量子密钥分配网络分析

量子密钥分配(QKD)网络是由网络节点按照一定的拓扑结构连接而成的.目前出现的QKD网络可根据其节点功能性分为3类:光学节点QKD网络、信任节点QKD网络以及量子节点QKD网络.文章论述了QKD网络的研究进展,对现有的3种网络的结构、性能进行了全面的对比分析.通过对比,提出了一种高效实用的新型QKD网络方案.     

Differential phase shift-quantum key distribution - [ITU-T kaleidoscope]

Quantum-key distribution has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and now it is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fiber networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential- phase-shift QKD protocol. A DPSQKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high-clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number-splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single-photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an up-conversion detector, a superconducting single-photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our recordsetting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.     

量子密码系统中常用量子信号的产生方法

量子密钥分配是量子密码学最成功的应用.如何产生高效的量子信号,是量子密钥分配系统安全运行的关键.文中简要介绍了量子信号的概念,给出了几种产生量子信号的常用方法,并简要分析了这些信号应用于量子密钥分配的可行性.     

Network Access to 2000 WDM Channels at 2 GHz Granularity with a Single Laser in C-band

As WDM channel spacing continues to decrease in size, and with the application of tunable lasers in DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) systems, we demonstrate the ability of electronically tuned lasers to cope with demanding channel spacing and inevitable low frequency setting error. By finding the stable operating points of a single tunable laser at the desired frequencies, using advanced software for feature extraction a look-up table to drive the laser was generated. Once the drive currents to access 2000 channels in a 2 GHz comb are found, and in order to justify their usability in WDM networks, their frequency setting error and Side Mode Suppression Ratio (SMSR) was found. These results open up new possibilities for DWDM access networks while pointing to new potential for management of versatile wavelength re-allocation as well as providing a limit of achievement for channel density and granularity in the optical fiber network.     

Field Experiment on a “Star Type” Metropolitan Quantum Key Distribution Network

Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have recently attracted growing attention. The topology of the local QKD network is the basis of the next-generation global secure communication network. In this letter, we report a realization of a wavelength-routing star type QKD network which can span a metropolis using a commercial backbone optical fiber network without trusted relays. The longest and the shortest fiber lengths between two geographically separated nodes are 42.6 and 32 km, respectively, and the maximum average quantum bit-error rate is below 8%. A novel analysis model with experimental validation is also proposed to evaluate the user's performance in this network under the condition of maximum multiuser crosstalk.     

Novel wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithms for WDM EPON with QoS support

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) have been considered as the one of the most promising candidates for next-generation access networks. However, the EPON architecture although cost effective is bandwidth limited and quality of service (QoS) support is still a major concern. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) EPON architecture. We present two wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithms with full QoS support to fulfill all requirements of new application and services in a converged triple play network. We analyze and compare the presented models and algorithms in terms of delay, jitter, queue occupancy, throughput and overall system performance. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture and algorithms.     

Fiber to the Home/Fiber to the Premises: What, Where, and When?

After conquering the core and metropolitan networks, fiber is now penetrating into the access domain. Its low loss and huge bandwidth enable the delivery of any current and foreseeable set of broadband services, and also make it a nice match to the wireless link to the end user. Cost effectiveness is a key issue, and will be decisive for the network topology choices. Point-to-point may be the most cost-effective for short-reach access, whereas point-to-multipoint may be the most interesting at medium- to long-reach access, or when line terminations in the local exchange become a key issue. A number of optical techniques being deployed for shared-fiber multiple access are discussed, based on time slot multiplexing, frequency slot multiplexing, code division multiplexing, and wavelength multiplexing, including their application in fiber to the home/fiber to the premises (FTTH/FTTP) networks for fast data transfer (asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or Ethernet based) and for broadband service distribution (such as CATV). In the research laboratories, techniques aiming at next-generation optical access are being studied, such as wavelength routing for flexible capacity allocation and easily adaptable hosting of services and service providers, and radio-over-fiber techniques creating a powerful symbiosis of the fiber world and the wireless world by enabling centralized radio signal processing.     

On the future of wavelength routing networks

This article discusses the possible applications for optical networks based on wavelength division multiplexing and how they compete and complement current high-speed networks (SONET, ATM). We first outline the best-case scenario for this technology and describe the spectrum of proposed optical networks (WDM links, passive optical access networks, broadcast-and-select networks, and wavelength routing networks). Then we focus on wavelength routing networks and describe their advantages and disadvantages relative to other competing alternatives for very-high-speed networks. Finally, we analyze the different markets for such networks in the telco and data communications arena     

High speed quantum key distribution system

Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems can generate unconditionally secure common key between remote users. Improvement of QKD performance, particularly on key generation rate, has been required to meet current network traffic. The present paper considers system requirement to improve key generation rate by increasing photon detection rate and reducing error rate. A high-speed QKD system should be equipped with low loss receivers with high visibility, highly efficient photon detectors with small dark count probability, and a stable clock synchronization system with low stray light to the quantum signals. A solution for these issues are given by employing planar lightwave circuit interferometers, single photon detection circuits and modules, and clock synchronization based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique. A QKD system has been developed by combining these techniques. The system working with 625 MHz clock generated sift key at the rate of 2.4 kbps through a 97-km single installed fiber core.     

量子密钥分发和经典光通信波分复用共纤传输研究

研究了量子密钥分发和经典光通信波分复用共纤传输的技术难点和可行性。基于系统重复频率 40 MHz的诱骗态相位编码BB84协议量子密钥分发设备,提出了3种量子信号与经典光信号的波分复用共纤传输方案：单纤双向CWDM共纤传输方案,复用1 550.12 nm波长量子信号、1 310 nm波长时钟信号以及正向1 590 nm波长100 Mbit/s速率光信号和反向1 610 nm波长100 Mbit/s速率光信号,光纤传输距离70 km下密钥成码率达到1.2 kbit/s;双纤双向CWDM共纤传输方案,复用1 550.12 nm波长量子信号、1 610 nm波长时钟信号以及1个波长的同向光信号在1 310 nm波长OOK光信号速率10 Gbit/s,光纤传输距离55 km下,密钥成码率达到1.58 kbit/s;双纤双向DWDM共纤传输方案,复用1 550.12 nm波长量子信号、1 610 nm波长时钟信号以及2个同向波长各自为1 551.72 nm和1 552.52 nm,并模拟100 Gbit/s相干光通信DP-QPSK信号接收功率,光纤传输距离70 km下,密钥成码率达到1.16 kbit/s。     

波分复用波长路由节点的阻塞特性分析

利用概率统计理论的方法，从节点层次上定量分析了节点规模、复用波长数目以及波长转换对波分复用(WDM)波长路由网络中波长路由节点的影响。提出了基于概率统计的节点阻塞模型。数值结果突出表明波长转换能力越强的全光节点，其性能越优。为了提高网络资源的使用效率并增强全光网络的灵活性，必须实现全光网络中的虚波长路由波长转换器。通过数值计算找到了阻塞性能和代价的折中，研究中发现配置较低波长转换能力波长转换器的波长路由节点将会具备更强的性价比优势，当前在构建光通信系统时使用弱波长转换能力的光节点更可行。     

粤港澳大湾区量子保密通信与量子网络发展战略

量子保密通信与量子网络作为战略性前沿技术,与国家安全和前瞻性技术战略关系密切,具有广泛应用的潜力。简要综述量子保密通信与量子网络的研究进展以及产业基础,分析国际量子科技战略,提出遵循粤港澳大湾区发展创新驱动、改革引领的基本原则,集聚国际创新资源,攻关量子网络的基础科学和若干实用关键技术,规划部署粤港澳大湾区量子干线和制定QKD量子网络评估策略,有助于打造湾区国际量子创新高地及培育具有国际竞争力的量子保密通信与量子计算现代产业体系。     

路径攻击对量子密钥分发网络安全性的影响

对基于微弱相干脉冲的量子密钥分发网络的安全性进行了分析.在该量子密钥分发网络中,由于光学节点的插入损耗及用户之间量子信道损耗的影响,窃听者可以实施路径攻击来获取量子信息.这种路径攻击不会改变脉冲中的光子数分布及系统的密钥生成速率,且这种窃听行为可以利用量子信道的损耗进行隐藏.数据分析显示,即使诱惑态技术也无法防范路径攻击对密钥分发网络安全的威胁,而且随着平均光子数的增加,这种威胁越强.因此,在对量子密钥分发网络系统参数进行选择时,必须考虑路径攻击的影响.     

Next generation hierarchical CWDM/TDM-PON network with scalable bandwidth deliverability to the premises

Long haul optical networks have been on focus for more than two decades. With the advent of dense wavelength division multiplexing technology, optical long haul fiber networks have been so successful in delivering an unprecedented amount of bandwidth that they outperformed the traffic deliverability from/to the access network by orders of magnitude. The reason was a cost-efficiency mismatch; long haul ultra-high bandwidth networks can take advantage of state of the art and costly technology, which cost-sensitive access networks cannot. The result was an unbalanced traffic flow from/to access points to the network if one compares the aggregate flow of the long haul network with that of the access. Nevertheless, over the last decade technology at the access advanced and new standards have been developed so that in the access layer of the overall communications network the focus has shifted onto fiber optic access again. Thus, in the optical regime, two proposals have prevailed. One uses a time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme over a single wavelength and a comprehensive timing protocol, and the other uses coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technology. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages, and the one attempts to address the disadvantages of the other. In this paper we describe a hierarchical CWDM/TDM passive optical network (PON). Our access network architecture is scalable, it is flexible to accommodate one of several topologies simultaneously, and it delivers any type of payload, synchronous and asynchronous that spans from DS0 to Gbps. We discuss the bandwidth flexibility, versatility, resiliency and cost efficiency of the access network. We also demonstrate that our network can deliver payload to more than 16,000 end-users using simple and existing optical technology. Thus, if one considers cost per bandwidth or per user, the cost-efficiency outperforms any previous PON access network. Moreover, we provide simulation results to support the viability of our network architecture.     

飞行中继平台的MDI-QKD应用性能

量子密钥分发（Quantum Key Distribution, QKD）技术的应用领域不断拓宽,其良好的安全保密性能可以有效应对通信安全威胁,在航空通信领域,基于航空飞行平台应用量子密钥分发技术有望大幅提升航空通信系统安全性级别,为局部地区保密通信提供可靠保障,进一步提高区域安全通信保障能力。针对非对称传输效率测量设备无关量子密钥分发（Measurement Device Independent QKD, MDI-QKD）协议在机载条件下的应用问题,在以飞行平台作为测量节点的测量设备无关量子密钥分发技术应用场景下,应用诱骗态协议建立了仿真分析模型,分析了气象条件、飞行高度对系统仿真性能的影响。仿真实验结果表明,在15 km能见度的晴朗天气下,在无人机常用高度飞行的空中移动平台应用诱骗态测量设备无关量子密钥分发协议可以提供作战通信保障,在较远距离通信中存在通信盲区和飞行平台运动限制。同时证明了优化选择信号光源光脉冲强度方案可以有效提高通信能力。实验及分析为量子密钥分发技术在飞行平台上的后续研究和实际应用提供了理论分析基础和优化方法。     

Scalable WDM access network architecture based on photonic slotrouting

This paper introduces an approach to solving the fundamental scalability problem of all-optical packet switching wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) access networks. Current optical networks cannot be scaled by simply adding nodes to existing systems due to the accumulation of insertion losses and/or the limited number of wavelengths. Scalability through bridging requires, on the other hand, the capability to switch packets among adjacent subnetworks on a wavelength basis. Such a solution is, however, not possible due to the unavailability of fast-switching wavelength sensitive devices. In this paper, we propose a scalable WDM access network architecture based on a recently proposed optical switching approach, termed photonic slot routing. According to this approach, entire slots, each carrying multiple packets (one on each wavelength) are “transparently” routed through the network as single units so that wavelength sensitive data flows can be handled using fast-switching wavelength nonsensitive devices based on proven technologies. The paper shows that the photonic slot routing technique can be successfully used to achieve statistical multiplexing of the optical bandwidth in the access network, thus providing a cost-effective solution to today's increasing bandwidth demand for data transmissions     

A short wavelength GigaHertz clocked fiber-optic quantum key distribution system

A quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been developed, using a standard telecommunications optical fiber, which is capable of operating at clock rates of greater than 1 GHz. The QKD system implements a polarization encoded version of the B92 protocol. The system employs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with emission wavelengths of 850 nm as weak coherent light sources, and silicon single photon avalanche diodes as the single photon detectors. A distributed feedback laser of emission wavelength 1.3 /spl mu/m, and a linear gain germanium avalanche photodiode was used to optically synchronize individual photons over the standard telecommunications fiber. The QKD system exhibited a quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 1.4%, and an estimated net bit rate (NBR) greater than 100 000 bits/sup -1/ for a 4.2-km transmission range. For a 10-km fiber range, a QBER of 2.1%, and an estimated NBR of greater than 7000 bits/sup -1/ was achieved.     

Wavelength reuse for efficient packet-switched transport in an AWG-based metro WDM network

Metro wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks play an important role in the emerging Internet hierarchy; they interconnect the backbone WDM networks and the local-access networks. The current circuit-switched SONET/synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)-over-WDM-ring metro networks are expected to become a serious bottleneck-the so-called metro gap-as they are faced with an increasing amount of bursty packet data traffic and quickly increasing bandwidths in the backbone networks and access networks. Innovative metro WDM networks that are highly efficient and able to handle variable-size packets are needed to alleviate the metro gap. In this paper, we study an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG)-based single-hop WDM metro network. We analyze the photonic switching of variable-size packets with spatial wavelength reuse. We derive computationally efficient and accurate expressions for the network throughput and delay. Our extensive numerical investigations-based on our analytical results and simulations-reveal that spatial wavelength reuse is crucial for efficient photonic packet switching. In typical scenarios, spatial wavelength reuse increases the throughput by 60% while reducing the delay by 40%. Also, the throughput of our AWG-based network with spatial wavelength reuse is roughly 70% larger than the throughput of a comparable single-hop WDM network based on a passive star coupler (PSC).     

Access and metro networks based on WDM technologies

This paper describes the technical issues of access and metro networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies, some solutions, and an experimental demonstration. A WDM star access network with colorless optical network units (ONUs) is proposed. For realizing the colorless ONU, two approaches are introduced; optical carrier supply and spectrum slicing. In addition, a WDM metro ring network with scalable optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), namely the tapped-type OADM, is proposed to effectively accommodate the large amount of traffic issued from access networks. Prototypes are constructed and used to verify the feasibility of the proposed WDM technologies.     

差分相移量子密钥分发研究进展

量子密钥分发被认为是实现保密通信的理想方法。本文综述了差分相移量子密钥分发的研究进展。重点介绍差分相移量子密钥分发协议的原理和针对在不同攻击策略下的安全性讨论。概述量子密钥分发当前应用情况,最后对量子密钥分发技术的前景进行了展望。