedited by optical pumping     

Effect of chirping-induced waveform distortion on the performanceof direct detection receivers using traveling-wave semiconductor opticalpreamplifiers

The influence of chirping-induced waveform distortion on the performance of multigigabit-per-second traveling-wave semiconductor optical amplifier (TWSOA)/p-i-n direct detection receivers is evaluated. The results are based on a novel method of evaluating the probability of error in the presence of the signal-spontaneous and spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise components. Laser chirping causes the dependence of the receiver sensitivity on the fiber dispersion coefficient×length product DL to be different for TWSOA/p-i-n and avalanche photodiode (APD) receivers. Compared to the APD receiver, the sensitivity of the TWSOA/p-i-n receiver degrades less quickly. So for cases of practical interest, the TWSOA/p-i-n receiver is more tolerant of chirping-induced waveform distortion     

Compensation strategies for shunt active-filter control

Compensation strategies for control of shunt active filters are compared in the paper. It is shown that the strategy based on unity-power factor control is appropriate when the supply voltage waveform of the plant where the active filter is connected shows significant distortion. As voltage distortion increases, this strategy provides compensated line current having lower harmonic distortion and RMS value with respect to the strategy generally used. This contributes to diminish the current and voltage distortion in networks. The unity-power factor compensation strategy conditions the current flowing in the plant where compensation is realized to fit the voltage waveform, thus reaching a unity power factor. Hence, the line current RMS value is minimum. The comparison of the strategies is performed by both Monte Carlo and ATP simulation