微加工和太赫兹真空电子器件技术进展

本文对微加工和太赫兹真空电子器件技术进展进行了评论,讨论了微加工和太赫兹真空电子器件可能的应用,也研究了微型器件、微加工的关键技术和需要进一步研究的理论和技术问题。     

用于雷达的新型真空电子器件

真空电子器件在雷达的发展历程中发挥了重要作用,是雷达系统的核心器件,两者相辅相成、相互促进。随着设计仿真能力的不断提升,以及新材料新工艺的出现,真空电子器件出现了一些新的发展动向。器件性能不断提升,也出现了一些新型真空电子器件,这都为新型雷达探测技术的发展提供了很好的器件支撑。该文从微波毫米波器件及功率模块、集成真空电子器件、太赫兹、大功率和高功率5个方面介绍了真空电子器件新的发展趋势以及所取得的最新研究成果。     

大功率微波真空电子学技术进展

本文综述了近十年来微波真空电子技术进展,由于其在现代军事装备中的重要作用和近十年来技术上取得的进步,使微波真空电子器件在未来30年中仍然是国防装备的核心器件.大功率行波管、微波功率模块(MPM)、多注速调管、回旋管和微型真空电子器件等是正在发展中的重要器件;真空电子器件和半导体器件之间的相互结合与渗透,必将建立兼有两者优点的、性能更加优良的新一代大功率微波电子器件.     

冷阴极技术及其在大功率真空电子器件中的应用

场致发射阴极作为重要的电子源之一,在真空电子器件的发展进程中扮演了重要的角色。在与固态器件的竞争中,真空电子器件朝大功率高频方向持续发展,场致发射阴极的应用使其在器件尺寸、可靠性、功耗和工作频率等方面具备了较大的改进空间。本文综述了近年来大电流场致发射阴极技术进展,特别介绍了碳纳米管场致发射阴极的发展。试验表明在直流测试条件下,该类型场致发射阴极发射电流密度已可达到A/cm2量级,且可以实现长寿命高稳定发射,未来在场致发射阴极微波放大器、自由电子激光器和新型中子源等方面将有广泛的应用前景。     

利用真空电子器件产生THz技术的发展

THz波技术在生物医学、材料科学、天文学和军事通信等方面都具有广泛的应用前景.介绍了几种能够产生THz波的真空电子器件的工作机理及其在发展过程中遇到的瓶颈问题,并得出了利用真空电子器件产生THz波的各种优势.介绍了国内外各种太赫兹真空电子器件研究的技术水平及应用现状,并对用真空电子器件产生THz波的技术进行了展望.     

提高FEA电子发射可靠性和均匀性的几种结构

首先介绍了稳定FEA电子发射均匀性和可靠性的几种结构，然后提出了以离子注入和干法刻蚀技术，在常规电阻率P型衬底上制成具有串联电阻负反馈特性的单片硅FEA。这些设计和工艺可供研究人员在设计具体FEA电子源的不同应用领域，如平片显示器、微波真空器件、微真空传感器时作参考。     

超小型器件和微波功率模块的发展——真空电子和微波光子技术的融合

信息系统的发展要求真空电子器件(包括行波管)的发展遵循微型化/集成化/组件化发展趋势。本文重点讨论了真空电子器件(包括行波管)的三步走发展战略,即现有器件的微型化/集成化/组件化、纳米真空三极管放大器和集成化、真空电子器件和微波光子学融合发展的新型器件与应用。     

真空电子器件输出窗次级电子倍增效应研究进展

真空电子器件在毫米波和太赫兹波频段具有大功率的天然优势,可用于构建高效率、大功率的毫米波和太赫兹辐射源,对高功率微波技术及太赫兹技术的发展具有十分重要的意义。输出窗是真空电子器件的关键部件,输出窗击穿是器件失效的主要原因之一,而次级电子倍增效应被认为是输出窗击穿的主要原因。本文梳理了目前分米波及厘米波波段真空电子器件输出窗的研究现状,在此基础上梳理了这一领域未来研究的主要发展方向,以期为未来真空电子器件向更高功率和更高频率等级发展提供参考。     

近代电子技术的发展

十九世纪末叶,科学家们从电磁波理论的证实到无线电波在通信中的应用,从电子发射现象的观察到电子荷质比的测量都标志着近代无线电电子学的开端.随着二十世纪初期真空二极管及三极管的问世以及电离层的发现,既为年轻的无线电通信技术开辟了新的纪元,又为电子器件的研制开拓了广阔的境地. 在二十世纪最初的四十年内,无线电通信和广播有蓬勃的发展,使用的无线电波波长,由长波进入中波、短波;传播距离由几十公里扩展到几百、几千公里;各种电子管、离子管、电子束管的陆续出现促使无线电技术的不断发展;而无线电理论的日趋完善又促使电子器件和电子设备的应用范围日益扩大.在第二次世界大战前夕,很多迹象表明所谓无线电技术已不再为     

真空电子学和微波真空电子器件的发展和技术现状

真空电子学是研究真空中与电子相关的物理现象的学科,主要研究电子的产生和运动、电子与电磁波和物质的相互作用,是各类真空电子器件和粒子加速器等真空电子装置的基础。微波真空电子器件是最重要的真空电子器件,已广泛应用于国防、国民经济和科学研究领域,是军用和民用微波电子系统的核心器件,本文将介绍真空电子学和微波真空电子器件的发展历史,技术现状和应用情况,并对其发展趋势作简要的评述。     

Highly Elastic Graphene‐Based Electronics Toward Electronic Skin

Epidermal electronics are extensively explored as an important platform for future biomedical engineering. Epidermal devices are typically fabricated using high‐cost methods employing complex vacuum microfabrication processes, limiting their widespread potential in wearable electronics. Here, a low‐cost, solution‐based approach using electroconductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets on elastic and porous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin films for multifunctional, high‐performance, graphene‐based epidermal bioelectrodes and strain sensors is presented. These devices are fabricated employing simple coatings and direct patterning without using any complicated microfabrication processes. The graphene bioelectrodes show a superior stretchability (up to 150% strain), with mechanical durability up to 5000 cycles of stretching and releasing, and low sheet resistance (1.5 kΩ per square), and the graphene strain sensors exhibit a high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 7 to 173) with a wide sensing range (up to 40% strain). Fully functional applications of dry bioelectrodes in monitoring human electrophysiological signals (i.e., electrocardiogram, electroencephalography, and electromyogram) and highly sensitive strain sensors for precise detection of large‐scale human motions are demonstrated. It is believed that our unique processing capability and multifunctional device platform based on RGO/porous PDMS will pave the way for low‐cost processing and integration of 2D materials for future wearable electronic skin.     

真空微电子学的研究和进展􀀂

真空微电子学是迅速发展的一门新学科，近年来国内外的研究已取得了一系列的成果。本文着重介绍了近两年真空微电子学在微尖性能提高、发射材料、阴极结构以及场致发射应用(主要是场发射显示器)等方面的最新进展。真空微电子学在场发射平面显示器件方面的研究已进入实用阶段，相信近几年在这方面的应用将会获得突破性的进展。     

At the crossroads of the information highway: new technologydirections in consumer electronics

The advent of consumer electronics dates back to the invention of the vacuum tube and its application to one of the first consumer electronics products-the radio. Since that time technology development and subsequent applications have expanded the scope of “consumer electronics.” Today, technology advances on many fronts including compression, digital signal processing, computing power, displays, communication, and software are cascading to cause a virtual explosion of new consumer electronics products, applications, and services. This paper describes “consumer electronics” within the context of the IEEE Consumer Electronics Society and explores future directions     

Special Issue on Vacuum Electron Devices

The 39 papers in this special issue focus on vacuum electron devices. The papers are grouped by device type: high frequency/microfabrication; sheet beams; cathodes; gyro-devices; klystrons/multi-beam klystrons; and traveling-wave tube.     

Integrated electronics and change in the electronics industry

Those who use electronics to solve problems for customers must exercise science, engineering, art, and business sense, and work with four generations of electronics based on vacuum tubes, discrete semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and integrated electronic components, respectively. This paper includes forecasts of the growing applications and economic impact of integrated electronics. The concept of Active Element Groups (AEGs) is used to analyze the growth of the market from 1963 to 1973 and to emphasize the increasing integration of electronics. Despite dramatic trends now emerging in product mix and technology, the electronics industry will not be radically changed in structure. Bigger organizations are likely to get still bigger and stronger; smaller organizations are likely to consolidate; integrated electronics will make electronics pervasive. Integrated electronics makes the inward-looking science, engineering, and art of electronics more usable and allows the outward-looking practitioners who use electronics to solve problems for customers to move up their skills and concentrate on more effective and more sophisticated solutions-to those problems. It does not decrease their ability to serve their customers. It does require that they upgrade and change the emphasis of that ability to serve their customers more effectively.     

真空微电子学的崛起

近年来,真空微电子学的发展引人瞩目,它的应用十分广泛,普遍认为真空微电子学是继真空管、集成电路之后电子学发展中又一新产业的标志,本文主要探讨真空微电子的发展背景。     

Vacuum electronics at the dawn of the twenty-first century

In this introduction to the Special Issue on vacuum electronics, the history, operating principles, and recent technological trends of vacuum electronic devices are reviewed. The development of microwave power tubes is described and improvements in these devices over the past quarter of a century are highlighted. These improvements have been substantial and have been driven by modern high-power applications and by advances in materials and computational science. The second part of this paper describes the advent of a new class of vacuum electronics generator as involving relativistic electron beams and interaction with fast waves (e.g., gyrotrons, free-electron lasers). These new types of generators are opening the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwave region (i.e., millimeter-wave, infrared, ultraviolet, and even X-ray) for applications of high-power, coherent generators of electromagnetic radiation     

Characterization and CMRR Modeling of a Carbon-Nanotube Field-Emission Differential Amplifier

A novel vacuum field-emission differential amplifier (diff-amp) based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) emitters has been developed, modeled, and its ac performance characterized. A dual-mask microfabrication process was employed to achieve a single-chip diff-amp by integrating matched CNT field-emission triodes with built-in split gates and integrated anodes. The identical pair of triode amplifiers was well matched in device characteristics. The measured ac common-mode-rejection ratio (CMRR) of the diff-amp was ~ 50 dB. The proposed CMRR semianalytical model was validated with the experimental data. The successful implementation of the CNT diff-amp demonstrates a new way to achieve high-temperature and radiation-tolerant vacuum integrated circuits.