Hybrid pulse position modulation/ultrashort light pulse code-division multiple-access systems - part II: time-space processor and modified schemes

For pt.I see ibid., vol.50, p.2018-31 (2002). In part I, we proposed and investigated a hybrid pulse position modulation/ultrashort light pulse code-division multiple-access (PPM/ULP-CDMA) system for ultrafast optical communication networks. In this scheme, the large bandwidth of a ULP is efficiently utilized by virtue of the very high time resolution of a time-space processor. More detailed analysis and discussion on the receiver scheme using the time-space processor is now presented; nonideal performance of the time-space processor, including the reference pulse realization problem, as well as amplifier and detector noise, are taken into account. Discussions on physically achievable ranges of the system parameters that determine the performance of the proposed PPM/ULP-CDMA system are also made based upon current, state of the art technology. As remedies to overcome the physical limitations on the system parameters, two modified modulation/demodulation schemes are proposed and investigated to enhance the performance of the hybrid PPM/ULP-CDMA system.     

MPPM: a method for improving the band-utilization efficiency inoptical PPM

Multiple pulse position modulation (MPPM) is proposed as a modulation method to improve the band-utilization efficiency in optical pulse position modulation (PPM). Optical PPM gives higher transmission efficiency (bit/photon) in optical communications but degrades band-utilization efficiency. The proposed method reduces the required transmission bandwidth in optical PPM to about half with the same transmission efficiency, thus increasing band-utilization efficiency. While in conventional optical PPM, only one optical pulse is transmitted in every signal block, multiple pulses are transmitted using this method. Information is represented by different combinations of the positions of these pulses. The principle of bandwidth reduction applied, the transmission characteristics of the proposed method, and examples of improvement in band-utilization efficiency are also shown     

Analysis of error performance for Turbo coded pulse position width modulation

To lower the bit error rate （BER） of the pulse position width modulation （PPM＋PWM）, which is the improved scheme of the pulse position modulation （PPM）, correcting coding technique is necessary. After setting up the analytic model, the Turbo decoder and iterative algorithm for PPM＋PWM are studied, and the system error performance ofuncoded and Turbo coded PPM＋PWM under the Gaussian channel is simulated and analyzed, as well as the effects of the number of iterations and frame size on the bit error rate. The results show that the introduction of Turbo code can get the encoding gain of 4.0-6.9dB, which improves the error performance of system effectively and has advantage in military communications.     

大气无线光通信系统中数字脉冲间隔调制研究

基于光强闪烁的大气无线光通信系统模型,研究了数字脉冲间隔调制(DPIM)方式的差错性能,分析了符号结构、发射功率、带宽需求等问题,并与 OOK(开关键控)和 PPM(脉冲位置调制)调制方式进行比较。理论和仿真研究结果表明,DPIM 调制方式较 PPM 方式有较高的功率效率和较少的带宽需求,特别是在系统实现上相对于 PPM 大大简化。因此 DPIM 应用于无线光通信系统具有一定优势。     

Performance of PLL Synchronized Optical PPM Communication Systems

Receiver timing synchronization of an optical PPM communication system can be achieved using a phase-locked loop (PLL) if the photodetector output is properly processed. The synchronization performance is shown to improve with increasing signal power and decreasing loop bandwidth. The bit error rate performance of the PLL synchronized PPM system is analyzed and compared to that of the perfectly synchronized system. It is shown that the increase in signal power needed to compensate for the imperfect synchronization is small (less than 0.1 dB) for loop bandwidths less than 0.1 percent of the slot frequency.     

双伽马湍流信道下多阶脉冲位置调制误码率性能分析

基于双伽马(Gamma-Gamma)大气湍流信道,研究了采用脉冲位置调制(PPM)技术的无线光通信系统的误码率(BER)性能。推导出平均EBR的闭合表达式,该表达式适用于任意湍流强度和任意调制阶数,与数值积分相比,可显著提高计算速度。对于给定的平均EBR,对比分析了在不同湍流条件下PPM调制阶数与平均发射功率需求间的关系。结果表明,在无湍流高斯信道和弱湍流信道下,增加调制阶数可以减小平均发射功率需求;然而随着湍流的增强这种作用逐渐减小,在强湍流区,甚至出现了调制阶数越高,平均发射功率需求越大的现象。因此,在实际系统设计时,应考虑可能的湍流环境,再选择合适的调制阶数。     

Multi-user performance of direct-sequence CDMA using combinedbinary PPM/orthogonal modulation

A new modulation format is proposed for cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications where binary pulse position modulation (PPM) is embedded in the chip waveform and combined with orthogonal modulation using Walsh/Hadamard codes. Compared to the conventional CDMA using orthogonal codes, this scheme allows reduction in receiver complexity by lowering the modulation level for the second-stage orthogonal modulation. The staggered (half-chip) quadrature direct-sequence signaling is adopted to uniformly distribute the transmit power and allow noncoherent detection at the receiver because carrier phase tracking is not feasible because of the binary PPM, suitable for the reverse link in cellular networks. Statistics of inter-user interferences are characterized, and then derive the symbol error probability for the proposed M-ary modulation format. It is shown that the advantage in view of receiver complexity can be achieved without deteriorating the multi-user performance in terms of the number of users affordable at a specified error rate     

自由空间光标识双幅度脉冲位置调制方法

自由空间光通信中,为了兼备自带符号同步和调制符号长度固定等优点,提出了一种新的光标识双幅度脉冲位置调制方法(FDAPPM),分析了它的符号结构,传输速率和湍流信道中的差错性能。采用最大似然检测时,推导出高信噪比时FDAPPM 误码率的简单近似值表达式,并给出系统的分集级数和调制增益。最后与OOK、PPM、FDPIM 和FDAPIM 等方法进行比较。结果表明:在相同的湍流条件下,FDAPPM 的传输速率和差错性能均优于FDPIM 和FDAPIM;相对于PPM 系统,其传输速率高,不需要符号同步,接收器复杂度大为简化;且符号长度固定,不会引起调制器等待或缓冲器溢出。     

基于脉冲位置调制系统的偏振模色散监测方案

为了实现对脉冲位置调制传输系统光纤信道中偏振模色散的动态监测,提出了一种新型偏振膜色散监测方案,并基于监测原理构建了数学模型。该方案基于单边带内不同偏振信号相位差实现,具有结构简单、易于实现、成本低等优点。结果表明,本方案可以实现对光信号的差分群延时与偏振态的动态监测,即当差分群延时在0ps~100ps范围内时,可准确监测;同时证实了其与信号速率关系较小,能够适应不同速率的系统,且可对脉冲位置调制传输系统的偏振模色散进行实时动态监测。该方案是一个高效可行的偏振模色散监测方案。     

Efficient Hybrid Modulation/Demodulation Scheme Using Differential Encoding/Decoding for UWB-IR

An efficient hybrid modulation/demodulation scheme using a short duration pulse in the time-domain for ultra wideband-impulse radio (UWB-IR) systems is proposed. The proposed modulation scheme is pulse position modulation (PPM) of the UWB-IR standard modulation combined with differential encoding, and non-coherent energy detection (ED) adopting differential decoding is proposed for demodulation. Differential encoding makes a pulse that can transfer additive information bit into bits assigned in one symbol without increasing the symbol period. The BER performance is evaluated for 2-PPM, 4-PPM and the proposed HD-2PPM (which has the same symbol duration as BPPM and includes two information bits per symbol). The error performance indicates that the proposed scheme is an outstanding 0.5 dB over existing schemes of UWB-IR, and the data-rate performance shows that the proposed method has higher spectral efficiency than conventional methods that occupy the same duration as the proposed scheme.

     

High-quality broad-band optical communication by time-division multiplexed pulse analog modulation: Nonlineary in diode lasers

Inter/cross modulation levels occurring in signals from stripe-geometry (GaAl)As double-heterostructure diode lasers are investigated by computer simulation for the case of time-division multiplexed (TDM) pulse-analog modulation (PAM). It is shown that pulse-position modulation (PPM) is the preferred modulation scheme for high pulse rates, and inter/cross modulation levels are evaluated for the format TDM-PPM. It is shown that the inter/cross modulation level is greatly improved when diode lasers are biased above threshold. Based on this evaluation, it is concluded that effectively inter/cross modulation-free optical transmission at a pulse rate up to108 times 10^{6}pulses per second by TDM-PPM is feasible. This limiting rate permits the transmission of 12 color TV channels or 10800 telephony channels.     

Information rates of photon-limited overlapping pulse position modulation channels

A direct-detection photon-limited optical communication channel that uses pulse position modulation (PPM) under a pulsewidth constraint is considered. Overlapping PPM (OPPM) allows multiple positions per pulsewidth, as well as fractional modulation indices (number of pulsewidths per frame) requiring more refined timing than that needed for conventional disjoint PPM (DJPPM). It is shown that even at moderate values of the expected photon count per pulse(Q)--such as needed for high data rates--OPPM outperforms on-off keying (OOK) in both capacity and cutoff rate, even though OOK is uniformly superior to DJPPM. Moreover, efficient use of OPPM is possible with equiprobable input symbols, whereas OOK requires inconvenient asymmetrical inputs to achieve capacity and high cutoff rate efficiencies (nats/ photon). At lower data rates, where capacity efficiency is the prime criterion, a significant advantage (- 20 percent) over DJPPM can be achieved up to efficiencies of about 0.7 nats/ photon. The M-ary photon-limited OPPM channel can be viewed as an ambiguity and erasure channel, in the sense that some channel outputs are ambiguous in only some input symbols and only if no photons are counted is there ambiguity in all input symbols. For largeMambiguities cause bursts of erasures of data symbols. Massey's interlaced encoding, as well as conventional encoding followed by interleaving, are adaptable to this bursty channel, and effect an increase in its cutoff rate comparable to the increase obtainable with DJPPM by the same techniques.     

Accurate evaluation of multiple-access performance in TH-PPM and TH-BPSK UWB systems

A characteristic function method is proposed for precisely calculating the bit-error probability of time-hopping (TH) ultra-wideband (UWB) systems with multiple-access interference in an additive white Gaussian noise environment. The analytical expressions are validated by simulation and used to assess the accuracy of the Gaussian approximation. The Gaussian approximation is shown to be inaccurate for predicting bit-error rates (BERs) for medium and large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The performances of TH pulse position modulation (PPM) and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes are accurately compared in terms of the BER. It is shown that the BPSK system outperforms the binary PPM system for all values of SNR. The sensitivity of the performance of the modulation schemes to the system parameters is also addressed through numerical examples.     

光通信中基于脉冲调制的联合编码调制研究

为了研究无线光通信中数字脉冲调制与信道编码的联合编码调制问题,在给出调制时域结构的基础上,采用理论推导和数值仿真相结合的方法,分析了基于二进制线性分组码的开关键控、数字脉冲位置调制和数字脉冲间隔调制系统的差错性能,得出了信道编码纠错能力与调制阶数的结合关系。结果表明,采用开关键控调制的系统,其汉明距离与欧式距离等价,故不存在调制与信道编码参量匹配问题;脉冲位置调制系统在纠错个数大于调制阶数时,可取得较明显的编码调制增益,当纠错个数能被调制阶数整除时,编码和调制达到匹配;由于数字脉冲间隔调制的符号时隙不固定,存在错误传播现象,不宜与差错编码联合使用。所得结果可为无线光通信链路的设计提供参考。     

Communication systems with PPM signaling

Effect of imperfect slot synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver on optical synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems using pulse position modulation as data modulation (PPM/CDMA) is investigated. Optical orthogonal codes (OOC's) are employed as signature sequences, and parallel optic-fiber delay line encoders and correlators are adopted in the transmitters and the receivers, respectively. The upper bound on the bit error probability of PPM/CDMA is derived under the condition that the receiver slot timing shifts from the transmitter timing clock. The bit error probability performance is evaluated for some values of the number of slots per frame, average signal photocount, and the number of simultaneous users. It is shown that as the number of slots per frame increases, the timing offset should be restricted to be smaller to achieve low bit error probability. Further, when the timing offset is small, the improvement of the bit error probability performance with the increase of the number of slots per frame under the photocount per second constraint is shown to be larger than that under the photocount per symbol constraint     

Multiple access capacity of UWB m-ary impulse radio systems with antenna array

In this paper, the multiple access capacity of an Mary pulse position modulation (PPM) impulse radio (IR) system with antenna array is analyzed in dense multipath environments. An antenna array with Rake receivers is used to capture the signal energy from multipaths. Multiple access performance of the system is evaluated in terms of number of supported users for a given bit error rate and bit transmission rate with different number of antenna elements and selected paths. Numerical results show that the multiple access capacity of an M-ary IR system can be improved significantly by increasing the number of antenna elements and/or by adding more paths coherently at the receiver.     

Multiple access interference cancelation technique in optical CDMA systems

This paper presents a simple and efficient multiple access interference (MAI) cancelation technique in optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system. The proposed technique is based on hybrid frequency shift keying (FSK) with an enhanced modified prime code as a signature sequence for coding techniques. Coherent FSK modulation along with incoherent demodulation using Arrayed-Waveguide Grating has been examined in the transceiver structure. In the proposed technique, a reference signal is constructed by using one of the addressed spreading sequences, and MAI cancelation is performed by subtracting the reference signal from the received signal of the desired user. The performance of the proposed FSK-OCDMA system is compared with the performance of the existing pulse position modulation (PPM)–OCDMA system. The simulation results reveal that the bit-error rate performance of the proposed technique is superior to the performance of the pulse position modulation (PPM) technique. Also, the results indicate that the proposed technique is very power efficient, and when the bit rate is constant, the network capacity can be expanded to accommodate a large number of simultaneous active users with low error rate. Moreover, the proposed technique simplifies the hardware of the receiver design.     

水下无线光通信中的FDPIM性能研究

为了改善脉冲位置调制需要符号同步和数字脉冲间隔调制、双头脉冲间隔调制、多幅度脉冲间隔调制符号长度不固定所引起的接收发机结构复杂和调制器速率不固定等问题,提出将定长数字脉冲间隔调制应用于水下无线光通信系统。分析了带宽需求、传输容量,并与其它调制方式进行了比较;在给出水下无线光通信信道模型的基础上,推导了该信道中定长数字脉冲间隔调制方式的误包率表达式。结果表明,定长数字脉冲间隔调制适用于水下无线光通信系统。     

准分子激光直写加工特性与脉冲参数关系的研究

以玻璃为实验靶材,用精密微动平台准确调节靶材位置,利用波长248nm的KrF准分子激光器,研究了准分子激光直写加工图形和激光脉冲数及脉冲能量之间的关系。实验证明,随着加工槽深度的增大,单个激光脉冲所烧蚀的深度逐渐减小,当达到一定的脉冲数时,所烧蚀槽的深度基本上保持不变。脉冲能量越大,刻蚀速率越大,其速率同样具有一个上限值。     

Flexible Circuits and Architectures for Ultralow Power

Subthreshold digital circuits minimize energy per operation and are thus ideal for ultralow-power (ULP) applications with low performance requirements. However, a large range of ULP applications continue to face performance constraints at certain times that exceed the capabilities of subthreshold operation. In this paper, we give two different examples to show that designing flexibility into ULP systems across the architecture and circuit levels can meet both the ULP requirements and the performance demands. Specifically, we first present a method that expands on ultradynamic voltage scaling (UDVS) to combine multiple supply voltages with component level power switches to provide more efficient operation at any energy-delay point and low overhead switching between points. This system supports operation across the space from maximum performance, when necessary, to minimum energy, when possible. It thus combines the benefits of single-${V}_{rm DD}$ , multi-${V}_{rm DD}$, and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) while improving on them all. Second, we propose that reconfigurable subthreshold circuits can increase applicability for ULP embedded systems. Since ULP devices conventionally require custom circuit design but the manufacturing volume for many ULP applications is low, a subthreshold field programmable gate array (FPGA) offers a cost-effective custom solution with hardware flexibility that makes it applicable across a wide range of applications. We describe the design of a subthreshold FPGA to support ULP operation and identify key challenges to this effort.