ALFC of hybrid multi-generation power system using UC and TCPS by ANFIS control technique

ABSTRACT

This paper reveals the impact of an ultra-capacitor (UC) and thyristor control phase shifter (TCPS) on frequency stability of large hybrid interconnected power system. The impact of UC and TCPS has been studied for general purpose hybrid generated multi areas power system. Further to this, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is is proposed for automatic load frequency control (ALFC). Thermal and reheat thermal plants are connected in Area-1 and area-2, whereas area-3 has hydro plant and area-4, 5, 6 consists of nuclear power plant, diesel power and gas turbine plant, respectively. A micro grid based on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system and fleet of electric vehicle (EV) system is developed and integrated with load side of area-1 for load management in interconnected grid. Effect of Small load change and large load change are discussed in separate cases. The controllers are tuned by adding sliding surface to enhance the performance. A comparison between ANFIS and PI-based control approaches with and without UC and TCPS exhibits the superiority of ANFIS controller by integrating UC and TCPS. The results of the proposed control technique are compared with already published results.     

Fuzzy logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cagemachine wind generation system

The paper describes a variable speed wind generation system where fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency optimization and performance enhancement control. A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system. The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops. A fuzzy controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power. A second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study. Performances have then been evaluated in detail     

Wind Speed Estimation Based Sensorless Output Maximization Control for a Wind Turbine Driving a DFIG

This paper proposes a wind speed estimation based sensorless maximum wind power tracking control for variable-speed wind turbine generators (WTGs). A specific design of the proposed control algorithm for a wind turbine equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is presented. The aerodynamic characteristics of the wind turbine are approximated by a Gaussian radial basis function network based nonlinear input-output mapping. Based on this nonlinear mapping, the wind speed is estimated from the measured generator electrical output power while taking into account the power losses in the WTG and the dynamics of the WTG shaft system. The estimated wind speed is then used to determine the optimal DFIG rotor speed command for maximum wind power extraction. The DFIG speed controller is suitably designed to effectively damp the low-frequency torsional oscillations. The resulting WTG system delivers maximum electrical power to the grid with high efficiency and high reliability without mechanical anemometers. The validity of the proposed control algorithm is verified by simulation studies on a 3.6MW WTG system. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed wind speed estimation algorithm is demonstrated by experimental studies on a small emulational WTG system.     

基于改进烟花算法的电动汽车与新能源协同调度

为提高电力系统对新能源出力的接纳能力,降低区域电网的等效负荷波动,维护系统安全性的同时,增强电动车车主响应的积极性,以区域电网系统内的等效负荷波动量最小和电动车车主经济效益最优为优化目标,建立规模化电动汽车与新能源协同调度模型,来合理安排电动汽车的充放电行为。运用最大模糊满意度法将多目标问题化为单目标问题,提出一种改进烟花算法,通过优化初始种群分布,以“双精英—锦标赛”的选择策略提升算法性能。通过算例结果对比,验证规模化电动汽车与新能源协同调度可有效平抑等效负荷波动,为电动汽车用户创造收益。改进的算法降低了计算开销,求解精确度更高。     

Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system

The power generation demand is increasing day-by-day throughout the world, therefore, the use of hybrid systems becomes a significant solution. The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is used for delivering power in various regions in order to overcome intermittence of wind and solar resources. Because of increasing environmental problems, for example, greenhouse gas emission and energy cost have interested novel research into substitute methods in favour of electrical power generation. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method is a vast deal of novel research used for enhancing the efficiency of HRES. The authors have revealed that the hybrid techniques i.e. Global MPPT, fuzzy-neuro systems, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Perturbed and Observe (P&O) + Adaptive Neural Network (ANN) etc. can provide best results as compared to other MPPT control methods. This paper offering a state of art review of MPPT control techniques for HRES.     

New Fuzzy Control Strategies Applied to the DFIG Converter in Wind Generation Systems

This paper presents new fuzzy control strategies which may be applied to the converter connected to the rotor of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) composing a variable speed wind generation system connected to a real electrical grid. The fuzzy control proposed strategies are of the type supervised “look-up-table”. The performance of these intelligent controllers are compare with the fixed parameters PI controllers for fault ocurrence in the power system. The fuzzy controllers are supposed to better the transient performance of the electrical power system as compared with the conventional PI controllers. The obtained results from simulation studies have of the fuzzy controllers. To formulate the simulation studies an equivalent mathematical model of a significant number of wind turbines was implemented using the MATLABTM software packcage.     

Enhancement of Distributed Generation by Using Custom Power Device

Wind energy (WE) has become immensely popular for distributed generation (DG). This case presents the monitoring, modeling, control, and analysis of the two-level three-phase WE based DG system where the electric grid interfacing custom power device (CPD) is controlled to perform the smart exchanging of electric power as per the Indian grid code. WE is connected to DC link of CPD for the grid integration purpose. The CPD based distributed static compensator, i.e. the distributed static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM), is utilized for injecting the wind power to the point of common coupling (PCC) and also acts against the reactive power demand. The novel indirect current control scheme of DSTATCOM regulates the power import and export between the WE and the electric grid system. It also acts as a compensator and performs both the key features simultaneously. Hence, the penetration of additional generated WE power to the grid is increased by 20% to 25%. The burden of reactive power compensation from grid is reduced by DSTATCOM. The modeling and simulation are done in MATLAB. The results are validated and verified.     

电动汽车充电站功率控制策略的研究

电动汽车及充电站近年来得到了快速的发展。充电站在为电动汽车充电时将消耗巨大的电能,如果任由众多的充电站无序无限制地进行充电工作,将会对电网形成巨大的冲击,从而影响电网的稳定。从长远来看,将充电站纳入电网调度的体系,充电站根据电网调度值对站内充电机的充电功率实施控制与分配,从而降低大规模充电对电网的冲击,具有重要的意义。     

Current Source Inverter Based Grid Connected Hybrid PV-Wind Power Generation Unit

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a current source inverter (CSI)-based hybrid power generation system, which uses wind turbine and photovoltaic cells (PVs). A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is connected to the CSI using a diode rectifier and a buck converter that is used to control the speed of the rotor. Another buck converter is used to control the maximum power point tracking of PVs. The operation of proposed system is studied under normal and grid voltage dip conditions. According to new grid codes, most power generating units are supposed to remain connected to the grid during voltage sag conditions and inject reactive current to grid as defined by grid codes. The CSI has fault current limiting capability that makes it appropriate to use in grid-connected applications and during voltage sag conditions in particular. The proposed system tracks the maximum power point of wind turbine and PVs under normal mode and injects required reactive current to the grid during voltage drop. However, incorporation of CSI with the inherent behaviour of wind turbine and PVs causes fault current to be within the tolerable range for power electronic devices. Simulations are carried out by using PSCAD/EMTDC software to verify the proposed system.     

风电储能系统能量调度策略研究

为了改善风电场发电的稳定性,抑制风电引起的电压波动与闪变,提高含风电电力系统的稳定性问题成为重要的研究内容,本文在简要介绍风电的特点的基础上,针对风电并网带来的电能质量及稳定性等问题,阐述了基于能量调度技术的解决方案,详细介绍了基于模糊理论＂最大-最小＂算法的调度系统控制器和系统其它主要部分的模型及仿真结果。控制器根据负荷用电量预测信息控制储能系统的充放电,不仅能有效抑制并网后电网的电能波动也能优化风电的发电质量。MATLAB仿真结果表明,风电储能系统能量调度策略和控制器是有效的,该系统能够有效减小风电场并网功率的波动。     

间歇式能源发电系统无功补偿技术的研究

针对间歇式能源发电系统的特点和无功需求,提出了将无功补偿与风力并网发电相结合的设计方案,通过计算得出了间歇式能源发电系统中电缆和变压器无功损耗.本文利用Mat-lab/Simulink搭建了具有无功补偿功能的并网变流器的仿真模型,并采用有功无功解耦控制和SPWM控制方法,补偿系统所需无功以及有效抑制动态电压波动.最后,仿真结果验证了风力并网变流器在向电网提供有功功率的同时也能够提供一定容量的无功功率,提高系统功率因数,有效抑制电网电压波动.     

Neue 1,5-MW-Windkraftanlage WT1566 — eine österreichische Entwicklung

The utilization of wind power allows the increase of the share of electricity supply by renewable energy sources. In a research and demonstration project which was funded by the European Commission a wind turbine with 1.5 MW rated power was developed. By optimizing the system components especially for sites with relatively low wind speed conditions and by choosing a high rated power it was attempted to reach fairly competitive electricity generating costs. A variable rate of revolutions per minute and pitch control yield to a maximum energy output. The generator is equipped with highly efficient power electronics using an IGBT (isolated gate bipolar transitor) inverter, thus assuring high efficiency with little harmonic distortions on the grid. Prior to this project a similar smaller wind turbine (600 MW) of the same design has been erected and put into operation. The 1.5 MW wind power plant has been successfully connected to the grid in November 1998.     

A Fault Tolerant Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine Using a Parallel Grid Side Rectifier and Series Grid Side Converter

With steadily increasing wind turbine penetration, regulatory standards for grid interconnection have evolved to require that wind generation systems ride-through disturbances such as faults and support the grid during such events. Conventional modifications to the doubly fed induction generation (DFIG) architecture for providing ride-through result in compromised control of the turbine shaft and grid current during fault events. A DFIG architecture in which the grid side converter is connected in series as opposed to parallel with the grid connection has shown improved low voltage ride through but poor power processing capabilities. In this paper, a unified DFIG wind turbine architecture which employs a parallel grid side rectifier and series grid side converter is presented. The combination of these two converters enables unencumbered power processing and robust voltage disturbance ride through. A dynamic model and control structure for this architecture is developed. The operation of the system is illustrated using computer simulations.     

Fuzzy Gain-Scheduling Proportional–Integral Control for Improving Engine Power and Speed Behavior in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

With the increased emphasis on improving fuel economy and reducing emissions, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as very strong candidates to achieve these goals. The power-split hybrid system, which is a complex hybrid powertrain, exhibits great potential to improve fuel economy by determining the most efficient regions for engine operation and thereby high-voltage (HV) battery operation to achieve overall vehicle efficiency optimization. To control and maintain the actual HV battery power, a sophisticated control system is essential, which controls engine power and thereby engine speed to achieve the desired HV battery maintenance power. Conventional approaches use proportional-integral (PI) control systems to control the actual HV battery power in power-split HEV, which can sometimes result in either overshoots of engine speed and power or degraded response and settling times due to the nonlinearity of the power-split hybrid system. We have developed a novel approach to intelligently controlling engine power and speed behavior in a power-split HEV using the fuzzy control paradigm for better performances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported use of the fuzzy control method to control engine power and speed of a power-split HEV in the applied automotive field. Our approach uses fuzzy gain scheduling to determine appropriate gains for the PI controller based on the system's operating conditions. The improvements include elimination of the overshoots as well as approximate 50% faster response and settling times in comparison with the conventional linear PI control approach. The improved performances are demonstrated through simulations and field experiments using a ford escape hybrid vehicle.     

Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System With Versatile Power Transfer

This paper presents power-control strategies of a grid-connected hybrid generation system with versatile power transfer. The hybrid system is the combination of photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine, and battery storage via a common dc bus. Versatile power transfer was defined as multimodes of operation, including normal operation without use of battery, power dispatching, and power averaging, which enables grid- or user-friendly operation. A supervisory control regulates power generation of the individual components so as to enable the hybrid system to operate in the proposed modes of operation. The concept and principle of the hybrid system and its control were described. A simple technique using a low-pass filter was introduced for power averaging. A modified hysteresis-control strategy was applied in the battery converter. Modeling and simulations were based on an electromagnetic-transient-analysis program. A 30-kW hybrid inverter and its control system were developed. The simulation and experimental results were presented to evaluate the dynamic performance of the hybrid system under the proposed modes of operation.     

基于负载电流前馈的风电系统网侧变流器控制

对于具有并网变流器的风电系统,本文提出了一种基于负载电流前馈的网侧变流器矢量控制方法。与传统方法相比,该方法可提高风电系统在最大风能捕获过程中的暂态稳定性和抑制电网电压波动对直流母线电压所造成的影响。本文以双馈发电机型风电系统为例进行了理论分析和仿真实验,结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

无人作战飞机空战自主战术决策方法研究

自主战术决策是UCAV付诸作战使用的关键技术之一。建立了基于航迹坐标系下的UCAV运动方程,对三自由度的控制指令进行了改进,并以此对NASA提出的基本操纵动作库进行了定量描述。在此基础上,面向实际战场态势,依据模糊空战推理规则,设计了基于自主战术决策模块的自主战术决策方法。仿真结果表明,所研究的方法可以使UCAV在空战中进行自主决策,获得更大的战场优势,具有一定的参考和应用价值。     

有源电力滤波器改进快速重复控制方法的研究

有源电力滤波器应具有动态响应快和稳态精度高的特点,使用传统重复控制的有源电力滤波器进行谐波补偿时系统的响应速度较慢。对此,根据有源电力滤波器的数学模型,提出一种将比例控制与快速重复控制相并联的复合控制方法。通过建立电网在dq同步旋转坐标系下的数学模型,可以将指令电流中的基波分量转化为直流量,并且将2k±1次谐波分量转化为2k次交流量。这种控制策略可以消除所有奇次谐波并提高系统动态响应速度。通过仿真建模,将所提控制策略与传统重复控制进行比较,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略在保证稳态精度高的同时,可以有效地提高动态响速度。     

基于调控参数建模的混合模糊系统的逼近分析

模糊系统是通过规则来描述人类语言信息,它是处理不确定信息的一种重要工具.常见的模糊系统为Mamdani模糊系统和Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)模糊系统.本文首先通过引入调控参数统一两类系统并建立广义的混合模糊系统.其次,利用多元函数带皮亚诺余项的泰勒展式证明混合模糊系统在无穷范数下对连续可微函数具有逼近性,进而借助拉格朗日型余项的Hessian矩阵证得该系统具有二阶逼近精度.最后,通过选取样本点分析说明基于调控参数建模的混合模糊系统的逼近效果优于单独的Mamdani或T-S模糊系统.