Optical time domain reflectometry in optical transmission linescontaining in-line Er-doped fiber amplifiers

Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) in an optical transmission line containing in-line Er-doped fiber amplifiers is investigated. The proposed Er-doped fiber amplifiers are based on optical circulators, which support both OTDR and digital signal transmission. The measurable limit of OTDR fault location in optical transmission lines containing in-line amplifiers is discussed. Fault location and 1.8-Gb/s digital signal transmission are demonstrated in a 316.9 km, optical transmission line constructed with three in-line Er-doped fiber amplifiers     

OTDR in optical transmission systems using Er-doped fiber amplifiers containing optical circulators

Fault location in optical amplifier transmission systems is described. Optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) cannot be used for an optical transmission line containing traditional Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) because they contain optical isolators. The authors propose an OTDR scheme that uses new EDFAs containing optical circulators and return transmission lines. The new EDFAs support both OTDR and digital signal transmission. A 280.9 km transmission line containing three of the proposed EDFAs was constructed and tested. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of OTDR fault location and 1.8-Gb/s digital signal transmission.<>     

High-accurate fault location technology using FSK-ASK probebackscattering reflectometry in optical amplifier submarine transmissionsystems

This paper proposes a new modulation format for optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) to eliminate optical surge and improve OTDR performance in optical amplifier submarine transmission systems. The modulation format, FSK-ASK, uses a short high-power probe pulse and a long dummy pulse. Thanks to the slow gain dynamics of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, both pulses experience an identical gain, equal to the loss of a span, so that the probe pulse maintains its high power and does not develop into an optical surge. Fault location experiments verify a theoretical prediction that FSK-ASK improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of OTDR by an amount as large as the power ratio of the probe to dummy signal. They also confirm the elimination of the optical surge caused by conventional OTDR using a solitary probe pulse. An FSK-ASK OTDR is applied in a commercial submarine amplifier transmission system which has a total transmission length of 890 km and a repeater spacing of 90 km. These field trial results show that subtle fiber anomalies can be located, with a spatial resolution of 1 km, along the entire length of the amplifier transmission system from a terminal end     

A novel in-service surveillance scheme for optically amplified transmission systems

We propose here a novel surveillance scheme for an optically amplified transmission system which allows simultaneous in-service fault identification for fiber and optical amplifiers. While requiring additional fiber Bragg gratings of designated wavelengths to be integrated with optical amplifiers, the monitoring light source is derived from the unused spectra of ASE and no dedicated light source is needed as in conventional OTDR technique. We have further demonstrated the scheme's feasibility with a 100-km, three-EDFA optical transmission system.     

Optimum configuration for cascaded fiber amplifiers in attenuationlimited transmission systems

Fiber amplifiers play an important part in optical transmission systems to overcome the impact of attenuation. Together with the transmitter and receiver the positions of amplifiers on the optical path as well as the design of the amplifiers itself determine the bit error probability of the digital communication link. We present a simple method how to derive the optimum configuration for an optical transmission link with cascaded fiber amplifiers for an attenuation limited system. The bit error probability is calculated in dependence of the positions of the line amplifiers and the lengths of the doped fibers for systems with and without booster and optical preamplifier. In a first step we search the optimum configuration by numerical minimization of the bit error probability for a given transmission length, transmitter power and optical receiver. We have found a very simple rule how to determine the lengths of the transmission fibers and the doped fibers of the amplifiers for the minimum bit error probability when the length of the first transmission fiber is given. Therefore, the search for the optimum configuration reduces to the search of the appropriate length of the first transmission fiber which results in an enormous reduction of computing effort. We have investigated the effect on the bit error probability when one deviates from the optimum configuration. For the case, when the transmission length is reduced me have found that the bit error probability decreases always, when the lengths of the single transmission fibers are cut     

Signal linewidth broadening due to nonlinear Kerr effect inlong-haul coherent systems using cascaded optical amplifiers

Signal spectral linewidth broadening due to the interaction between nonlinear Kerr effect and spontaneous emission from optical amplifiers in long-haul coherent optical fiber communication systems using optical amplifiers is examined theoretically and experimentally. By theoretical consideration and recirculating-loop experiments, it is shown that this effect becomes an essential limitation on maximum transmission length in transoceanic coherent optical fiber submarine cable systems     

全光中继光纤传输系统中掺铒光纤放大器监控的研究

文章对全光中继光纤传输系统中掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)作为提升放大器、线路放大器和前置放大器的监控问题进行了探讨,提出了利用相干光时域反射仪与本地控制单元监测和控制线路EDFA的增益与主备用倒换的方案,该方案可实现对上行和下行的线路EDFA的单端全光监测。     

基于双向OTDR测试的光传输网实时监测系统

基于现有的光信号处理技术、网络技术以及OTDR等设备设计并实现光传输网实时监测系统,提出基于双向OTDR测试来解决OTDR在长距离测量光缆线路时动态范围受限的问题,同时结合采用GIS等技术开发的光缆线路管理系统(FMMIS),进行对光传输网络的实时监测,实现了光纤中断故障的自动精确定位。     

Optical amplifiers transform long-distance lightwavetelecommunications

Optical amplifiers and wavelength-multiplexing technology are transforming lightwave communications by providing cost-effective upgrades that will increase immensely the transmission capacity of long-distance telecommunications networks. A new generation of undersea cable systems using fiber optical amplifiers as repeaters has been developed for transoceanic applications, yielding a capacity almost ten times larger than conventional systems using opto-electronic regenerators. Terrestrial long-haul networks will benefit significantly from amplified wavelength-multiplexed transmission systems designed to access the large inherent bandwidth in the installed fiber. Successful deployment of these advanced systems requires a thorough understanding of optical amplifiers and the optical fiber medium, as their requirements interrelate through optical bandwidth, noise, dispersion, optical nonlinearities, and their impact on signal transmission. While the first commercial WDM amplified lightwave systems are deployed for point-to-point applications, optical transparency and wavelength multiplexing will be exploited for networking leading to the higher functionality and improved cost-effectiveness expected of photonic networks     

Polarization control method for suppressing polarization modedispersion influence in optical transmission systems

Recent progress in long-span optical repeater systems indicates that the polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) influence has become one of the main degradation factors in high speed and wideband systems. This paper discusses polarization-control methods for suppressing the PMD influence for both the coherent FDM system and the IM-DD optical repeater system. A principal-state transmission method, which can avoid PMD influence in coherent FDM common polarization control, has been proposed. In this scheme, FDM light is launched at one of the principal states in the fiber using two polarization controllers, located at both ends of the fiber. The feasibility of this scheme was confirmed through 2.5-Gb/s CPFSK, three-channel FDM transmission experiments. For a 150-km long fiber, a 700-GHz optical bandwidth can be used with the principal-state transmission method. This bandwidth is about three times wider than that for conventional common polarization control in a 150-km long fiber. The principal-state transmission method has been modified to apply to a long-span optical-repeater transmission system which includes optical isolators. In this method, small frequency modulation was added to the signal light to search for the principal state for the total transmission line. The modified method can avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI) degradation due to accumulated PMD in long-span optical fibers and optical components. Power-penalty-free operations were successfully demonstrated with up to one bit time PMD value in 5-Gb/s IM-DD, 1000-km transmission experiments. This method is expected to apply to a long-span undersea optical-repeater transmission system     

对OTDR测试光纤链路某些问题的分析

文章从OTDR的测试原理出发,对怎样更精确地测试光纤长度、接头损耗等问题进行了分析,指出要注意OTDR测试光纤链路时与光端机的相互影响.     

基于OTDR技术的高压输电导线断股和损伤检测

为了保证高压输电线路的正常运行,及时准确地 对输电导线的断股、损伤进行检测,提出了一种应用光 时域反射仪(OTDR)技术对输电导线断股、损伤进行分布式光纤传感检测的方法。基于OTDR技 术搭建了利用钢管模拟输电导线的模拟损伤试验系统,进行了高压输电导线断股、损伤 实物试验。高 压输电导线断股、损伤模拟试验及实物试验的结果表明,应用OTDR技术可以有效地识别出高 压输电导线的断股、损伤,并能够对损伤部位进行精确地定位。     

IM-DD long-distance multichannel WDM transmission experiments usingEr-doped fiber amplifiers

We have demonstrated multichannel wavelength-division multiplexed optical signal transmission experiments employing Er-doped fiber amplifiers. Four-channel transmission of 459 km and 1500 km experiments and two-channel transmission of 4550 km experiment are described, and the transmission penalty is analyzed. We also discuss the effect of four-wave mixing. The difference of the transmission fiber clearly shows the difference of the optical spectrum due to four-wave mixing after long-distance transmission. The results show the possibility of long-distance multidestination optical communication systems with wavelength-division multiplexed signals combined with Er-doped fiber amplifiers     

Long-haul coherent optical fiber communication systems usingoptical amplifiers

Studies on long-haul coherent optical fiber communication systems with in-line optical amplifier repeaters are made theoretically and experimentally. By theoretical calculation it was found that coherent systems can achieve wider dynamic range for an amplifier input power as compared with the intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) systems. The feasibility of such systems using traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifiers (TWSLAs) and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) was investigated, and 546 km, 140 Mb/s CPFSK transmission using TWSLAs and 1028-km, 560-Mb/s CPFSK transmission using EDFAs were successfully demonstrated     

Optical time domain reflectometry using an M-ary FSK probe andcoherent detection

This paper proposes a new approach to enhancing the performance of optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). This approach launches a probe signal modulated in the M-ary FSK format into a test fiber and detects the backscattering by coherent detection, which offers excellent frequency discrimination, followed by simple signal processing to recover the fiber impulse response. Fault location experiments verify the theoretical prediction of that the proposed approach reduces the measurement time to 1/M without sacrificing measurable dynamic range or spatial resolution. They also show that the approach is effective in reducing fluctuations in the OTDR trace. It is experimentally confirmed that OTDR with the proposed approach is feasible for long haul transmission systems     

A review of recent system demonstrations incorporating 1.3-μmpraseodymium-doped fluoride fiber amplifiers

This paper provides a review of recent system demonstrations incorporating 1.3-μm praseodymium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers (PDFFA's), following a brief historical perspective on the amplifiers development, the analogue and digital systems experiments, which have been conducted to date incorporating these new amplifiers, are described. Beyond this review material recent systems experiments conducted at BT Labs are also described. These experiments investigate the application of high performance PDFFA's to both, analogue, FM-SCM transmission, and high-speed (5 and 10 Gb/s), digital transmission systems. The results of a recent 10-Gb/s field transmission experiment are also presented. This paper also provides a perspective on the potential significance of 1.3-amplifiers to both long-haul point-to-point transmission systems and to optical fiber access networks based on passive optical network structures     

Over 1000 km FSK heterodyne transmission system experiment usingerbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers and conventional single-modefibers

The influence of spontaneous emission noise on coherent transmission systems using multistage erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers is experimentally examined. A frequency-shift keying (FSK) heterodyne transmission experiment was successfully performed at 560 Mb/s through 1028 km of fiber using ten cascaded fiber amplifiers and conventional single-mode fibers with a zero dispersion wavelength of around 1.3 μm. In the experiment, no transmission penalty due to accumulated spontaneous emission noise or to fiber chromatic dispersion was observed     

Multiple-reflection-induced intensity noise studies in a lightwavesystem for multichannel AM-VSB television signal distribution

In a lightwave system used for transmission and distribution of multichannel AM-VSB (amplitude-modulated vestigial side-band) television signals, the dependence of multiple-reflection-induced intensity noise on laser diode linewidth, fiber jumper length, modulation index, and the number of connectors is studied. The noise is investigated for systems both with and without optical amplifiers. The requirements on the reflectance of fiber connectors/splices, the maximum number of connectors, and the usable optical amplifier gain are discussed     

Optimization of WDM lightwave systems (BAC) design using error control coding

In a binary asymmetric channel (BAC) it may be necessary to correct only those errors which result from incorrect transmission of one of the two code elements. In optical fiber multichannel systems, the optical amplifiers are critical components and amplified spontaneous emission noise in the optical amplifiers is the major source of noise in it. The property of erbium doped fiber amplifier is nearly ideal for application in lightwave long haul transmission. We investigate performance of error correcting codes in such systems in presence of stimulated Raman scattering and amplified spontaneous emission noise with asymmetric channel statistics. Performance of some best known concatenated coding schemes is reported.     

Allowable received OTDR light power for in-service measurement inlightwave SCM systems

To measure in-service optical transmission lines in optical video distribution systems using subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) techniques, we clarify how measurement light from an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) affects the signal transmission performance when the light enters an optical network unit (ONU). We describe the additional noises induced when OTDR light is injected into the ONU and analyze the relationship between received OTDR light power and carrier-to-noise ratio. Moreover, we use the analysis to provide a technique for estimating the allowable received light power in lightwave SCM systems and show the dominant factors determining this allowable power. Finally, by using the estimation technique, we clarify the required rejection ratio for a filter designed to prevent OTDR light from entering ONU's in wavelength division multiplexing systems