基于Landsat-8陆地卫星数据的火点检测方法

传统的火点检测算法通常利用高温地物在中红外波段或热红外波段的高发射率特性来提取火点,然而受制于影像空间分辨率的限制如MODIS、AVHRR等,使得很多小规模火情现象被漏检.研究发现短波红外数据也同样能被用于高温地物的识别和检测,并且相较于热红外波段数据对低温和高温地物的区分度更大,在精确识别和定位高温目标方面更加准确.文章利用空间分辨率为30米的Landsat-8 OLI传感器数据,根据高温火点在近红外及短波红外波段的波谱特性,利用改进的归一化燃烧指数(NBRS)结果自适应地确定阈值来提取疑似火点,然后再利用高温火点在短波红外的峰值关系进行误检点剔除,从而得到最终的火点产品.提出的算法能检测到所占像元面积10%左右的火点,并能够有效地排除云层及建筑物的干扰,在保证较低漏检率的同时还能达到90%左右的准确率,相比于传统算法的火点提取精度有很大的提高.     

红外通道空间分辨率对火点监测应用的影响分析

目前基于卫星遥感的火点探测主要采用千米级分辨率的中红外波段数据,而对红外各波段火点探测灵敏度的定量研究很少,不利于充分发挥红外波段信息在火情监测中的作用。首次利用混合像元分解方法来定量分析分辨率为150 m、300 m和1 km的各红外波段在火点监测应用中的差异。结果表明,150 m分辨率中红外通道比1 km分辨率通道的火点探测灵敏度高30倍左右;300 m分辨率远红外通道可探测百平方米量级的火点;150 m分辨率短波红外通道对高强度明火区反应明显。另外还将气象卫星1 km分辨率以及环境减灾星150 m、300 m分辨率红外数据用于2009年春季黑龙江省逊克县林火和夏季安徽省秸秆焚烧火点的监测个例,从而验证了上述分析结论。结果表明,通过提高红外波段的分辨率,可以明显提升卫星遥感在微小火点探测、火场动态监测以及火势评估等方面的应用能力。     

亚像元火点对红外预警卫星的辐射干扰特性

亚像元火点是红外预警卫星的辐射干扰源,基于推导火点像元辐射强度方程,对不同条件下的火点像元在2.55~2.85 (m波段和4.19~4.48 (m波段的辐射强度进行数值计算,分析了影响火点像元辐射特性的因素。通过与Titan ⅢB型火箭尾焰辐射特性进行对比分析并利用实际火点数据验证了亚像元火点的辐射干扰特性,结果表明:亚像元火点在2.55~2.85 (m波段和4.19~4.48 (m波段均能够对红外预警卫星的探测造成辐射干扰,与火箭尾焰辐射特性的区别是大部分火点像元在4.19~4.48 (m波段具有更强的辐射强度,结果可为提升红外预警卫星抗火点辐射干扰能力提供理论支撑。     

红外高光谱成像仪的系统测试标定与飞行验证

红外谱段是高光谱遥感中非常有用的波段,由于红外波段的能量小、焦平面探测器研制难、红外背景辐射大等原因,红外谱段的高光谱成像系统并不常见,目前仍然处于仪器发展阶段.本文介绍了一台机载热红外高光谱成像仪,它在8.0~12.5μm的光谱范围内可得到180个波段的光谱信息,光谱分辨率优于44 nm,光谱定标精度优于1 nm.仪器观测总视场14°,空间分辨率优于1 mrad,噪声等效温差优于0.2 K@300 K(平均).仪器于2015年5月开展了实验室辐射标定和光谱标定,并于2015年6月在中国浙江舟山开展了飞行试验,获取了指定区域的红外高光谱图像,处理结果表明红外高光谱数据立方体可以有效地反演地表温度和地表辐射率,反演的发射率曲线可以用于地物识别.     

机载热红外多光谱数据定标与温度反演

设计了热红外航空遥感实验,对获取的热红外图像进行了定标,用发射率归一化方法反演了地物的温度和发射率光谱,探讨了利用地物热红外光谱识别地物的可行性.结果表明,基于热红外多光谱数据的发射率归一化方法可以有效地反演地物温度和发射率光谱,所反演的发射率光谱可以比较有效地应用于地物的识别,尤其是对于土壤不同性状的探测识别可以取得良好的结果.     

融合MODIS与Landsat数据生成高时间分辨率Landsat数据

遥感数据时空融合技术是一种低空间分辨率影像与中空间分辨率影像在时间域和空间域的融合技术,利用遥感数据时空融合技术获得的融合影像既具备低空间分辨率影像的高时间分辨率特征,又具备中空间分辨率影像的高空间分辨率特征.提出了一种新的遥感数据时空融合方法(STDFA).该方法从时序MODIS数据中提取地物的时间变化信息,结合早期Landsat-TM影像的纹理信息,融合出具有MODIS时间分辨率和TM空间分辨率的影像.以江苏省南京市江宁区为研究区,以Landsat红波段和近红外波段为融合波段,对该方法进行了测试.结果显示,该方法能够产生高精度的中空间分辨率影像,融合影像与真实影像间的相关系数达到0.939.融合影像计算的NDVI与真实中空间分辨率影像计算的NDVI间的相关性达到0.938.     

基于多光谱的空间点目标特征提取与识别

基于实际测量的空间目标多光谱数据,提出了新的多光谱特征分析方法,即把目标红外辐射分为长、中、短三个波段,分析提取了三个波段内的辐照度,以及长波段、中波段辐照度与短波段辐照度的比值,估算出目标温度和有效辐射面积,并利用BP神经网络对四类目标进行识别试验,取得了好的识别效果。     

基于ASTER和ETM+数据的异常高温区提取

为了检测出异常高温地区,利用热红外遥感的手段,在讨论了ASTER和ETM+数据亮度温度反演的方法的基础上,利用ASTER和ETM+热红外波段数据反演亮温,把得到的亮温影像进行密度分割来提取异常高温区,然后与实地测量得到的该区域的地温带分布图进行对比验证。试验表明:实地测出的高温点在亮温影像的密度分割图上能被检测出属于高温区,但是整幅密度分割图上的温度带分布与实测地温带分布图并不太一致,还存在一些问题需要解决。     

基于张量滤波器的多波段红外目标辨识

红外多光谱成像在面对红外干扰和红外隐身时具有全色红外成像手段无法比拟的优势,通过目标在不同波段响应的差异,能有效地克服干扰和检测隐身目标.但传统基于向量的方法在处理多波段图像时没有有效地利用光谱和空间之间的相关性,通过在张量框架下设计辨识方法时,可以综合利用多光谱图像的光谱和空间特性.在设计张量辨识方法时,多光谱图像被...     

基于空间调制和单元器件的短波红外光谱探测

目前近红外波段的光谱探测在各个领域已经得到广泛应用[1],但在短波红外波段,由于受焦平面红外探测器发展水平的限制,短波红外波段光谱探测还存在难以消除非均匀性以及分辨率高时信噪比不足的缺点.本文从理论上分析了基于空间光调制器和单元探测器的多通道探测方法的信噪比优势,并利用基于Hadamard变换的空间光调制光谱探测方法,成功进行了单元探测器获取多谱段信息的模拟实验,从而提出一种可以减少短波红外光谱探测对焦平面器件的依赖的制备红外光谱探测仪的新思路,并证明了这种方法的可行性.     

Design and preflight performance of ASTER instrument protoflightmodel

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imager with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution, built to fly on the EOS-AM1 spacecraft along with four other instruments, which will be launched in 1998. The ASTER instrument covers a wide spectral region, from visible to thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands. To meet the wide spectral coverage, optical sensing units of ASTER are separated into three subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR) subsystem, shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystem, and thermal infrared (TIR) subsystem. ASTER also has an along-track stereoscopic viewing capability using one of the near-infrared bands. To acquire the stereo data, the VNIR subsystem has two telescopes, one for nadir and another for backward viewing. Several new technologies are adopted as design challenges to realize high performance. Excellent observational performances are obtained by a pushbroom VNIR radiometer with a high spatial resolution of 15 m, a pushbroom SWIR radiometer with high spectral resolution, and a whiskbroom-type TIR radiometer with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolutions. The preflight performance is evaluated through a protoflight model (PFM)     

A new algorithm for temperature and spectral emissivity retrieval over active fires in the TIR spectral range

The problem of temperature and spectral emissivity assessment from hyperspectral remotely sensed data is discussed with reference to monitoring of active fires and hot targets. A new algorithm, called similar pixel addition, was developed, which allows us to retrieve the temperature of burning areas by employing spectral data collected at thermal infrared (TIR) wavelengths. The new algorithm resolves the uncertainty connected with temperature-emissivity separation assuming a slow spatial variation of emissivity, hence reducing the number of unknowns involved in the inversion of a couple of similar pixels at once. Performance of this procedure is thoroughly discussed and compared with results from two other algorithms operating in the TIR and shortwave infrared spectral ranges. This paper shows results obtained applying the new algorithm to hyperspectral images gathered by the Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer in Northern Italy (Alps) over a natural fire that broke out in July 1999. This paper is completed with a theoretical discussion of the involved topics.     

基于FY-3D/MERSI-II远红外数据的火情监测研究

风云三号D极轨气象卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪(FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ)具有250 m分辨率的10. 8μm和12μm波长的远红外通道,为气象卫星遥感火情应用提供更为丰富的数据源。文章研究了FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ的10. 8μm远红外通道监测火情的特点,10. 8μm远红外通道虽在光谱方面对高温热源探测灵敏度不如FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ的3. 8μm中红外通道,但由于空间分辨率较1 km分辨率的中红外通道高4倍,因而对较大的火点有明显反映,火点探测能力较1 km分辨率远红外通道有明显提高。利用混合像元线性波谱分离方法计算,对于平均温度为750 K,面积400 m^2的明火区,在1 km分辨率远红外通道像元引起的亮温增量约0. 47 K,而在250 m分辨率远红外通道像元引起的亮温增量约为7. 30 K,可与周边背景像元亮温形成较明显差异。利用1 km分辨率的中红外通道判识火点范围,利用250 m分辨率的远红外通道进一步确定明火区位置,可将火点定位精度从公里级提高到百米级。利用该方法开展了森林草原火灾应用实例分析,基于250 m分辨率远红外通道确定的火点位置与实地考察信息吻合较好,说明了提出方法的有效性。多个应用实例表明,在反映大范围火场中较强火势区域位置和草原火灾明火线分布等方面,FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ远红外通道较中红外通道具有明显优势,可以更加精细化和准确的反映火情的空间分布,在火情监测方面具有实际应用价值。     

Onboard calibration of the ASTER instrument

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high spatial resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth carried on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Terra satellite. ASTER consists of three radiometers covering the following regions: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR). The preflight calibration of VNIR and SWIR utilized standard large integrating spheres whose radiance levels were traceable to primary standard fixed-point blackbodies. The onboard calibration devices for the VNIR and SWIR consist of two halogen lamps with photodiode monitors. In orbit, all three bands of the VNIR showed rapid decreases in the output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The TIR onboard blackbody was calibrated against a standard blackbody from 100-400 K in a vacuum chamber before launch. The TIR is unable to see the dark space. The temperature of the TIR onboard blackbody remains at 270 K for a short-term calibration to determine any offset and is varied from 270-340 K for a long-term calibration of both the offset and gain. The long-term calibration just after launch was consistent with the prelaunch calibration but then showed a steady decrease of the TIR response over the five years of operation to date.     

ASTER Level-1 data processing algorithm

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is an advanced multispectral imager with high spatial, spectral, and radiometric performance built for the EOS-AM1 polar orbiting spacecraft. ASTER covers a wide spectral region from visible to thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands. To meet this wide spectral coverage, ASTER has three optical-sensing subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR). In addition, the VNIR subsystem has two telescopes (nadir and backward telescopes) for stereo data acquisition. This ASTER instrument configuration with multitelescopes requires highly refined ground processing for the generation of Level-1 data products that are radiometrically calibrated and geometrically corrected. The algorithm developed for the ASTER Level-1 data processing is described     

Radiometric performance evaluation of ASTER VNIR, SWIR, and TIR

Radiometric performance of the Advanced Spectrometer for Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is characterized by using acquired imagery data. Noise-equivalent reflectance and temperature, sensitivity (gain), bias (offset), and modulation transfer function (MTF) are determined for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR), and the thermal infrared (TIR) radiometers that constitute ASTER. The responsivity evaluated from onboard calibration (OBC) and from instrumented scenes show similar trends for the VNIR: the OBC data yield 2.7% to 5.5% a year for the VNIR. The SWIR response changed less than 2% in the 3.5 years following launch. The zero-radiance offsets of most VNIR and SWIR bands have increased about 1/2 digital number per year. The in-orbit noise levels, calculated by the standard deviation of dark (VNIR and SWIR) or ocean (TIR) scenes, show that all bands are within specification. The MTF at Nyquist and 1/2 Nyquist frequencies was determined for all bands using the Moon (VNIR and SWIR) or terrestrial scenes with lines of sharp thermal contrast. In-orbit performance along-track and cross-track is better than prelaunch for the VNIR and SWIR bands in nearly all cases; the TIR effectively meets specification in-orbit.     

Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and ReflectionRadiometer (ASTER)

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a research facility instrument provided by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Tokyo, Japan to be launched on NASA's Earth Observing System morning (EOS-AM1) platform in 1998. ASTER has three spectral hands in the visible near-infrared (VNIR), six bands in the shortwave infrared (SWIR), and five bands in the thermal infrared (TIR) regions, with 15-, 30-, and 90-m ground resolution, respectively. The VNIR subsystem has one backward-viewing band for stereoscopic observation in the along-track direction. Because the data will have wide spectral coverage and relatively high spatial resolution, it will be possible to discriminate a variety of surface materials and reduce problems in some lower resolution data resulting from mixed pixels. ASTER will, for the first time, provide high-spatial resolution multispectral thermal infrared data from orbit and the highest spatial resolution surface spectral reflectance temperature and emissivity data of all of the EOS-AM1 instruments. The primary science objective of the ASTER mission is to improve understanding of the local- and regional-scale processes occurring on or near the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, including surface-atmosphere interactions. Specific areas of the science investigation include the following: (1) land surface climatology; (2) vegetation and ecosystem dynamics; (3) volcano monitoring; (4) hazard monitoring; (5) aerosols and clouds; (6) carbon cycling in the marine ecosystem; (7) hydrology; (8) geology and soil; and (9) land surface and land cover change. There are three categories of ASTER data: a global map, regional monitoring data sets, and local data sets to be obtained for requests from individual investigators     

Validation of a crosstalk correction algorithm for ASTER/SWIR

The mechanism of crosstalk phenomena in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystem of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, which has six bands in the wavelength region of 1.6-2.43 /spl mu/m, is investigated. It is found that light incident to band 4 is reflected at the detector and the filter boundary, and then transported to other bands by multiple reflections in the focal plane area. A crosstalk correction algorithm is developed to improve the spectral separation performance of SWIR. Parameters of the crosstalk model, i.e., the amount of stray light and its area of influence, are determined by image analysis. By careful investigation of SWIR images around peninsulas, lakes, and islands, the crosstalk model is validated. Therefore, the correction algorithm is implemented in the preprocessing of higher level data products.     

改进的三层分解模型热红外影像空间降尺度研究

地表温度(Land surface temperature,LST)是地-气相互作用和能量交换的重要参数之一.为了获取高空间分辨率地表温度数据,研究改进了一种热红外遥感数据降尺度方法,并以上海市Landsat8 OLI/TIRS影像为数据源进行了实验验证,归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)被分解为低频层、边缘层和细节层,其中边缘层和细节层按比例增加到热红外数据中.并与经典的热红外降尺度方法 Dis Trad算法和Ts HARP算法作为对比,将模拟的地表温度(270 m)作为降尺度数据源实现LST降尺度(90 m).实验结果表明,三种降尺度方法都保留原有的地表温度的空间特征,但Dis Trad算法和Ts HARP算法增加了真实数据中并不存在的温度差异;改进的三层分解模型地表温度的均方根误差为0. 913 K,与Dis Trad方法和Ts HARP算法相比精度分别提高了0. 937 K和0. 832K.