ELF and VLF fields of a horizontal electric dipole

The waves in the spherical guide between the earth and ionosphere are excited by a horizontal electric dipole. The guide boundaries are characterized by surface impedances and the resulting waves are expressed as a superposition of TM and TE modes. The wavenumbers, excitation factors, height-gain functions, and height-dependent impedances are examined for both types of modes. A thin-shell approximation of the radial wave functions is shown to be adequate for phase velocity estimates; but other propagation parameters are of restricted validity in the VLF range where Airy integral approximations provide more reliable data. A horizontal electric dipole is shown to provide a nearly omnidirectional coverage of horizontal field components in the frequency range of the lower Schumann resonances. For an elevated source the horizontal fields are essentially omnidirectional also in the VLF range. Near fields are expressed as a summation of waveguide modes. The vertical field components vanish at the antipode, but the horizontal components remain of finite magnitude.     

Excitation of a grounded dielectric slab by a horizontal dipole

The structure consisting of a horizontal electric dipole above a grounded dielectric slab is examined, primarily from the standpoint of power distribution among the two power-carrying wave components, i.e., surface and space waves. It is shown that surface wave propagation is always in the form of two distinct modes characterized by the same cutoff properties. Also, surface wave excitation efficiency curves are given for a range of parameter variation.     

Nonuniform Layer Model of a Millimeter-Wave Phase Shifter

The electromagnetic wave propagation of millimeter waves in dielectric waveguides with thin surface plasma layers is characterized. The phase and attenuation of a 94-GHz wave are computed for various surface plasma layer thicknesses as a function of earner density levels. The electron/hole pairs generated in the vicinity of the dielectric waveguide surface by photo excitation are assumed to have an exponential profile due to either carrier diffusion or the exponential absorption of the optical field. Field computations made for a uniform plasma layer are compared with those of the nonuniform plasma to illustrate the effects of the exponential tails of the carrier profiles on both the phase and attenuation of the millimeter wave. The thin plasma layers slightly affect the field profile of the transverse electric modes (fields polarized parallel to the plasma layer). The transverse magnetic fields are highly distorted at plasma densities greater than 10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/.     

A new numerical approach to the calculation of electromagnetic scattering properties of two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary cross section

A new method is introduced for formulating the scattering problem in which the scattered fields (and the interior fields in the case of a dielectric scatterer) are represented in an expansion in terms of free-space modal wave functions in cylindrical coordinates, the coefficients of which are the unknowns. The boundary conditions are satisfied using either an analytic continuation procedure, in which the far-field pattern (in Fourier series form) is continued into the near field and the boundary conditions are applied at the surface of the scatterer; or the completeness of the modal wave functions, to approximately represent the fields in the interior and exterior regions of the scatterer directly. The methods were applied to the scattering of two-dimensional cylindrical scatterers of arbitrary cross section and only the TM polarization of the excitation is considered. The solution for the coefficients of the modal wave functions are obtained by inversion of a matrix which depends only on the shape and material of the scatterer. The methods are illustrated using perfectly conducting square and elliptic cylinders and elliptic dielectric cylinders. A solution to the problem of multiple scattering by two conducting scatterers is also obtained using only the matrices characterizing each of the single scatterers. As an example, the method is illustrated by application to a two-body configuration.     

新型声表面波湿度传感器的研究

乐甫(Love)波其质点振动方向垂直于传播方向,同时又平行于基片表面,在基片法线方向上无振动分量。因此当基于Love波的电子器件在接触液体时Love波能量损耗很少,因而乐甫波声表面波(SAW)传感器主要用于液相检测。在石英上表面及在其上面淀积的SiO2薄膜中激发、传播的乐甫波对SiO2薄膜质量的变化很敏感,因此该文研究了基于乐甫波的湿度传感器感知气体环境的湿度含量。该文乐甫波湿度传感器采用42.75°Y-旋转切割石英基片,传播方向为[0°,132.75°,90°]。吸湿膜采用APCVD制作的多孔SiO2薄膜,此类膜比PECVD制作的SiO2膜疏松,吸湿、脱湿迅速。传感器灵敏度为62kHz/%RH,最大湿滞约3%,测得的湿敏特性、迟滞特性表明,Love波SAW湿度传感器线性度较好,实验验证了该结构具有很好的气体测试前景。     

Terahertz and Infrared Surface Wave Beams and Pulses on Gyrotropic,Nonlinear and Metamaterial Interfaces

This work is devoted to theoretical study of surface plasmon polariton propagation on metal or metamaterial – dielectric interfaces where media can possess optical or magnetooptical activity or cubic nonlinearity. On the interface of gyrotropic media surface wave changes its polarization and profile as well as in case of interface of media with cubic nonlinearity. Surface wave propagation constant can be modified by magnetization leading to magnetooptical intensity effect. The properties of plasmons in gratings are also considered including excitation, dispersion and existence of various types of modes. The theory of surface wave and pulsed beam diffraction in gyrotropic, nonlinear and layered media is developed. We also present waveguide for surface waves based on layered metamaterial – dielectric interfaces suppressing diffraction spreading.     

The failure of “classic” perturbation theory at a roughNeumann boundary near grazing

Rice's (1951) “classic” perturbation theory predicts an erroneous limit at grazing for vertically polarized plane wave scatter from an infinite perfectly conducting rough surface; likewise, the attendant result for the specularly reflected mode also fails at grazing. We show where and why in the system of perturbational equations this difficulty occurs. We then reformulate the perturbational approach to handle the low-incidence angle region for a one-dimensionally (1-D) rough Neumann boundary (vertical polarization from a perfectly conducting surface). The result for scattered fields vanishes in direct proportion to the incidence angle above grazing and the result for the normalized roughness-modified surface impedance becomes constant with angle near grazing. For completeness and comparison, we give results for the horizontal polarization at a Dirichlet boundary, where perturbation results encounter no difficulties. Scatter dependence on grazing angle is explained in terms of the “classic” perturbation result multiplied by a propagation factor to the cell. The latter includes the sum of the direct and specularly reflected waves at the surface. This quantity can be replaced by the appropriate surface-wave propagation factor for radiation from dipole antennas, thereby explaining the strong observed vertically polarized sea scatter at high frequency (HF) on and below the horizon     

Numerical Solutions of the Integral Equation for Excitation-Transmission-Radiation of the Beam Waveguide

The numerical method of the Integral Equation has been used to model the electromagnetic excitation, transmission, and radiation problems of the beam waveguide. The Mode Matching Method has been used to describe the impedance matching situation at the exciting aperture of the waveguide. The excitation conditions were established based on the expansion of the waveguide modes and the continuity of the tangential components of the fields. The volume-surface integral equations combined with the equavalence principle have been used to model the wave transmission in the beam waveguide. The numerical solutions of the electromagnetic transmission and aperture radiation of the waveguide have been given by using the Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA). It has been demonstrated that the method proposed by this paper is able to provide the efficient and accurate numerical solution for the excitation, propagation and radiation problems of the beam waveguide with arbitrary shape and electrically large size.     

On leaky mode approximations for modal expansion in multilayer openwaveguides

We propose an analytic method to calculate the leaky mode functions to enable modal expansion without encountering the normalization and orthogonality problems of the unphysical mode shape. The wave functions of leaky modes are derived from the explicit formulas of normalized radiation modes. Using leaky modes to approximate a continuum of radiation modes greatly simplifies the analysis of excitation, transitions, propagation, and radiation of light waves in multilayer waveguide structures. Upon comparison with the beam propagation method and modal propagation method, we show that the leaky mode approximation while requiring a much simpler computation is as accurate. This method can also provide better physical insight to device operations     

A vector beam propagation method for guided-wave optics

A vector beam propagation method (BPM) for the modeling and simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in optical guided-wave devices is proposed. The vector BPM is based on a finite-difference scheme which takes into account the boundary conditions of the transverse electric fields over the waveguide cross section. By incorporating the vector boundary conditions in the finite-difference scheme, the polarization property of the propagation electromagnetic waves is included in the analysis. The method is applied to a directional coupler made of parallel slabs, and is shown to be in excellent agreement with the exact solutions.<>     

Waveguides of Arbitrary Cross Section by Solution of a Nonlinear Integral Eigenvalue Equation

The problem of electromagnetic wave propagation in hollow conducting waveguides of arbitrary cross section is formulated as an integro-differential equation in terms of fields at the waveguide boundary. Cutoff wave numbers and wall currents appear as eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem involving an integro-differential operator. A variational solution is effected by reducing the problem to matrix form using the method of moments. A specific solution of the problem is developed using triangle expansion functions in the method of moments. The solution is simplified by symmetry considerations and is implemented by two digital computer programs. Listings and full documentation of these programs are available. This solution yields accurate determinations of cutoff wave numbers, wall currents, and distributions of both longitudinal and transverse modal field components for the first several modes. Illustrative computations are presented for the single-ridge waveguide, which has a complicated boundary shape that does not lend itself to exact solution.     

Leaky Modes in Parallel-Plate EMP Simulators

The finite-width parallel-plate waveguide is a useful tool as an EMP simulator, and its characteristics have recently been investigated by a number of workers. In this paper, we report the results of a study of the modal fields in such a waveguide. Once these modal fields and their corresponding wavenumbers are known, the problem of source excitation in such a waveguide can be solved, at least approximately, using the so-called leaky-wave concept.     

Design of optical strip-loaded waveguides with zero modalbirefringence

Integrated optic devices are usually sensitive to the polarization state of light, because the two polarized modes of the waveguides that form the devices in general have different propagation constants and may also suffer from different losses. The performance of such devices becomes unstable when they are connected to single-mode fibers, as the polarization state of the output light from a practical fiber link usually fluctuates in an unpredictable manner. A simple solution could be provided by using waveguides in which the two polarized modes are degenerate, i.e., have equal propagation constants. In this paper, it is shown theoretically with the spectral index method that the quasi-transverse electric (TE) and quasi-transverse magnetic (TM) modes of a properly designed optical strip-loaded waveguide can have equal propagation constants. The conditions for achieving mode degeneracy, or zero modal birefringence, are presented and discussed. Strip-loaded waveguides with degenerate polarized modes can be used potentially for forming polarization-insensitive optoelectronic devices     

Average field attenuation in the nonregular impedance streetwaveguide

The propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in a city with a regularly planned building as a model of a straight street with buildings lining its sides is investigated. The street is considered as a planar two-dimensional (2-D) multislit waveguide with Poisson distributed screens (building walls) and slits (gaps between buildings). The electrical properties of the buildings' walls are taken into account by introducing the electrical impedance as a function of their surface permittivity and conductivity. The average field from the vertical electric dipole placed inside the street lower than rooftop level in the conditions of line-of-sight is investigated using Green's function formalism and real boundary conditions on the building walls. Evaluations show that the total field inside the waveguide can be presented as a superposition of a continuous spectral propagation component, which does not exist in the ideal unbroken waveguide, and a discrete spectral component, which describes the exponential attenuation of reflected and diffracted waves at distances of up to 23 km depending on the width of street. The presented model and evaluated formulas are in a good agreement with experimental data of ultrahigh-frequency (UHF)/L-band wave propagation in urban areas with a crossing-street plan     

FDTD模拟SLF\ELF水平电偶极子在非均匀地-电离层波导中的场

在SLF/ELF频段,已有的解析算法对于研究其在非均匀电离层模型下的电磁特性有很大的局限性。采用三维球坐标时域有限差分方法(FDTD)计算了非均匀电离层模型下(考虑电离层白天和黑夜不对称),水平电偶极子产生的SLF/ELF波在球形地-电离层腔体中的传播特性。计算了电场分量和磁场分量沿地面随传播距离的变化,以及随方位角的变化。和均匀电离层模型对比,非均匀电离层模型的计算结果更具有实际意义。     

Full-wave analysis of dielectric frequency-selective surfaces using a vectorial modal method

A novel vectorial modal method is presented for studying guidance and scattering of frequency-selective structures based on lossy all-dielectric multilayered waveguide gratings for both TE and TM polarizations. The wave equation for the transverse magnetic field is written in terms of a linear differential operator satisfying an eigenvalue equation. The definition of an auxiliary problem whose eigenvectors satisfy an orthogonality relationship allows for a matrix representation of the eigenvalue equation. Our proposed technique has been applied to the study of lossy all-dielectric periodic guiding media with periodicity in one dimension. This method yields the propagation constants and field distributions in such media. The reflection and transmission coefficients of a single layer under a plane-wave excitation can be obtained by imposing the boundary conditions. Study of the scattering parameters of the whole multilayered structure is accomplished by the cascade connection of components as characterized by their scattering parameters. Results obtained with this method for the propagation characteristics of a one-dimensional periodic dielectric medium are compared with those presented by other authors, and results for the scattering of several dielectric frequency-selective surfaces (DFSS) are compared with both theoretical and experimental results presented in the literature, finding a very good agreement. A symmetrical band-stop filter with a single waveguide grating is also demonstrated theoretically.     

Complex finite-element method applied to the analysis of opticalwaveguide amplifiers

A complex finite-element method and a three-level model for erbium ions are applied to obtain gain and propagation constants for erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA's). The complex refractive index profile includes the effect of the dopant polarization induced by the pump field. The method allows to consider arbitrary dopant density profile as well as the modal structure of the pump field. For different waveguide geometries we obtain gain curves as function of pump intensity as well as slight variations in the modal propagation constants. The threshold pump power is shown to be a function of the waveguide geometry, which agrees qualitatively with experimental results,     

Transverse Modal Analysis of Printed Circuit Transmission Lines

Dispersion characteristics of finned rectangular waveguides, finlines, shielded slotlines, shielded microstrip and striplines, and shielded two-coupled slotlines and striplines are formulated by the transverse modal analysis method. A rectangular cavity is formed by placing two electric walls transverse to a uniform transmission-line system. Considering that the wave propagation is in the direction transverse to the transmission line and to the dielectric discontinuities, the rectangular cavity can be viewed as multiple rectangular waveguide sections joined by the discontinuities. The rectangular waveguide modal analysis technique is readily applicable to obtain the dispersion characteristics by matching the boundary conditions at the discontinuities interface. Numerical solutions are obtained using Galerkin's method, and the results are compared with several numerical techniques for various transmission-line systems.     

The Radiation of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves

The excitation of extremely low frequency (ELF) waves by a horizontal electric dipole in the earth-ionosphere waveguide can be obtained by a heuristic approach based upon the observation of a relationship between a horizontal electric dipole and a horizontal magnetic dipole. Then multiple imaging takes into account the effect of the ionosphere. This approximate derivation preserves the physical picture which is obscured by complex mathematics in rigorous analysis.