基于联合特征和SVM的极化SAR图像分类方法

极化SAR地物分类作为极化SAR数据解译的关键环节,已成为遥感领域研究的一个新热点。在充分研究现有方法的基础上,给出了一种联合特征和SVM相结合的极化SAR图像分类方法。该方法基于目标分解理论提取极化SAR图像的多类散射特征,并结合具有上下文知识的纹理特征,构建联合特征矢量;利用提取样本区域像素的联合特征矢量训练SVM分类器;将未知数据输入训练好的分类器完成最终的分类。实测SAR图像数据的实验结果表明,算法能够充分利用极化SAR图像电磁散射特性及纹理特征的互补性,具有较好的分类性能。     

多角度极化SAR图像散射特征建模及其应用

本文将基于条带观测模式的极化SAR散射模型拓展至方位向多角度观测模式,基于典型极化散射类型组合提出一种非各向同性散射特征模型。该模型参数纬度多且随方位向观测变化,需要替代性方法提取多角度极化散射特征。首先,采用基于Wishart分布的统计量对非各向同性散射中心进行检测,并逐像素生成基于散射特征差异的新序列图像。其次,以新序列图像作为处理对象,提取极化似然比序列、子孔径角度序列、极化熵—似然比序列、极化散射角—似然比序列、极化各向异性度—似然比序列。最后,集成特征序列编码及支持向量基（SVM）方法进行分类。通过机载P波段极化SAR开展360°观测试验,验证了方法的有效性并揭示出在地物分类方面的应用潜力。      

一种基于Freeman分解与散射熵的极化SAR图像迭代分类方法

该文提出了一种基于Freeman分解与散射熵的极化SAR图像迭代分类新方法。该方法首先通过Freeman分解提取3种散射机理成分的功率,同时通过H/ 分解提取地物的散射熵;再利用这4个表征地物特性的参数将极化SAR图像中的地物划分为9个初始类,最后使用Wishart分类器对初始类进行迭代分类得到最终的结果。该方法合理利用了地物的极化散射信息,能够取得较好的分类效果,同时运算量也比较小。实测极化SAR数据的实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于加权合成核与三重Markov场的极化SAR图像分类方法

马尔可夫随机场(Markov Random Field,MRF)广泛用于处理遥感图像的分类问题,然而MRF在构建极化合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像模型时未考虑其非平稳特性且对初始分类较为敏感,为此本文提出了一种基于加权合成核与三重马尔可夫随机场(Triplet Markov Field,TMF)的极化SAR图像分类方法.该方法依据训练样本在特征空间上的距离,提出了加权合成核函数权重系数的自适应确定方法以提高初始分类的精度和普适性;为充分考虑极化SAR图像的非平稳统计特性,利用TMF对极化SAR图像进行统计建模以实现贝叶斯分类.实验结果表明,与基于MRF的极化SAR图像分类方法相比,本文所提方法可获得更高的分类精度和更平滑的同质区域分类结果,而且本文方法能更好地保持图像边缘信息.     

基于H-α和改进C-均值的全极化SAR图像非监督分类

该文提出一种基于H-α和改进C-均值的全极化SAR图像非监督分类方法.该方法先按H-α对全极化SAR图像进行基于散射机理的分类,再将分类结果作为改进C-均值算法的初始类别划分,从而实现地物分类.迭代次数确定是C-均值动态聚类算法的关键,文中利用图像熵给出了一种新的迭代终止准则.与H-α方法相比,该文方法能在保留分类结果物理散射机理的同时,实现有效的地物分类.NASA/JPL实验室AIRSAR系统获取的L波段旧金山全极化SAR数据的实验结果验证了该文方法的有效性.     

基于Pinball损失函数支持向量机的极化SAR图像鲁棒分类

考虑到极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)图像标注信息量低以及相干斑噪声难以消除的问题,该文从鲁棒统计学习的角度提出了一种基于Pin-SVM的极化SAR图像鲁棒分类方法,根据极化SAR图像的散射特性和地物的纹理特性,通过求解两类样本之间的最大分位数距离来确定分类超平面,在无需迭代的前提下得到更加鲁棒的分类结果。相比传统的基于最大间隔的极化SAR图像分类算法,该文所提算法一方面在对极化SAR图像提取到的特征中包含的噪声具有更好的鲁棒性,另一方面对于训练样本的抽样范围不敏感,即重采样具有更好的鲁棒性。利用EMISAR的Foulum地区极化SAR数据进行了算法验证,多种情况的对比实验的结果验证了该算法的有效性。      

基于半监督学习的SVM-Wishart极化SAR图像分类方法

该文针对极化SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像分类中的小样本问题,提出了一种新的半监督分类算法。考虑到极化SAR数据反映了地物的散射特性,该方法首先利用目标分解方法提取了多种极化散射特征;其次,在协同训练框架下结合SVM分类器构建了协同半监督模型,该模型可以同时利用有标记和无标记样本对极化SAR图像进行分类,从而在小样本时可以获得更好的分类精度;最后,为进一步改善分类结果,在协同训练分类完成后,该方法又利用Wishart分类器对分类结果进行修正。理论分析与实验表明,该算法在只有少量标记样本的情况下优于传统算法。      

多角度极化SAR图像散射特征分解及SVM分类

在极化合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）图像理解和解译中,地物分类是重要的应用方向之一.为了研究多角度极化SAR图像的地物分类,文中基于极化统计特征差异性顺序,给出了多角度极化分解特征序列构建方法.首先,采用基于Wishart分布的统计量对非各向同性散射中心进行检测,并逐像素生成基于散射特征差异的新序列图像.然后,面向多种极化特征分解模型,提出通用的多角度极化特征一阶差分序列描述方法及编码方法,包括Yamaguchi四分量分解、Krogager分解以及H/A/Alpha分解,得到多维特征参数序列.最后,通过两种方法对比后最终选用支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）方法对特征序列进行分类.通过机载P波段极化SAR开展360°观测试验,验证了该方法的有效性,并展示出在地物分类方面的应用潜力.     

多角度极化SAR图像中的非各向同性散射估计与消除方法研究

通过对不同角度子孔径相干累加,多角度观测SAR可以提供高分辨率影像及多角度散射特征.然而,现有的累加成像方法存在非各向同性散射中心混叠问题.混叠将造成极化特征参数估计无法反映实际的目标物理特征,从而难以支撑分类及变化检测应用.为了去除不同散射中心间的相互干扰并利用不同类型的信息,该文提出了一种多角度极化SAR图像中的非各向同性散射估计与消除方法.该方法给出了基于两类目标假设的最大似然比检验统计量,分析了相干斑影响以及非各向同性散射消除机理,证明了恒虚警判决函数的单调性.通过机载P波段极化SAR进行了360观测试验,分析了非各向同性散射消除前后极化熵的变化,验证了算法的有效性并揭示出在目标特征提取方面的应用潜力.      

基于子孔径分析的极化散射机理研究

在用极化sAR数据研究极化散射机理时,利用的是大量不同方位观察角度下接收的目标散射数据,但通常极化散射特性随方位角的变化并未被考虑。文中提出利用子孔径分析方法研究极化散射机理。子孔径是在不同的方位观察角度下．对整个场景的响应。用子孔径方法分析高分辨率极化sAR图像,可以突出全孔径中雷达后向散射的瞬时变化．因此可用于各向异性特征和非平稳目标的检测。最后利用丹麦EMISAR获取的L波段极化SAR全孔径图像数据进行仿真验证,提出了一种计算相对标准偏差的方法来检测非平稳目标。     

Feature normalization via expectation maximization and unsupervised nonparametric classification for M-FISH chromosome images

Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) techniques provide color karyotyping that allows simultaneous analysis of numerical and structural abnormalities of whole human chromosomes. Chromosomes are stained combinatorially in M-FISH. By analyzing the intensity combinations of each pixel, all chromosome pixels in an image are classified. Often, the intensity distributions between different images are found to be considerably different and the difference becomes the source of misclassifications of the pixels. Improved pixel classification accuracy is the most important task to ensure the success of the M-FISH technique. In this paper, we introduce a new feature normalization method for M-FISH images that reduces the difference in the feature distributions among different images using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. We also introduce a new unsupervised, nonparametric classification method for M-FISH images. The performance of the classifier is as accurate as the maximum-likelihood classifier, whose accuracy also significantly improved after the EM normalization. We would expect that any classifier will likely produce an improved classification accuracy following the EM normalization. Since the developed classification method does not require training data, it is highly convenient when ground truth does not exist. A significant improvement was achieved on the pixel classification accuracy after the new feature normalization. Indeed, the overall pixel classification accuracy improved by 20% after EM normalization.     

Application of neural networks for sea ice classification inpolarimetric SAR images

Several automatic methods have been developed to classify sea ice types from fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and these techniques are generally grouped into supervised and unsupervised approaches. In previous work, supervised methods have been shown to yield higher accuracy than unsupervised techniques, but suffer from the need for human interaction to determine classes and training regions. In contrast, unsupervised methods determine classes automatically, but generally show limited ability to accurately divide terrain into natural classes. In this paper, a new classification technique is applied to determine sea ice types in polarimetric and multifrequency SAR images, utilizing an unsupervised neural network to provide automatic classification, and employing an iterative algorithm to improve the performance. The learning vector quantization (LVQ) is first applied to the unsupervised classification of SAR images, and the results are compared with those of a conventional technique, the migrating means method. Results show that LVQ outperforms the migrating means method, but performance is still poor. An iterative algorithm is then applied where the SAR image is reclassified using the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier. It is shown that this algorithm converges, and significantly improves classification accuracy. The new algorithm successfully identifies first-year and multiyear sea ice regions in the images at three frequencies. The results show that L- and P-band images have similar characteristics, while the C-band image is substantially different. Classification based on single features is also carried out using LVQ and the iterative ML method. It is found that the fully polarimetric classification provides a higher accuracy than those based on a single feature. The significance of multilook classification is demonstrated by comparing the results obtained using four-look and single-look classifications     

散射模型与Wishart分类相结合的极化SAR图像分类

给出了一种散射模型与Wishart分类相结合的极化合成孔径雷达(polarimetric synthetic aperture radar, PolSAR)图像非监督分类方法。首先利用去取向三分量散射模型进行粗分类,将像素划分为三种基本散射类型和混合散射类型;然后,在基本散射类型内根据占优散射机制的功率进行细分类,并根据Wishart距离对细分类的结果进行类别合并,合并到指定的类别数;最后对四种散射类型的像素分别重新进行Wishart迭代,从而实现极化SAR数据的非监督分类。利用美国AIRSAR机载系统采集的实测数据进行实验,并且同已有分类方法进行比较,结果表明本文方法改善了分类效果,且降低了体散射过估计。      

Integration of spatial and spectral information by means of unsupervised extraction and classification for homogenous objects applied to multispectral and hyperspectral data

This paper presents a method of unsupervised enhancement of pixels homogeneity in a local neighborhood. This mechanism will enable an unsupervised contextual classification of multispectral data that integrates the spectral and spatial information producing results that are more meaningful to the human analyst. This unsupervised classifier is an unsupervised development of the well-known supervised extraction and classification for homogenous objects (ECHO) classifier. One of its main characteristics is that it simplifies the retrieval process of spatial structures. This development is specially relevant for the new generation of airborne and spaceborne sensors with high spatial resolution.     

Alzheimer's diagnosis using eigenbrains and support vector machines

An accurate and early diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of fundamental importance for the patient's medical treatment. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images are commonly used by physicians to assist the diagnosis. Presented is a computer-assisted diagnosis tool based in a principal component analysis (PCA) dimensional reduction of the feature space approach and a support vector machine (SVM) classification method for improving the AD diagnosis accuracy by means of SPECT images. The most relevant image features were selected under a PCA compression, which diagonalises the covariance matrix, and the extracted information was used to train an SVM classifier, which could classify new subjects in an unsupervised manner.     

Application of neural networks to radar image classification

A number of methods have been developed to classify ground terrain types from fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and these techniques are often grouped into supervised and unsupervised approaches. Supervised methods have yielded higher accuracy than unsupervised techniques, but suffer from the need for human interaction to determine classes and training regions. In contrast, unsupervised methods determine classes automatically, but generally show limited ability to accurately divide terrain into natural classes. In this paper, a new terrain classification technique is introduced to determine terrain classes in polarimetric SAR images, utilizing unsupervised neural networks to provide automatic classification, and employing an iterative algorithm to improve the performance. Several types of unsupervised neural networks are first applied to the classification of SAR images, and the results are compared to those of more conventional unsupervised methods. Results show that one neural network method-Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ)-outperforms the conventional unsupervised classifiers, but is still inferior to supervised methods. To overcome this poor accuracy, an iterative algorithm is proposed where the SAR image is reclassified using a maximum likelihood (ML) classifier. It is shown that this algorithm converges, and significantly improves classification accuracy     

结合特征选择和大尺度谱聚类的极化SAR图像非监督分类

非监督分类是极化SAR图像解译的重要手段,但其分类结果易受到高维特征的影响。针对此问题,本文提出一种结合特征选择和大尺度谱聚类的极化SAR图像非监督分类方法。该方法首先深入分析并提取了极化SAR图像分类中常用的特征参数,包括基于测量数据及其简单线性变换的特征和极化目标分解的特征。然后通过聚类森林特征选择算法进行特征降维处理,去除冗余信息。最后利用过分割产生代表点并构建原始数据与代表点间的二分图,通过大尺度谱聚类算法完成图像的非监督分类。实验结果表明,该方法能够选取有效的特征组合,并得到较为满意的分类效果。      

A dynamic classifier selection and combination approach to image region labelling

In this paper we propose a ‘bank of classifiers’ approach to image region labelling and evaluate dynamic classifier selection and classifier combination approaches against a baseline approach that works with a single best classifier chosen using a validation set. In this analysis, image segmentation, feature extraction, and classification are treated as three separate steps of analysis. The classifiers used are each trained with a different texture feature representation of training images. The paper proposes a new knowledge-based predictive approach based on estimating the Mahalanobis distance between test sample feature values and the corresponding probability distribution function from training data that selectively triggers classifiers. This approach is shown to perform better than probability-based classifier combination (all classifiers are triggered but their decisions are fused with combination rules), and single classifier, respectively, based on classification rates and confusion matrices. The experiments are performed on the natural scene analysis application.     

Texture classification using logical operators

In this paper, a new algorithm for texture classification based on logical operators is presented. Operators constructed from logical building blocks are convolved with texture images. An optimal set of six operators are selected based on their texture discrimination ability. The responses are then converted to standard deviation matrices computed over a sliding window. Zonal sampling features are computed from these matrices. A feature selection process is applied and the new set of features are used for texture classification. Classification of several natural and synthetic texture images are presented demonstrating the excellent performance of the logical operator method. The computational superiority and classification accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparison with other popular methods. Experiments with different classifiers and feature normalization are also presented. The Euclidean distance classifier is found to perform best with this algorithm. The algorithm involves only convolutions and simple arithmetic in the various stages which allows faster implementations. The algorithm is applicable to different types of classification problems which is demonstrated by segmentation of remote sensing images, compressed and reconstructed images and industrial images.     

基于极化SAR图像分类的海上舰船检测

本文针对极化熵类检测方法的不足,在极化特征分解以及Touzi等人工作的基础上,提出了能够更全面的表征舰船和杂波差别的特征矢量,并提出了一种基于特征矢量的非监督分类方法。使用该方法进行海上舰船的检测,不仅取得了很好的舰船和海面的分离效果,而且也得到了较好的舰船与其他人造目标的区分效果。实测数据的检测结果证明该分类方法具有很好的收敛性,是一种有效的舰船检测方法。