改进型帧时隙ALOHA防碰撞算法研究

为进一步提高RFID系统中电子标签防碰撞算法的识别效率,对帧时隙ALOHA防碰撞算法的性能进行分析,提出一种结合精确标签估计和二进制搜索的改进型帧时隙ALOHA算法.将识别过程分为标签估计和标签识别两个阶段,在标签估计算法中引入碰撞概率上、下限参数,并精确估计标签数量对初始帧时隙大小进行优化;在标签识别阶段,利用二进制搜索算法对时隙内的碰撞标签进行快速识别.通过对识别过程进行仿真结果表明:改进的算法改善了防碰撞性能,提高了RFID系统的标签识别效率.     

RFID防碰撞时隙应变协处理算法研究

射频识别(Radio Frequency IDentification,RFID)技术具有同时识别多个标签的能力.由于标签随机占用信道会使响应信号发生混叠,当大量的标签在读写器感应区域内同时响应势必会引起标签碰撞问题,严重影响了RFID的系统吞吐率.为进一步提高RFID系统吞吐率,在不增加标签端算法复杂度和硬件的条件下,本文提出了预设调整盘存周期的差分门限、时隙前向检测后向预测和二进制散列的方法,协同处理当前时隙和下一个时隙的标签响应情况.利用预设差分门限的方式避免读写器进行浮点运算,同时通过时隙前向检测和后向预测的方法提前判别当前时隙和下一个时隙的标签响应情况,然后快速跳过当前空闲时隙和下一个空闲时隙,并对在当前碰撞时隙和下一个碰撞时隙响应的标签实时进行二进制散列.通过盘存周期调整方式比较、时隙散列方式对比、识别时延与吞吐率比较三个仿真实验,结果显示改进的算法提高了读写器的计算效率,明显减少了无效时隙占用信道的时间,RFID系统吞吐率可提高到52%以上.     

双时隙动态二进制搜索RFID防碰撞算法

在二进制搜索算法的基础上引入时隙的思想,提出了一种新的防碰撞算法:双时隙动态二进制搜索防碰撞算法.该算法利用阅读器堆栈形成进一步搜索命令;响应标签分为两个子集,并分别在两个时隙发送数据信息,一次搜索最多可识别4个标签.仿真结果表明:新算法减少了搜索次数和识别时间,提高了RFID系统的性能.     

基于二进制树分解的动态防碰撞算法

针对现有的无线射频识别系统（RFID）二进制树防碰撞算法所需的搜索时隙较多,系统识别速率较低,提出了一种基于二进制树分解的动态防碰撞算法。该算法利用标签EPC的唯一性,对发生碰撞的比特位进行深度分解,根据碰撞位调整搜索状态,从而进一步减少搜索时隙数并提高了系统的呑吐量。通过对算法的分析和仿真结果表明：基于二进制树分解的动态防碰撞算法相对于动态二进制搜索算法有明显的优势。     

基于ALOHA算法的RFID防碰撞技术研究

在RFID系统中,由于多标签引起的冲突一直是影响系统性能的主要问题。ALOHA算法是解决标签碰撞问题最有效的方法之一。当系统中标签数过多时,帧时隙ALOHA算法和动态帧时隙ALOHA算法,都会降低系统效率。因此我们提出一种利用二进制树形分组的时隙ALHOA算法。由于只需要对标签进行简单分组就可以有效的提高ALOHA算法的效率,所以此方法更具有实际意义。     

跳频CDMA的RFID防碰撞算法研究

分析了当前RFID系统的防碰撞算法,研究防碰撞机制和相关的算法,结合跳频技术与CDMA提出基于跳频CDMA的RFID防碰撞算法。算法以不同的相互正交的码序列区分标签,在同一个时隙中标签通过跳频来防止碰撞的产生。通过一个2.4GHz有源RFID系统来实现和验证算法。实验表明,跳频CDMA算法能有效防止标签碰撞的产生,在时延方面优于二进制树形搜索算法。     

位屏蔽多叉树搜索射频识别防碰撞算法

针对RFID树型防碰撞算法中时隙数多、数据通行量大等问题,提出了一种改进的多叉树防碰撞算法,阅读器准确检测碰撞位并向标签反馈碰撞位信息,标签对阅读器已知的ID位进行屏蔽,把ID号转换成连续碰撞的序列号.阅读器利用屏蔽位信息和标签返回的碰撞位编码信息,对标签进行分层分类搜索.通过对标签ID进行屏蔽,阅读器和标签间仅发送对方不知道的碰撞位信息.该算法减少了碰撞时隙和识别时隙,避免了空闲时隙,减少了阅读器和标签间的数据通信量.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法减少了系统的时隙总数和数据通信量,提高了阅读器的识别效率.     

BIS：一种降低空时隙开销的RFID防碰撞算法

提出了一种优化的基于时隙ALOHA的随机型防碰撞算法--BIs算法.该算法在帧开始前扫描空时隙的位置,并结合标签估算算法实现对帧长的动态调度,最大限度地减少空时隙的时间开销,以实现提高多标签读取效率的目标.仿真结果表明,在不考虑误码的理想情况下,采用该算法的系统效率最高可以达到81%,高于ALOHA算法的理想系统效率,识别速度与一般的时隙ALOHA算法和二进制算法相比有较大幅度的提高.     

分组自适应分配时隙的RFID防碰撞算法研究

为了解决射频识别(Radio Frequency IDentification,RFID)系统中的多标签防碰撞问题,在分析帧时隙ALOHA算法的基础上,提出一种基于分组自适应分配时隙的RFID防碰撞算法(GAAS).首先让阅读器对标签随机所选的时隙进行扫描统计,并将其发送给每一个标签,标签再进行相应地时隙调整,使阅读器跳过空闲时隙和碰撞时隙,自适应地分配有效时隙,进而对标签进行快速识别.当未识别标签数比较大时,算法采用分组以及动态调整帧长等策略,以减少时隙处理的时间.仿真结果表明:GAAS算法提高了系统的识别效率和稳定性,降低了传输开销.特别是当标签数超过1000时,该算法的吞吐率仍保持在71%以上,比传统的帧时隙ALOHA-256算法和分组动态帧时隙ALOHA算法的系统效率分别提高了300%和97.2%.     

基于空闲时隙消除的超高频RFID防碰撞算法

标签防碰撞是射频识别系统中的一项重要研究课题.为了进一步提高射频识别系统的性能和降低复杂度,提出了一种基于空闲时隙消除的二进制分裂算法.该算法在二进制分裂算法中引入了单比特状态标识位,在识别过程中,标签在ID数据传输之前先发送单比特随机信号,用于判定时隙是否碰撞,从而避免了冗余的信息传输.由于该算法彻底消除了传统二进制随机数分裂方法中的空闲时隙,因此节省了识别过程中的协调时间开销.最后通过理论分析和仿真结果证明：ISE-BS算法的吞吐率稳定在40.65%左右,时间效率稳定在32.46%左右,ISE-BS算法相比于现有的防碰撞算法性能更优.从实现的角度,比较了各个算法的浮点运算成本,结果显示提出的算法可以极大的降低系统复杂度.     

无源RFID自适应帧时隙防碰撞算法研究

射频识别RFID作为一种重要的物联网终端数据采集技术,系统的吞吐率直接影响着数据采集终端的性能,但目前广泛应用于无源RFID系统的帧时隙类防碰撞算法吞吐率普遍较低.本文着重分析了影响无源RFID帧时隙类ALOHA防碰撞算法性能两类因素：帧长和碰撞时隙的处理方式,通过构建和求解帧长调整和标签碰撞的数学模型,给出了无源RFID帧时隙类ALOHA防碰撞算法的具体优化途径和方案：帧长自适应调整和碰撞实时散列.在此基础上提出了自适应二进制散列帧时隙ALOHA防碰撞算法-ABSFSA.实验结果表明ABSFSA算法在同等条件下可以有效减少无效时隙,明显将RFID系统的吞吐率稳定提高到45%.本文的研究工作为无源RFID帧时隙类防碰撞算法的优化提供了可供参考的数学模型,同时对提升物联网数据采集终端的性能具有一定的应用价值.     

基于连续时隙预测的帧时隙Aloha防碰撞算法

在射频识别（Radio Frequency Identification,RFID）系统中,针对EPC C1G2协议的Q算法中Q值调整的不灵活性及对空闲时隙和碰撞时隙处理上的缺点,提出了一种基于连续时隙预测的帧时隙Aloha防碰撞算法.通过马尔可夫时隙状态模型,分析不同连续时隙状态下帧长与标签数的关系,提出连续时隙预测机制和自适应散列方案.有效地减少了无效时隙的出现,实现了读取阶段的时隙多数为成功时隙.仿真结果表明,本文提出的算法能够灵活地调整帧长,有效提高吞吐率,降低传输延时和开销,为物联网（Internet of Things,IoT）的海量数据信息完整性问题提供了合理的解决方案.     

分布式排队中退避树的深度优先遍历算法

分析传统分布式排队(DQ)的调度过程及退避树操作规则,设计了一种深度优先遍历的改进算法。结合完全二叉树特例分析和随机重构的一般性推算,对改进算法的系统吞吐性能进行了理论分析和仿真评估,给出了DQ帧争用时隙的最优配置条件和基于开源软件NS-3的扩展仿真。仿真结果表明,所提算法的最大吞吐量可稳定达到信道物理容量的70%。     

Enhanced energy-saving anticollision algorithms with improving throughput for RFID system

Tag collision algorithm is a key issue for energy saving and throughput with Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) system more popular in sensing infrastructure of covering wider area on a large scale. Exploiting low energy consumption strategy would enable longer operational life of tags and reader with battery energy supply. And improving throughput is required on a large scale to preserve the capability of the correct reception. Therefore, this paper proposes an enhanced anti-collision algorithm called Dynamic Slotted with Muting (DSM), which uses multiple slots within a frame per node in a binary tree and takes tag estimation function to optimize the number of slots, and adds a mute command to put identified tags silence. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analytically provided, and simulation results show that DSM saves more than 40% energy consumptions both at reader and tags, and improves more than 35% throughput compared to the existing algorithms. Thus our algorithm is demonstrated to perform efficient energy savings at reader and tags with throughput improvement.     

一种新型的快速标签估计算法

标签估计是RFID系统中的关键技术之一.常规的标签估计算法通常要查询所有时隙的标签响应情况.在标签数量较大时会极大地增加通信负荷和时间损耗.提出一种快速标签估计算法,判断每一帧前4个时隙的标签碰撞情况,就可以对Q参数取值做快速调整,随后通过查询少量时隙就可以得到标签估计数目.仿真结果表明,与传统的标签估计算法相比,本文算法具有估计速度快、估计误差小等优点,非常适用于需要快速做出估计的场合.     

A new anti‐collision protocol based on information of collided tags in RFID systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has recently become an integral part of a wide range of applications. One of the challenges in RFID systems is the tag anti‐collision issue, for which several anti‐collision tag identification protocols have been proposed. This paper proposes a novel slotted ALOHA‐based RFID tag anti‐collision algorithm which can be employed for tag identification. The main idea of this algorithm is to use the information available in collision slots, called collided data, to identify tags uniquely. For this purpose, the collision slots that include only two tags are selected. Then, the non‐conflict bits in these slots are used to possibly identifying the tags. Because in the proposed algorithm readers use both single slots and also the collision slots for tag identification, the performance is increased significantly compared with other protocols. Results of the study indicate that in the proposed algorithm, the optimal frame size for an individual tag number is equal to the half of tags number and the efficiency of the proposed protocol is improved to about 73%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid time slot allocation algorithm based on LoRa Internet of things

To improve the efficiency and stability of data transmission in the long-range (LoRa) Internet of things (IoT),a hybrid time slot allocation algorithm is proposed, which implements a priority mechanism with high-priority nodes sending data in fixed time slots and low-priority nodes using the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) algorithm to compete for shared time slots to transmit data. To improve network efficiency, a gateway is used to adjust the time slot allocation policy according to network status and balance the number of fixed and shared time slots. And more, a retransmission time slot is added to the time slot allocation algorithm, which redesigns the time frame structure, and adopts a retransmission mechanism to improve communication reliability. Simulation and measurement results show that the packet loss rate and transmission delay of the proposed hybrid algorithm are smaller than those of the fixed slot allocation algorithm, making the proposed algorithm more suitable for LoRa IoT.     

An Improved Contention Access Mechanism for FPRP to Increase Throughput

Five‐phase reservation protocol (FPRP) is a contention‐based media access control protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. FPRP uses a five‐phase reservation process to establish slot assignments based on time division multiple access. It allows a node to reserve only one slot in an information frame. Once a node has reserved a slot, it will cease contending for other slots. As a result, there may be less contending nodes in the remaining slots, so the time slots in an information frame are not fully used by FPRP. To improve time slot utilization, this paper proposes an improved pseudo‐Bayesian algorithm, based on which an improved contention access mechanism for FPRP is proposed, in which nodes are allowed to contend for more than one slot in a reservation frame according to a certain probability/priority. Simulation results indicate that the proposed mechanism performs better than FPRP in time slot utilization and hence the network throughput under various scenarios.