Constitutive relations for a rotating electron plasma

The constitutive relations for small-signal electromagnetic fields propagated in a cylindrical electron plasma rotating around its axis are derived with the use of the electron-theoretical approach. A rotating electron plasma is found to be equivalent to a moving dispersive dielectric with an appropriate dielectric constant, as far as small-signal electromagnetic fields are concerned.     

On Radial Transmission Line Representations of Electromagnetic Fields in an Anisotropic Moving Medium

The problems of electromagnetic waves in moving isotropic or uniaxial mediums have been dealt with by numerous authors. Chawla and Unz considered the fields in a moving anisotropic plasma, and Chen and Cheng analyzed waves in an isotropic plasma in a moving dielectric medium. In this note we consider electromagnetic fields in a moving anisotropic medium and propose the network formulation of electromagnetic fields in the moving medium in the radial cylindrical coordinate. The method is an extension of the transmission line representation of electron beams on infinite magnetic fields. We can apply these results to the cases of any magnetic field intensity and, further, solve the complex problems for a stationary anisotropic plasma by a similar method.     

Electrodynamics of rotating relativistic electron beams

On the basis of the Minkowski formulation, this paper discusses the basic laws governing the small-signal fields propagated along an electron beam which is rotating around its axis with constant angular frequency of rotation and drifting in the axial direction at constant relativistic velocity. In the first preliminary section are described the dc conditions for getting a stable relativistic electron beam in the presence of neutralizing ions with arbitrary number density and externally applied static magnetic field. Then, after a brief discussion of the ac-field equations, the constitutive relations for small-signal fields are obtained in both the laboratory frame, which is assumed to be an inertial frame, and the rest frame of the electron beam, which is not an inertial but a rotating frame. The rotating relativistic electron beam is found to be a nonuniformly moving dispersive medium or, more specifically, an inhomogeneous bianisotropic medium with space and time dispersion. With the use of the constitutive relations derived above, the following sections consider the energy and momentum for the small-signal fields, and their conservation relations, together with their transformation laws between the laboratory frame and the rest frame of the electron beam. Our discussion includes, as the special cases, all the important cases of an ion-neutralized or axially confined beam and the Brillouin beam.     

Improving the quality of shortwave broadcast reception indoors byusing an anti-fading probe antenna

When shortwave (SW) broadcasts are received on self-contained receivers indoors, there generally is a reduction in signal strength and an increase in the speed and depth of fading in comparison with reception in open spaces outdoors. Even when the received signal level is adequate, the quality of reception indoors is degraded. This comes about because the fields indoors are a superposition of components of radiated signal from the distant transmitter plus other components representing energy reradiated or scattered by nearby conductors such as house wiring or plumbing. Since many of the near-field components originate very close to the receiver, it is possible to reduce their effect by deriving the receiver input from two or more probes-i.e., pickup devices specially designed to respond to fields in their immediate vicinity without disturbing those fields. To achieve the desired probe action, advantage can be taken of the high input impedance of portable, battery-powered receivers designed for use with small telescoping whip antennas. Spacing of multiple probes in the order of a few tens of centimeters suffices to give an output significantly smoother and of higher quality than that obtainable with the receiver's whip antenna by itself. The high signal levels of many SW broadcasts make it practical to use small, inefficient antennas. This article describes an Anti-Fading Probe Antenna (APA), which produces a worthwhile improvement in reception quality indoors. It is simple to build, requires no adjustment, and may even improve received signal quality in some outdoor situations     

Radiation from a uniformly moving distribution of electric charge in an anisotropic, compressible plasma

The radiation characteristics of a linear distribution of electric charge moving with a uniform velocity in a homogeneous electron plasma of infinite extent are investigated for the case in which a uniform static magnetic field is impressed externally throughout the medium. The linear distribution of charge and its direction of motion are assumed to be parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the direction of the external magnetic field. Of the two possible modes of waves of small amplitude, namely, the modified electromagnetic mode and the modified electron plasma mode, the uniformly moving charge distribution excites the modified electron plasma mode. The emitted radiation has no frequencies less than the plasma frequency. For a particular value of the ratio of the gyrotropic to the plasma frequency of the electrons, the frequency and the angular spectrum of the emitted radiation are determined for two values of the velocity of the charge.     

Use of an electromagnetic eye movement monitor for easy measurement of arm movements

This paper proposes a new technique for measuring arm movements, which is an adaptation of the electromagnetic method for measuring eye movements. Two small coils of wire are mounted onto the subject's elbow, moving rigidly with the humerus, and two more coils are mounted onto the subject's wrist, moving rigidly with the radius-ulna. The subject is placed inside three alternating magnetic fields at different frequencies in the X, Y, and Z directions. As the arm moves, the voltages induced into the coils vary with angle. For each coil, the voltages are de-modulated to give three dc voltages giving the vector direction of that coil's axis. Corrections for the nonuniformity of the magnetic fields are computed. The method works unambiguously for all possible arm movements within the physiological ranges of the joints. Measurement of finger angles is just as easily done. The five angles describing arm movements can be measured at millisecond intervals with noise as small as 2 arcsec rms and drift of about 1 arcmin over a day, i.e., the electronics is more stable than the attachment of the coils to the arm.     

Guided Waves in Inhomogeneous Focusing Media Part I: Formulation, Solution for Quadratic Inhomogeneity

This work is a theoretical study of waves in a circular-cylindrical radially inhomogeneous guiding medium. A vector theory based upon Maxwell's equatious is used to derive linear homogeneous fourth-order equations satisfied by the longitudinal electric and magnetic field components for a medium in which the permittivity decreases monotonically from the propagation axis. The percentage change of permittivity from the guide axis to some radius a is assumed small. For modes with propagation constants approximately equal to the wave number at guide center, all field components are shown to satisfy second-order differential equations. In particular, all transverse field components are proportional to a single scalar function. In a Iossless system with no containing boundary, a new class of polynomial-Gaussian solutions describes the longitudinal fields for the case of a quadratically decreasing permittivity, while the transverse fields are Gaussian-Laguerre. Mode patterns, propagation constants, and orthogonality relations are given. It is shown analytically that the modes tend to TE or TM as the mode order increases. Moreover, the transverse fields become dominant at large wave numbers, and the fields become tightly bound to the guide axis as the wave number and/or inhomogeneity increases. Studies of more general permittivity variations and wall effects will be reported shortly.     

Radiation from harmonic sources in a uniformly moving medium

In this paper the Maxwell-Minkowski equations are used to find a general integral for the electromagnetic fields in an infinite moving medium. The medium is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and to move with a constant velocity much less than the speed of light. Only time-harmonic fields are considered. A wave equation for the electric field is derived and is integrated by means of a Green's Identity and an appropriately defined Dyadic Green's Function. The result gives the electric field inside a volume of space in terms of known sources in the volume and the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields over the enclosing surface. Finally, the fields radiated by a point dipole are found.     

Minimizing interference from magnetic resonance imagers duringelectrocardiography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows a physician to obtain images of internal organs noninvasively. Imaging a moving organ such as the heart requires a trigger so that successive scans can be synchronized. In the case of cardiac imaging this trigger is the electrocardiogram (ECG). When a patient is in an MRI scanner he/she is subjected to both static and dynamic magnetic fields which can cause interference In the ECG. The dynamic fields consist of 8- to 64-MHz radio frequency (RF) pulses and low-frequency magnetic gradient pulses with frequency components below 100 Hz. Conventional bandpass filters are only moderately effective because the passband allows magnetic gradient-induced interference to be superimposed on the ECG, causing distortion of the signal. This paper describes a technique which can be used to remove induced MRI gradient interference from an ECG recorded on a patient inside the bore of a MRI scanner. Induced signal from an external loop is subtracted from the ECG to minimize the low-frequency interference. The gradient induced low-frequency interference was reduced to approximately 20% of its magnitude when using conventional ECG amplifiers     

高分辨率遥感图像的聚类

高分辨率遥感图像中的细小目标(如道路等)使图像的同类区域表现变得不一致,从而增加了高分辨率图像聚类的难度,本文提出了一种高分辨率遥感图像的聚类方法,其聚类过程包括如下三个步骤:第一步,在滑动窗口内使用消除次要成分法处理遥感图像,该处理过程使用一维形态学分水岭技术获得直方图中的左侧阈值和右侧阈值,再根据这两个阈值滤除图像中的次要成分;第二步,计算滑动窗口内的图像特征;第三步根据图像特征量利用BPC(Back Propagation and Competitive)网络进行图像聚类。三组试验(本文提出的聚类算法,最邻近距离聚类法,K均值聚类法)表明本文提出的图像聚类方法可以有效实现高分辨率遥感图像的聚类。     

On Guided Waves in Moving Anisotropic Media

Based upon the Maxwell-Minkowski theory, the equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a cylindrical waveguide of an arbitrary cross section filled with a moving anisotropic medium are derived. The governing equations are reducible to a pair of coupled wave equations in the axial components of the electric and magnetic fields, which in turn can be solved through the solution of a single second order scalar homogeneous Hehnholtz equation. For a general anisotropic medium no pure TM or TE modes can exist in the waveguide. However, if the moving medium is uniaxially anisotropic, TM and TE modes are possible. It is interesting to note that the cutoff frequencies are always lowered by a factor which depends upon the velocity of the medium and is independent of the guide geometry. The formulas for the characteristic wave impedance and power flow in a waveguide for a moving uniaxial medium, if expressed in terms of the new cutoff frequency, have the same forms as those for a moving isotropic medium. The propagation characteristics of waveguides of rectangular and circular cross sections filled with a moving uniaxial gyroelectric medium are discussed.     

Analog computer solutions for correction of ripple in magnetically-collimated electron beams

Analysis of the dynamics of an electron beam in a magnetic collimating field leads to formulas which can be processed conveniently in an analog computer to obtain individual solutions. This technique is applied to the problem of correcting the ripple which is generally imposed upon the envelope of the beam after passage through a spatial variation or reversal of the collimating field. However, a relatively general viewpoint is retained in developing methods and formulas for studying the motion of an outermost electron of a relatively uniform, round, straight electron beam. Fer this reason the results can be applied to beams from shielded or unshielded cathodes, passing through uniform, periodic, or nonperiodic reversing magnetic collimating fields. A simplified development of the mathematical theory of magnetically confined electron beams is presented, including the effects of spatial variations and reversals in the collimating magnetic fields. Formulas are developed for the equilibrium electron beam radius, and for the ripple frequency, axial wavelength, amplitude, and phase of the outermost electrons, in terms of the field parameters and the initial beam conditions. Analog computer solutions for an electron beam with various collimating magnetic fields serve to illustrate and confirm the developed formulas. From these computer solutions, suggestions are derived for guidance in shaping collimating magnetic fields so that electron beam ripple will be prevented or reduced.     

Invited paper. A partly self–consistent theory of the gyrotron

Current theories on Single Cavity gyrotron oscillators assume a prescribed electro magnetic field, while travelling-wave amplifiers are treated in small signal without, space-charge. This paper describes theoretical work in progress to extend the existing theories. first it is shown that although space-charge mid electron beam fields (indistinguishable in a. relativistic theory) play a marginal role in present American or French gyrotrons, the limits of tube performance may ultimately be imposed by these effects. A short review of the literature on space-charge in gyrotrons is given Then a linear space-charge theory valid for wide electron beams is developed, and it is shown that unstable travelling spaec-charge waves exist in gyrotrons as in classical crossed-field devices. Values of gain parameters in TW amplifiers are given. Finally a set of circuit equations, similar to transmission line equations, is given that can be used to take beam fields into account either for oscillators or amplifiers. some calculations with a single mode lead to increased values of the efficiency, due to inter, action with the field propagating in the output horn.     

基于相位调制的运动目标多光谱关联成像研究

为克服扫描方式多光谱成像无法捕获动态场景下的多光谱数据,提出了一种基于相位调制实现运动目标单次曝光多光谱成像方法。该方法将关联成像技术、压缩感知技术与光谱成像相结合,在成像光路中引入空间随机相位调制器,对运动目标物体三维图谱信息数据进行调制和压缩,然后利用探测器获取二维混叠信号,实现单次曝光获取运动目标的三维图谱信息重构,具有光能利用率高、成像时间短、系统结构简单等优点。实验结果表明:单帧CCD探测信号的电子数均值从200 e?按100 e?的间隔增加到1300 e?时,随着电子数均值增加,重构图像相对均方根误差rRMSE值对应减小,重构图像质量提高;当步进电机以30 Hz速度带动目标物体连续运动时,可获得较好质量运动物体的多光谱重构图像;采用光谱仪对目标物体中不同谱段的光谱分布曲线进行测试,所得结果与重构图像的光谱分布曲线相吻合,证明了该方法的有效性。研究结果对多光谱关联成像技术在无人机平台、动态监测等领域的应用提供了有益借鉴。     

天基微弱运动点目标检测研究综述

近几十年来,针对复杂背景下红外图像序列的天基微弱 运动点目标探测问题备受关注。该问题对于空间监视系 统、预警系统以及导弹跟踪系统等而言十分重要。受各方面的影 响,天基微弱点目标检测、跟踪和识别研究仍然面临着很多挑 战。仪器抖动和平台运动均会造成目标定位偏差。受制于观测距 离和天基成像环境,目标往往会淹没在背景杂波或噪声之中。因此,如 何在低信杂噪比的情况下快速、准确地探测和识别运动点目 标,并满足检测率和虚警率指标,是相关领域亟待解决的问题。 对近年来国内外相关领域的研究进行了分类和总结,以期在此基 础上寻求新的探索和发现。     

Analysis for mission reliability of a combat tank

Mission reliability is the probability that a system will perform its specified mission. In a reliability sense, some subsystems or components are not required to operate perfectly for a certain mission, and sometimes it is not reasonable to assume that the states of all components are statistically independent. The purpose of this study is to set up mathematical models for the moving and firing mission reliabilities of a combat tank, taking into account these two problems. A discussion is presented of how the models can be used by the combat tank planner or the tank designer     

Impact of electron-phonon scattering on the performance of carbon nanotube interconnects for GSI

While electron mean-free path in carbon nanotubes can be as large as several micrometers for small bias voltages, for large biases electrons get backscattered by optical and zone-boundary phonons and nanotube resistance can increase by more than 100 times. This letter reveals this kind of backscattering has a small impact (error <25%) in most interconnect applications of carbon nanotubes in which adequate numbers of nanotubes are connected in parallel. This is mainly due to relatively small electric fields along nanotubes when they are used as interconnects. This is in sharp contrast with transistor applications of carbon nanotubes in which transconductance degrades considerably by electron-phonon scatterings unless their channels are made ultrashort (/spl sim/10 nm).     

低秩稀疏分解下多尺度积的运动目标检测方法

针对基于矩阵分解的运动目标检测方法易受自然场景中背景的小幅抖动和摄像头抖动等因素影响的问题,提出了一种利用多尺度积的低秩稀疏矩阵分解算法。算法假设,静态背景视频序列中,每帧图像背景可近似视为处于同一低秩子空间中,图像前景则可视为偏离低秩空间的残差部分。首先对图像序列进行滤波、仿射变换等预处理得到视频序列观测数据矩阵;然后对数据矩阵进行低秩稀疏分解得到序列图像的低秩背景部分和每帧图像的稀疏前景部分;最后对稀疏前景部分采用小波变换模极大值与多尺度积方法检测目标边缘,并进行形态学处理,得到准确的运动目标。实验结果表明,算法检测到的运动目标清晰、完整,能有效地处理光照变化、摄像头小幅度抖动、图像背景局部小幅度变化等情况下的运动目标检测。      

红外图像的光流计算

图像光流的计算不需要在图像序列中建立特征之间的对应关系，因此光流法在计算机视觉的众多领域，包括运动物体的参数估计和目标跟踪方面都有广泛的应用，由于红外图像的噪声相对较大，光流法很少用于红外图像中目标的运动参数估计和跟踪，这里，使用几种常用的光流计算方法对部分实际红外图像进行了光流场计算。结果表明，当选择合适的方法或计算方法进行一定的改进时，这些红外图像可以得到比较接近实际情况的目标光流场，进而应用于红外图像中的目标分割，运动状态分析与目标跟踪等领域。     

石墨烯在电子器件研究中的应用

石墨烯是近年来逐步发展起来的新型电子材料,具有导电性好、电子迁移率高、比表面积大、导热率高、弹性好等优点,石墨烯的开发和应用已成为纳米材料、生物、化学以及电子信息等多个领域的研究热点。围绕近年来石墨烯在电子器件中的应用研究,本文主要对其在生化传感器、高速器件、太阳能电池、储能器件、柔性器件5个热点方向中的部分研究成果进行综述。