电扫描比幅的无线电测向技术

电扫描多波束比幅测向体制通过比较相邻天线接收通道上的信号幅度来实现测向,可应用于日常无线电测向中.本文介绍了电扫描多波束比幅测向系统的系统组成和测向原理,对影响系统性能的主要因素进行了分析,并对多通道幅度不一致性对测向精度的影响进行了详细仿真分析.     

雷达截获系统空域电子攻击技术研究

分析了现代雷达截获系统方位截获的特点,由于恒差比幅测向具有测向精度和截获概率高以及信号处理简单的特点,在雷达截获接收机中得到广泛应用。研究了电扫描恒差比幅测向原理,独立推导了两点源电子攻击情况下恒差比幅测向的误差公式,并对其进行了讨论,该误差公式可作为对雷达截获系统进行空域电子攻击的理论根据。     

宽带电扫描单脉冲测向技术

介绍一种基于双波束单脉冲电扫描比幅的测向技术。利用具有宽频带、高增益、窄波束、电扫描的天线，可获得更高的接收系统灵敏度和测向精度，这种天线的无惯性宽角双波束电扫描能力，保证了在宽角度范围内对付多个威胁目标的能力。     

Ku频段的一种高精度测向模型

Ku频段信号测向时通常使用比幅测向法,认定测向范围内接收到的信号幅度值最大的方向为信号来波方向,但该方法测向精度较低。针对比幅测向法的不足,提出了一种比幅测向法与相关干涉仪测向法相结合的测向模型,利用比幅测向法来解模糊,而相关干涉仪测向法用来保证较高的测向精度。详细阐述了新方法的实现步骤,介绍了测向天线阵列的设计。试验结果表明,该方法测向精度高,处理速度快,适于硬件实现。     

电扫描恒差测向体制中方位的计算方法

方位是衡量雷达侦察设备的一个重要指标,讨论了电扫描恒差比幅测向体制中方位的计算方法,并提出了减小计算误差的几点措施。     

恒电长度单基线相干测向系统

叙述了恒电长度单基线相干测向的基本原理、系统组成和系统的测向误差,并指出了这种测向方法具有恒单值视角的特点。它是小型设备中获取高测向精度的方案之一,同时也是替代比幅测向的好方法。     

一种联合测向共形天线系统设计方法

综合考虑传统测向体制特点，在干涉仪测向原理的基础上，为了消除相位模糊和兼顾测向精度，设计了比幅测向解最短基线模糊方法，并对其测角精度要求进行了分析，仿真结果表明该方法可行。从安装要素出发，为提升其适装性，提出联合测向天线系统采用共形设计方法，进而改善系统对空中辐射源目标的测向性能，大幅提高系统综合作战效能，在实际工程应用上具有一定的实用和参考价值。     

飞机飞行姿态对比幅测向精度的影响

为了提高比幅测向设备的测向精度,提出了一种改进的比幅测向系统,分析了六天线比幅测向系统的基本工作原理,研究并通过仿真实验证明了飞机在横滚或俯仰两种状态下会带来较大的测向误差。结果表明,改进的比幅测向系统能够消除测向误差,提高测向精度。     

基于相关比幅测向的圆阵干涉仪解模糊算法

针对比幅测向精度较低而干涉仪测向相位易模糊这一问题,提出了一种基于多波束比幅测向的圆阵相关干涉仪解模糊改进算法,实现对小型无人机方位的快速估计。首先,根据目标无人机的图传信号特征值建立离线数据库,利用改进的多波束相关比幅法对无人机来波方向进行粗略测量,通过二次插值法对“栅栏效应”造成的估计偏差进行一定修正;然后,将修正后的角度测量值对干涉仪实测相位差进行解模糊;最后,利用无模糊的相位差通过相关运算实现来波方向的精确估计。该算法将相关运算运用在比幅测向中,有效提高了干涉仪解模糊概率。与传统的比幅测向法和干涉仪测向法相比,该算法只需3组天线就能完成测向功能,其测向精度提高至2°以内,并且该算法对天线一致性要求低,实时性高,可实际应用于圆形阵列测向体制,实现对无人机的快速测向。     

卫星多波束测向技术

对于星载设备,接收信号大多十分微弱,利用多波束馈源阵列可以实现高增益接收,同时比较相邻波束收到信号能量,再结合每个馈源指向,确定出来波信号方向。由于多波束比幅测向技术具有处理简单,测向精度较高等优点,适合于星载测向设备。     

Angle measurement with a phase monopulse radar altimeter

It is possible to enhance the conventional satellite radar altimeter in such a way that the range measurement is accompanied by an angle measurement. This is useful if the radar applications of these altimeters are to be expanded to include phase nonlevel surfaces such as continental ice sheets and land. The angle measurement can be made in one or two directions through the inclusion of one or two additional antennas and receiver channels and the integration of complex “cross-channel” waveforms whose phase indicates the angle to the point of first reflection from the scattering surface. This paper develops the measurement concept and establishes the precision of the resulting elevation measurement through an analysis of the dominant sources of error within the instrument. It is shown through analysis and numerical simulation that elevation errors over a flat tilted diffusely scattering surface can be maintained below the 1-cm level. The impact of antenna pointing and surface roughness are considered     

全极化相控阵雷达波束扫描对目标观测极化散射矩阵的影响

全极化相控阵雷达天线的极化特性随着波束扫描角度的变化而改变,将给目标极化散射矩阵测量带来两方面的问题:一方面,天线的极化基定义在垂直电磁波传播方向的横截面内,使不同波束指向角度下的雷达观测极化基各不相同,从而导致不同波束指向下对固定姿态目标观测得到的极化散射矩阵不同;另一方面,天线的交叉极化会随着波束扫描角度增大而增大,导致相控阵雷达观测的目标极化散射矩阵元素之间会相互串扰。该文重点分析上述两个方面对目标观测极化散射矩阵的影响,以建立更精确的观测方程,为相控阵雷达极化精密测量提供数学依据。      

Ground-based measurements of inflight antenna patterns for imagingradar systems

An approach is presented for determining the inflight antenna pattern in the cross-track direction for air- and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. In the 1991 Oberpfaffenhofen DC-8/E-SAR calibration campaign, ground-based measurement, equipment comprising 18 precision calibration receivers and nine polarimetric active radar calibrators, all operating in C-band, were tested. These instruments are capable of handling various pulse lengths and repetition frequencies, and they have a very high dynamic range. Together with precise internal clocks, these instruments are suitable for recording the actual radar transmit pulse shape for the later evaluation of the desired inflight antenna pattern. Lining up these devices in the cross-track direction, each receiver yields an azimuth cut of the three-dimensional antenna pattern. The elevation pattern was then obtained by time correlation of these azimuth cuts. Further results concerning pulse shapes, squint angles, and H-V pattern misalignment are presented     

利用调零天线测向与夹角比对的导航欺骗信号检测

在传统卫星导航抗干扰应用中配置了调零天线的接收机通过多通道接收信号的加权求和，在压制干扰来波方向上形成天线波束方向图零点，以此来抗大功率压制干扰，但无法抗欺骗干扰。针对这一问题，提出了一种新的导航欺骗信号检测方法。首先基于干涉仪测向原理，通过对调零天线中各单元天线接收信号的相位差测量来获得该信号相对于天线阵的来波方向；然后利用来波方向相互之间的夹角在不同坐标系中的不变性，构造实际信号来波方向互夹角矩阵，通过计算与参考来波方向互夹角矩阵之差的范数来反映其偏离程度，以达到检测导航欺骗信号的目的。仿真计算结果显示了该方法的可行性与有效性，从而为配置了调零天线的导航接收机抗干扰能力增强提供了新的技术途径。     

多发多收SAR系统幅相误差定标方法

方位多通道SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar）系统采用数字波束形成技术(Digital Beam-Forming, DBF),能够克服最小天线面积的限制,有效地解决了高分辨率与大测绘带之间的矛盾,实现了高分辨率宽测绘带对地观测,多发多收模式是方位多通道SAR未来的发展方向。对于方位多通道SAR系统,通道间的幅相误差对系统成像性能有很大影响,必须对其进行标定。利用子空间投影算法,提出了一种基于地面发射机和接收机的定标方法。其利用地面布设的发射机和接收机,分别估计出接收通道间的幅相误差和发射通道间的幅相误差,实现收发通道相位误差分离,从而估计出多发多收模式下各回波包含的幅相误差值。基于发射机和接收机估计方法的精度均得到了仿真验证。最后通过点目标仿真实验,对提出方法的有效性进行了仿真验证。实验表明,该方法通过布设地面发射机和接收机即可对多发多收模式下通道间的幅相误差进行标定,实现成像的校正。     

A Multiuser Detection Receiver Using Blind Antenna Array and Adaptive Parallel Interference Cancellation

In this paper, the problem of multiuser detection for synchronous code division multiple access systems in both additive white Gaussian noise and multipath channels is addressed. A new multiuser detection receiver that uses an adaptive blind array along with an adaptive parallel interference canceler is proposed. The replacement of a conventional antenna array with a two-dimensional RAKE receiver is also considered for frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. By using a constrained optimization criterion along with the gradient-projection algorithm, a blind algorithm for the adaptation of the array response vector is proposed. The new algorithm is superior to a few typical blind algorithms in the literature in terms of both performance and computational complexity. The proposed receiver has the ability to cancel very strong multiple access interference coming from the same direction as the desired signal. Simulation results are presented to show the excellent performance of the proposed combination scheme in comparison to that of using either a multiuser detection or adaptive antenna arrays in a severe near-far situation.     

A Novel Receiver Architecture for DBF Antenna Array

The developments of the high speed analog to digital converters （ADC） and advanced digital signal processors （DSP） make the smart antenna with digital beamforming （DBF） a reality. In conventional M-elements array antenna system, each element has its own receiving channel and ADCs. In this paper, a novel smart antenna receiver with digital beamforming is proposed. The essential idea is to realize the digital beamforming receiver based on bandpass sampling of multiple distinct intermediate frequency （IF） signals. The proposed system reduces receiver hardware from M IF channels and 2M ADCs to one IF channel and one ADC using a heterodyne radio frequency （RF） circuitry and a multiple bandpass sampling digital receiver. In this scheme, the sampling rate of the ADC is much higher than the summation of the M times of the signal bandwidth. The local oscillator produces different local frequency for each RF channel The receiver architecture is presented in detail, and the simulation of bandpass sampling of multiple signals and digital down conversion to baseband is given. The principle analysis and simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the new proposed receiver.     

多频GNSS抗多径天线的设计和实现

多径效应是影响卫星导航接收机测量精度的一个主要误差源，可以采用改进天线结构的方法，提高抗多径性能。本文从天线抗多径理论入手，描述了一种多频抗多径天线的设计和实现。测试结果表明，该天线具有良好的抗多径效果。     

Performance of receive diversity and LMMSE chip equalization in WCDMA HSDPA network

More advanced receiver structures than the conventional single antenna Rake can be used to improve the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios, which is especially beneficial in order to utilize the high bit rates provided by the HSDPA concept in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) network. In WCDMA system, orthogonal Walsh–Hadamard sequences are used as channelization codes. In frequency-selective fading channels the orthogonality of channelization codes disappears and intra-cell multiple access interference (MAI) arises. In order to mitigate the effect of MAI, chip-level equalization has shown to be a simple and effective solution. The effectiveness of chip equalization, however, degrades at the cell borders where the inter-cell interference dominates rather than MAI. Dual antenna reception is a straight-forward solution to mitigate that performance drop. In this paper, we present an analysis of the expected gains of advanced receivers over conventional single antenna Rake receiver in realistic situations by using a dynamic WCDMA system-level tool. Considered advanced receivers include single and dual antenna Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) chip-level equalizers and dual antenna Rake receiver. The network performance with advanced receivers is studied also from a more practical point of view by assuming that the penetration of advanced HSDPA terminal receivers is gradually increased in the network.     

Transmit Antenna Selection with Optimal Power Allocation and Channel Estimation Error

In this paper, we consider the capacity of transmit antenna selection with optimal power allocation and channel estimation error over uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channels. We assume that one transmit antenna is chosen for transmission and the maximal ratio combining (MRC) is applied at the receiver. We derive the exact capacity expression. Numerical result to validate our analysis is also presented.