Content protection in grayscale and color images based on robust digital watermarking

The concept of digital rights management architecture for multimedia will be presented in this paper, with focus on robust digital image watermarking, which is able to undergo geometrical attacks performed against the embedded watermarks. Geometrical attacks are still an open problem for many digital watermarking algorithms used in present time. Most of geometrical attacks can be described by using affine transforms. A new approach to improve robustness against geometrical attacks is presented. The discrete Fourier transform and log-polar mapping are used for watermark embedding and for watermark detection. Some attacks against the embedded watermarks are performed and the results are given. Also two modifications, usage of the proposed method as a synchronization template and implementation for the color images, are presented and experimental results are given too.     

Multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on multistage vector quantization.

The rapid growth of digital multimedia and Internet technologies has made copyright protection, copy protection, and integrity verification three important issues in the digital world. To solve these problems, the digital watermarking technique has been presented and widely researched. Traditional watermarking algorithms are mostly based on discrete transform domains, such as the discrete cosine transform, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Most of these algorithms are good for only one purpose. Recently, some multipurpose digital watermarking methods have been presented, which can achieve the goal of content authentication and copyright protection simultaneously. However, they are based on DWT or DFT. Lately, several robust watermarking schemes based on vector quantization (VQ) have been presented, but they can only be used for copyright protection. In this paper, we present a novel multipurpose digital image watermarking method based on the multistage vector quantizer structure, which can be applied to image authentication and copyright protection. In the proposed method, the semi-fragile watermark and the robust watermark are embedded in different VQ stages using different techniques, and both of them can be extracted without the original image. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of robustness and fragility.     

基于小波变换和相对量化的图像数字水印算法

提出了一种基于分块小波变换和相对量化的图像数字水印算法。由于在算法中采用了量化嵌入策略,从而在提取水印时无需原始图像和原始水印。实验结果表明,该算法对嵌入的水印具有很好的透明性,对亮度和对比度调整攻击具有非常强的稳健性,对JPEG压缩、重采样、颜色抖动、平滑和加噪声等常见的图像处理攻击具有很强的稳健性,并且算法思想简单、步骤简便和容易实现。     

Rotation Invariance in 2D-FRFT with Application to Digital Image Watermarking

The extraction of rotation invariant representation is important for many signal processing tasks such as image analysis, computer vision, pattern recognition and so forth. In this paper, we show that, under certain conditions, the Two-Dimensional Fractional Fourier Transform (2D-FRFT) possesses this attractive property through mathematical analysis and extensive computer simulations. Based on this property, we propose a novel digital image watermarking method which combines 2D chirp signal with the addition and rotation invariant properties of 2D-FRFT in order to improve robustness and security of digital image watermark in 2D-FRFT domain. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against numerous watermarking attacks including rotation geometrical transform, JPEG compression, crop, median filtering, histogram equalization, salt & pepper noise, Gaussian lowpass filter, shift, dithering and Gaussian noise, and secures against unauthorized information copying and redistribution.     

基于哈尔正交函数系的抗裁剪鲁棒水印算法

提出一种基于哈尔正交函数系的抗裁剪鲁棒水印算法，该算法根据哈尔正交函数系的完备归一化正交性质，对图像进行分块哈尔正交变换，根据图像视觉系统特性和哈尔正交变换性质，提取重要的中频系数，并结合零水印嵌入技术，将水印自适应地嵌入哈尔正交变换的中频矩阵，从而提高了水印算法的有效性，对裁剪攻击具有很强的抗攻击性，实验表明：该算法具有良好的鲁棒性和有效性。     

彩色数字水印嵌入技术

本文提出一种将彩色数字水印嵌入到灰度级图像中的方法.利用静态图像的压缩编码技术,将彩色数字水印编码为一系列二值ID数字,以实现水印的嵌入.由于水印的嵌入过程是基于原始图像的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数之间的关系,所以水印的提取不需要原始图像.实验结果表明本文提出的数字水印技术,经某些图像处理操作和有损压缩后仍是鲁棒的.     

一种旋转、尺度变换和平移鲁棒水印算法

几何攻击是目前困扰数字水印领域发展的问题,现有的抗几何攻击的水印技术存在诸多缺陷和不足.本文提出一种基于时域的抗几何攻击水印技术,利用边框这一简单的图形通过对其检测和提取,完成对几何失真参数的检测.考虑到实际应用中存在噪声的影响,用中值滤波和锐化增加了几何参数估计的鲁棒性.利用检测获得的几何失真参数对图像进行校正,使图像基本恢复原图从而无失真地提取水印.同时本文探讨了诸多文献尚未提及的几何失真恢复问题,提出一种模板匹配的方法恢复图像.仿真实验证明,该方法在含水印图像受到几何攻击后,仍可无失真地提取水印.     

A feature-based digital watermarking scheme for halftone image

It is a challenging work to design a robust halftone image watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. In this paper, we propose a feature-based digital watermarking method for halftone images with low computational complexity, good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks. Firstly, the feature points are extracted from host halftone image by using multi-scale Harris–Laplace detector, and the local feature regions (LFRs) are constructed according to the feature scale theory. Secondly, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is performed on the LFRs, and the embedding positions (DFT coefficients) are selected adaptively according to the magnitude spectrum information. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the LFRs by quantizing the magnitudes of the selected DFT coefficients. By binding the watermark with the geometrically invariant halftone image features, the watermark detection can be done without synchronization error. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is invisible and robust against common signals processing such as median filtering, sharpening, noise adding, and JPEG compression, etc., and desynchronization attacks such as rotation, scaling, translation (RST), cropping, local random bend, and print-scan, etc.     

图像高逼真度的自适应盲水印算法

随着计算机和网络技术的飞速发展,数字图像、音频和视频产品越来越需要一种有效的版权保护方法,所谓数字水印就是一种嵌入到图像、视频或音频数据中的不可见标志,可以用于多媒体数据的版权保护、认证和标注等。该文提出了一个有效的自适应育水印算法,在水印检测过程中不需要原始图像。原始图像经小波变换后,选择内嵌水印所需要的子带,水印根据邻居特征平均值法和奇偶判决法内嵌到频域中所选择的子带上。实验结论和攻击测试表明,该文所提议的算法能得到高逼真度的加水印图像,对如 JPEG有损压缩、中值滤波、附加噪声、伸缩、裁剪等各种图像处理的攻击有较强的稳健性。     

A Robust Watermarking Scheme Using Sequency-ordered Complex Hadamard Transform

This paper presents a robust phase watermarking scheme for still digital images based on the sequency-ordered complex Hadamard transform (SCHT). The transform matrix of the SCHT exhibits sequency ordering which is analogous to frequency in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Hence, sequency-based image analysis can be performed for image watermarking while providing simple implementation and with less computational complexity for computation of the transform. As the SCHT coefficients are complex numbers which consist of both magnitudes and phases, they are suited to adopt phase modulation techniques to embed the watermark. In this proposed scheme, the phases of the SCHT coefficients in the sequency domain are altered to convey the watermark information using the phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. Low amplitude block selection (LABS) is used to enhance the imperceptibility of digital watermark, and amplitude boost (AB) method is employed to improve the robustness of the watermarking scheme. Spread spectrum (SS) technique is adopted to increase the security of watermark against various unintentional or intentional attacks. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking scheme, simulations are conducted under various kinds of attacking operations. The results show that the proposed scheme is able to sustain a series of attacks including common geometric transformations such as scaling, rotating, cropping, painting, and common image-processing operations such as JPEG compression, low-pass filtering, sharpening, noising and phase perturbation, etc. Comparisons of the simulation results with the other schemes are also mentioned and the results reveal that the proposed scheme shows better robustness.     

Discrete Multiwavelet–Based Video Watermarking Scheme Using SURF

This paper proposes a robust, imperceptible block‐based digital video watermarking algorithm that makes use of the Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF) technique. The SURF technique is used to extract the most important features of a video. A discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT) domain in conjunction with a discrete cosine transform is used for embedding a watermark into feature blocks. The watermark used is a binary image. The proposed algorithm is further improved for robustness by an error‐correction code to protect the watermark against bit errors. The same watermark is embedded temporally for every set of frames of an input video to improve the decoded watermark correlation. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DMWT domain video watermarking using SURF features is robust against common image processing attacks, motion JPEG2000 compression, frame averaging, and frame swapping attacks. The quality of a watermarked video under the proposed algorithm is high, demonstrating the imperceptibility of an embedded watermark.     

Performance analysis for geometrical attack on digital image watermarking

We present a technique for irreversible watermarking approach robust to affine transform attacks in camera, biomedical and satellite images stored in the form of monochrome bitmap images. The watermarking approach is based on image normalisation in which both watermark embedding and extraction are carried out with respect to an image normalised to meet a set of predefined moment criteria. The normalisation procedure is invariant to affine transform attacks. The result of watermarking scheme is suitable for public watermarking applications, where the original image is not available for watermark extraction. Here, direct-sequence code division multiple access approach is used to embed multibit text information in DCT and DWT transform domains. The proposed watermarking schemes are robust against various types of attacks such as Gaussian noise, shearing, scaling, rotation, flipping, affine transform, signal processing and JPEG compression. Performance analysis results are measured using image processing metrics.     

基于混合变换域的数字水印算法

提出了一种基于二维离散小波变换(DWT)和离散余弦变换(DCT)的混合变换域数字水印算法。通过小波变换得到载体图像的高频和低频系数,将低频系数作为一个子图像;再将二值水印图像置乱并编码,在子图像的离散余弦变换得到的系数中嵌入水印。该方法在水印检测和提取过程中都不需要原始图像。实验表明该方法水印隐藏性好,鲁棒性较好,抵抗放缩和局部攻击有很好的表现。     

一种高效抗旋转攻击的盲数字水印技术

随着计算机和网络的飞速发展，人们相互间的信息传送量的的极大提高，越来越需要一种有效的版权保护方法来保护流通信息的版权。所谓数字水印就是一种嵌入到图像、视频或者音频中的不可见标志，用于信息数据的版权保护、数字签名等。现代数字水印技术在数字图像中应用得最为广泛，传统的数字水印技术更多地应用在对固定不动的图像进行变换，无法抵御旋转攻击。本文提出了一种高效抵抗旋转攻击的盲数字水印技术，能几乎抵抗任何角度的旋转攻击，并且由于算法本身理论的关系，在压缩、滤波方面也有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于FRFT的图像水印嵌入算法

文章提出了一种基于分数阶傅立叶变换的水印嵌入算法,利用分数阶傅立叶变换的阶数,作为嵌入水印的密钥,实验结果表明嵌入的水印在视觉上具有良好的不可见性,同时,嵌入的数字水印具有理想的鲁棒性,具有较好抗噪声攻击的能力。     

基于Matlab的数字水印系统的GUI设计

数字水印技术为数字信息安全和版权提供了一种有效的保护措施。本文通过小波变换和离散余弦变换的方法,首先对载体彩色图像进行小波变换,然后对变换后载体图像的低频子带再进行离散余弦变换,最后将彩色水印图像嵌入到离散变换的直流系数上。结果证明,在抗噪声攻击、JPEG压缩、小幅度剪切方面利用Matlab软件构建的数字水印系统可达到效果良好,稳健性强。     

图像在Chirp-Fourier域的能量分布与Chirp水印算法研究

分析了图像在Chirp-Fourier域的能量分布，给出空域Chirp水印嵌入参数选取与Chirp-Fourier域水印检测时的处理方法。仿真结果表明，按照给出的参数嵌入水印，水印算法的透明性好，检测快，对常见的图像处理鲁棒性较强。     

基于几何矩的抵抗RST攻击的数字图像水印

目前大多数的数字图像水印方案不能有效抵抗几何形变的攻击,这一弱点已成为数字水印技术走上商用的瓶颈。在各种几何形变中,RST(旋转、缩放、平移)是最为常见的攻击方式。该文提出了一种具有普适性的能够抵抗RST攻击的多比特数字图像水印方案,采用的主要措施有:(1)提出一种基于几何矩的图像标准化方案以抵抗几何攻击;(2)采用扩谱方法构造二维CDMA水印信号,实现多比特水印嵌入;(3)根据HVS特性自适应调整水印的嵌入强度,在鲁棒性和不可见性之间达到平衡;(4)利用MAP和相关方法估计和检测水印信号。实验表明该方案对RST具有很高的鲁棒性,对压缩、滤波等常见的图像处理攻击同样具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Affine invariant image watermarking using intensity probability density-based Harris Laplace detector

Feature point based image watermarking against geometric distortions has attracted great attention in recent years. However, for the state-of-the-art intensity based feature points detectors, the feature points often gather at textured portions of the image or on the edges where the change of intensity is significant, so that many feature points capture the same portion of the image, which makes the watermark be vulnerable to local geometric distortions. In this paper, we propose an affine invariant image watermarking scheme with good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward local geometric distortions, which utilizes the intensity probability density-based Harris–Laplace detector. Firstly, the uniform and robust feature points are extracted by utilizing modified Harris–Laplace detector, in which the intensity probability density gradient is used instead of intensity gradient. Then, the affine invariant local ellipse regions (LERs) are constructed adaptively according to the variation of local intensity probability density. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the affine invariant LERs in nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain by modulating the lowpass NSCT coefficients. By binding the watermark with the affine invariant LERs, the watermark detection can be done without synchronization error. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations such as sharpening, noise adding, and JPEG compression, but also robust against the global affine transforms and local geometric distortions.     

基于变换域的数字水印技术

数字水印技术是将信息隐藏从而实现多媒体数据的版权保护,数字水印的研究主要是所提出的算法具有更好的不可见性和鲁棒性。提出了2种不同的变换域方法:一种是基于DCT域的水印算法,水印信息取自二值签名图像;另一种是基于小波分解的数字水印算法,采用服从高斯分布的随机数作为水印信息。实验结果表明,这2种水印算法具有良好的性能,实现的水印具有不可见性,而且对于常见的图像处理具有很好的鲁棒性。