TD-SCDMA移动终端协议一致性测试技术的研究

根据我国基于TD-SCDMA技术的第三代移动通信系统的发展战略,提出TD-SCDMA移动终端协议一致性测试技术的研究.着重介绍了一致性测试的原理,TD-SCDMA移动终端协议一致性测试的方法,测试系统的设计和实现,抽象测试集的生成.通过对该项技术的研究,可为TD-SCDMA移动终端设备提供标准的、实用的协议一致性测试方法和工具,以解决接入网络时产生的协议非一致性问题.     

一种可变测试集的协议一致性测试方法

目前常用的协议一致性测试的测试方法是首先对协议规范建模,然后通过模型生成测试集,最后执行测试集.这种方法存在执行效率不高和实际测试范围可能被缩小的问题,为此本文提出一种可变测试集的方法,通过动态执行测试集提高其执行效率,同时从与协议实现无关的角度扩大协议的实际测试范围.     

时间自动机流量特性的硬件模拟

在实时网络中,受到突发度等指标约束的流量特性是最坏情况下服务质量保证的关键因素之一。采用时间自动机对流量进行模拟,可以反映在到达曲线的组合约束下流量的不确定性。采用硬件描述语言对相应的时间自动机形式化模型进行转换,研究了硬件逻辑与时间自动机模型的对应方法,利用可编程阵列芯片并发运行的优势,充分体现了时间自动机之间的并发行为,用于进行硬件在回路测试。采用此方法构成流量特性模型的转换接口,并采用硬件描述语言实现,经过在典型测试用例下的仿真测试,发现该装置能够根据模型参数对于虚拟链路的流量特性进行约束,模拟生成综合化网络中的实时通信流量,说明了该硬件模拟方法的可行性。     

路由协议测试研究—边界网关路由协议BGP—4测试

现有测试理论和方法在路由协议测试中面临挑战。由于路由协议具有与通信协议不同的特点,现有测试系统的能力已经难以满足测试需求,本文介绍了在路由协议测试中进行的探讨和实践,深入分析了路由协议的特点,在此基础上对现有测试方法的适用性进行考察,选择了相应的测试方法和结构,扩充了测试系统中的考实现增强测试能力,设计了TTCN格式的测试集,通过测试实践,证实所用方法手段的有效性,并为国产路由器的开发提供了有力的支持。     

一种可变测试集的协议一致性测试方法

目前常用的协议一致性测试的测试方法是首先对协议规范建模，然后通过模型生成测试集，最后执行测试集．这种方法存在执行效率不高和实际测试范围可能被缩小的问题，为此本文提出一种可变测试集的方法，通过动态执行测试集提高其执行效率，同时从与协议实现无关的角度扩大协议的实际测试范围．     

一种基于虚拟机机制的NTP同步协议测试方法

协议的一致性测试是验证各协议实现遵循协议标准文本的过程，本文首先分析了传统的协议测试方法，随后针对这些方法在IPv6路由协议一致性测试中的不足提出了一种基于虚拟机的NTP（网络时间协议）同步协议测试方法，并阐述了该方法的实现原理。     

基于大规模路由模拟的强度测试及结果分析

随着互联网规模的扩大,路由器中路由协议实现的处理能力和稳定性越来越重要.本文提出了路由协议实现的强度测试技术,并使用我们所研制的测试仪IP-TEST对CISCO2600路由器进行了强度测试,证明其OSPF实现的计算复杂度是O((ln N)⁴),并给出了其支持的网络规模上限.实验证明,这种强度测试技术可以测试路由协议实现在大规模路由抖动时的稳定性及其计算复杂度和可扩展性,并可广泛用于测试其他路由协议实现如RIP、BGP等.     

IPv6协议一致性测试的实现

在863课题“IPv6协议测试技术”的支持下，以提供IPv6测试能力为着眼点，讨论了与IPv6测试相关的测试集描述语言、测试平台设计、测试方法、测试集生成等几个方面的技术，介绍了功能完善的IPv6一致性测试平台及完整的IPv6协议测试集，并对几种常见的IPv6协议实现进行了实际测试。     

基于IPV6的组播路由协议PIM-SM的研究及实现

文章首先分析了研究IPv6组播技术的重要意义.然后详细分析了组播路由协议PIM-SM,并且在实验室生成IPv6环境下,对PIM-SM协议中的BSR选举、RP竞争、HelIo消息发布和数据流树切换等进行了测试,测试结果表明该协议工作正常,以其为基础实现的组播系统是正确的,符合RFC相关文档说明.     

基于RFSM的健壮性测试技术研究

提出了一种系统实现协议健壮性测试的方法，该方法首先在分析BGP协议状态机的基础上，认为基本FSM对功能部分和健壮性处理部分未能严格区分。要提高FSM的健壮性，就需要通过增加状态、迁移和事件的基础上构造具有健壮性处理过程的RFSM（robustness finite state machines），把RFSM模型应用到BGP健壮性测试当中，文章详细构造了BGP冲击集合和RFSM，生成了反向测试集，并对测试特征序列和测试预言等问题进行了讨论。Cisco7200实际测试应用表明，用该方法生成的测试集与一致性测试集相比，其错误处理的覆盖率扩大了54％，检错能力提高了2．8倍。     

The Role of Test Protocols in Automated Test Generation for Embedded-Core-Based System ICs

Modular testing is an attractive approach to testing large system ICs, especially if they are built from pre-designed reusable embedded cores. This paper describes an automated modular test development approach. The basis of this approach is that a core or module test is dissected into a test protocol and a test pattern list. A test protocol describes in detail how to apply one test pattern to the core, while abstracting from the specific test pattern stimulus and response values. Subsequent automation tasks, such as the expansion from core-level tests to system-chip-level tests and test scheduling, all work on test protocols, thereby greatly reducing the amount of compute time and data involved. Finally, an SOC-level test is assembled from the expanded and scheduled test protocols and the (so far untouched) test patterns. This paper describes and formalizes the notion of test protocols and the algorithms for test protocol expansion and scheduling. A running example is featured throughout the paper. We also elaborate on the industrial usage of the concepts described.     

Probabilistic testing of OSI protocols

Protocols are large and complex software systems. Complete conformance testing of an implementation against its standard may not be feasible in terms of the resources available. This paper discusses a new approach, the P-method, to the testing of meaningful subsets of communication protocols for an asynchronous model of communication. The approach is based on the probabilistic verification of protocols, which is carried out on the more probable part of the protocol first. The technique can be used for generating probabilistic test sequences for the conformance testing of communication protocols to standards. The proposed method yields meaningful protocol test sequences which test the most probable behaviors of a protocol when the testing of the complete protocol is not feasible. Probabilistic test sequences can be categorized into different classes. The higher the class a probabilistic test sequence is in, the larger the extent of the protocol it covers, and the better is the fault coverage. If the class of a test sequence is high enough, its fault coverage is comparable to the fault coverage of test sequences generated by other methods. Results from a study of the P-method, using alternating bit protocol (ABP) and a subset of NBS TP4 as examples, support the claims above. It can also be shown that if errors are introduced only to the more probable part of the protocol, the fault coverage of P-method is also comparable to other methods     

Alternative protocol for measuring multiple power level of GSM/GPRS mobiles

An alternative protocol for measuring multiple power levels of GSM/GPRS mobiles is proposed. The protocol makes use of the slow associated common control channel to signal the mobile to change the transmission power in consecutive steps with the issue of a single command. Such an arrangement can reduce the overall overhead time required compared with the conventional method in mobile testing equipment, which makes use of the fast associated common control channel to issue consecutive commands to demand the mobile to change its transmission power level. By reducing the testing time, the production throughput of the mobiles can be improved. The theoretical minimum testing times required based on these two protocols are computed. Finally, the new protocol is implemented in the testing equipment and the actual testing times based on these two protocols are compared.     

ATM协议的测试研究及其应用

协议一致性测试和互操作性测试是保证不同厂商的ＡＴＭ产品和服务实现完全的互通的重要技术手段，本文分析了ＡＴＭ协议的测试需求，提出了适合的测试结构和测试描述技术，并结合适配层协议ＣＰＡＡＬ５讨论了协议集成测试系统ＰＴＴＳ在ＡＴＭ协议测试中的应用。     

Synchronization and Specification Issues in Protocol Testing

Protocol testing for the purpose of certifying the implementation's adherence to the protocol specification can be done with a test architecture consisting of remote tester and local responder processes generating specific input stimuli, called test sequences, and observing the output produced by the implementation under test. It is possible to adapt test sequence generation techniques for finite state machines, such as transition tour, characterization, and checking sequence methods, to generate test sequences for protocols specified as incomplete finite state machines. For certain test sequences, the tester or responder processes are forced to consider the timing of an interaction in which they have not taken part; these test sequences are called nonsynchronizable. The three test sequence generation algorithms are modified to obtain synchronizable test sequences. The checking of a given protocol for intrinsic synchronization problems is also discussed. Complexities of synchronizable test sequence generation algorithms are given and complete testing of a protocol is shown to be infeasible. To extend the applicability of the characterization and checking sequences, different methods are proposed to enhance the protocol specifications: special test input interactions are defined and a methodology is developed to complete the protocol specifications.     

Modeling and Interoperability Test Case Generation of a Real-Time QoS Monitoring Protocol

QoS monitoring is a kind of real-time systems which allows each level of the system to track the ongoing QoS levels achieved by the lower network layers. For these systems, real-time communication between corresponding transport protocol objects is essential for their correct behavior. When two or more entities are employed to perform a certain task as in the case of communication protocols, the capability to do so is called interoperability and considered as the essential aspect of correctness of communication systems. This paper describes a formal approach on modeling and interoperability test case generation of a real-time QoS monitoring protocol. For this, we specify the behavior of flow monitoring of transport layer QoS protocol, i.e., METS protocol, which is proposed to address QoS from an end-to-end's point of view, based on QoS architecture model which includes ATM network in lower layers. We use a real-time Input/Output Finite State Machine to model the behavior of real-time flow monitoring over time. From the modeled real-time I/OFSM, we generate interoperability test cases to check the correctness of METS protocol's flow monitoring behaviors for two end systems. A new approach to efficient interoperability testing is described and the method of interoperability test cases generation is shown with the example of METS protocol's flow monitoring. The current TTCN is not appropriate for testing real-time and multimedia systems. Because test events in TTCN are for message-based system and not for stream-based systems, the real-time in TTCN can only be approximated. This paper also proposes the notation of real-time Abstract Test Suite by means of real-time extension of TTCN. This approach gives the advantages that only a few syntactical changes are necessary, and TTCN and real-time TTCN are compatible. This formal approach on interoperability testing can be applied to the real-time protocols related to IMT-2000, B-ISDN and real-time systems.     

协议认证性安全属性测试方法

认证性建立通信双方的信任关系,是安全通信的重要保障.传统的协议测试方法只关注协议功能的正确性,无法满足认证性等安全属性测试的要求.因此,提出了一种针对协议认证性的安全属性测试方法,利用带目标集合的有限状态机模型SPG-EFSM来扩展描述协议安全属性,并在攻击场景分类的基础上设计了认证攻击算法.通过攻击算法找到了Woo-lam协议和μTESLA协议的认证性漏洞,该方法具有可行性、覆盖率高等特点.     

Analysis and testing of application layer protocols with anapplication to FTAM

An experience with formal specification, analysis, and testing of an application layer protocol is presented. The ISO file, transfer, access, and management (FTAM) protocol is chosen due to its potential for widespread use. The specification language used was the ISO standard Estelle. This tool generates control and dataflow graphs of the specification and derives unparameterized test sequences for each function identified by the user. The authors describe formal specification of application layer protocols in Estelle and translation of ASN.1 data definitions into Estelle data types. The test design tool is used to obtain functional decomposition of the control and dataflow graphs. This way unparameterized test sequences are obtained. These sequences lead to a complete test suite obtained by parameterization which must be the next step. Analysis of the control and dataflow graphs leads to the derivation of several properties that most of the application layer protocols must possess. The identified properties are shown to simplify the test design process     

Evaluation and improvement of fault coverage of conformance testingby UIO sequences

The fault coverage of testing protocols using unique input/output (UIO) sequences is analyzed. UIO sequences can be efficiently employed in checking the conformance specifications of protocols by using transition testing. The test sequence is found using the rural Chinese postman tour algorithm. A comprehensive fault model is developed, and analytical expressions are given for the fault coverage. The conditions for undetectability are analyzed, and a new algorithm is proposed. Simulation results and illustrative examples are presented. Overhead issues are discussed, and significant improvements are shown for achieving 100% fault coverage. The major advantage of the proposed approach is that it provides the theoretical basis for fault coverage evaluation of protocol testing using UIO sequences     

Synchronizable test sequences based on multiple UIO sequences

A test sequence generation method is proposed for testing the conformance of a protocol implementation to its specification in a remote testing system where both external synchronization and input/output operation costs are taken into consideration. The method consists of a set of transformation rules that constructs a duplexU digraph from a given finite state machine (FSM) representation of a protocol specification; and an algorithm that finds a rural postman tour in the duplexU digraph to generate a synchronizable test sequence utilizing multiple UIO sequences. If the protocol satisfies a specific property, namely, the transitions to be tested and the UIO sequences to be employed form a weakly-connected subgraph of the duplexU digraph, the proposed algorithm yields a minimum-cost test sequence. X.25 DTE and ISO Class 0 transport protocols are shown to possess this property. Otherwise, the algorithm yields a test sequence whose cost is within a bound from the cost of the minimum-cost test sequence. The bound for the test sequence generated from the Q.931 network-side protocol is shown to be the cost sum of an input/output operation pair and an external synchronization operation