Cu—MBAL系统的研究及应用

本文研究用于选铜回路的物料平衡计算的Ｃｕ－ＭＢＡＬ软件系统。应用拓扑矩阵识别选矿工艺流程，建立平衡约束方程及目标函数，利用一种共轭方向算法结合Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ乘子法对产率进行优化，并调整各测定值使目标函数最小。实际应用表明Ｃｕ－ＭＢＡＬ系统计算结果可靠且计算速度非常快。     

用浓度比较法自动绘制Cu—NH3—H2O系电势E—pH图

报道了利用浓度比较法自动绘制Ｃｕ－ＮＨ３－Ｈ２Ｏ系的综合平衡电势Ｅ－ｐＨ图，以及平面内每个溶液态物质分布的优势区域图，综合平衡电势Ｅ－ｐＨ图中各固相物质：Ｃｕ２Ｏ３（ｓ），ＣｕＯ（ｓ），Ｃｕ２Ｏ（ｓ）及Ｃｕ（ｓ）和溶液相物质的稳定区域大小与体系的总氨Ｔ（ＮＨ３）浓度和所有溶液态物质的总铜Ｔ（Ｃｕ）浓度有关，而溶液态物质的优势区域图只与总氨浓度有关，与Ｔ（Ｃｕ）无关，与简单的Ｃｕ－Ｈ２Ｏ系比较发现，     

碱性NaCl溶液中铜阳极生成Cu2O的机理

用线性电势扫描法、计时电势法、循环计时电势法、旋转盘－环电极法及稳态极化曲线研究了碱性氯化钠溶液中铜阳极生成Ｃｕ２Ｏ的动力学，实验得到Ｃｕ２Ｏ的生成机理为：Ｃｕ＋Ｃｌ－ＣｕＣｌ－吸ＣｕＣｌ－吸＋（ｎ－１）Ｃｌ－－ｅＣｕＣｌ１－ｎｎＣｕＣｌ１－ｎｎ＋２ＯＨ－Ｃｕ（ＯＨ）－２＋ｎＣｌ－Ｃｕ（ＯＨ）－２１２Ｃｕ２Ｏ＋１２Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＯＨ－第四步为速度控制步骤     

α—氨基膦酸类有机抑制剂在高冰镍浮选分离中的作用

研究了α—氨基膦酸类小分子有机抑制剂Ｌｃ对高冰镍中Ｃｎ＿２Ｓ、ＮｉａＳ＿２浮选行为的影响以及在实际高冰镍浮选分离中的效果。利用ζ－电位测试、基团电负性计算、量子化学理论计算和软硬酸碱理论分别对药剂与矿物的作用模式以及药剂结构与性能间关系进行了研究和讨论。结果表明，在高：ｐＨ（＞１１）值下，使用有机抑制剂Ｌｃ能有效分离Ｃｕ＿２Ｓ与ＮｉａＳ＿２。     

摇篮山金银铅锌多金属矿石回收的试验研究

摇篮山金银铅锌多金属矿石回收的试验研究湖北省大冶县临湘市铅锌矿梅林生ＴＥＳＴＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＲＥＣＯＶＥＲＹＯＦＡｕ－Ａｇ－Ｐｂ－ＺｎＯＲＥＩＮＹＡＯＬＡＮＳＨＡＮＭＩＮＥ（Ｌｉｎｘｉａｎｇｌｅａｄ－ｚｉｎｃＭｉｎｅｉｎＤａｙｅＣｏｕｎｔｙ，Ｈｕｂｅｉ...     

方波伏安法同时测定U_3O_8中Cu、Ph、Zn、Cd、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn

Ｕ３Ｏ８试样用硝酸分解后，用ＴＢＰ－ＣＣｌ４溶液萃取分离铀，水相用ＨＣｌＯ４蒸干，残渣溶于０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣｌＯ４和０．０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的酒石酸混合底液中，用方波阳极溶出伏安法测定Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ，然后用氨水调节ｐＨ为９．５，用方波极谱法测定Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ，最后加入２０μＬ丁二酮肟用络合物吸附波催化方波极谱法测定Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ．标样测定结果接近给出的中位值，精密度高．变异系数在２．１％－９．７％之间。     

铬的交流示波极谱滴定

提出了在ＰＨ５的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ＋ＫＢｒ体系中，加入过量的ＥＤＴＡ溶液与Ｃｒ络合，过剩的ＥＤＴＡ用０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＣｕＳＯ４标准溶液加滴，以Ｃｕ＾２＋在交流示波极谱ｄＥ／ｄｔ－Ｅ曲线上出现切口直接指示滴定测定铬的方法。铬量分析范围为０．８０－１８．００ｍｇ。回收率为９８．８５％－１００．４７％。对于含铬０．ＸＸ％－ＸＸ．ＸＸ％的试样，分析１０次的相对标准偏差为０．２８－１．１２％。     

Cu—Zn—Al形状记忆合金在汗液和海水中的腐蚀特性

以应用最为广泛的Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ基形状记忆合金为实验材料，以人工汗液和天然海水这两种记忆合金常接触的溶液为介质，利用动电位线性极化法和全浸挂片实验研究了Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ记忆合金的腐蚀行为和规律。结果表明：Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金经淬火处理后作为形状记忆合金使用时，其在汗液和海水中的腐蚀速率与退火态相比大大降低；其腐蚀特征仍是脱锌腐蚀。在温度和成分相同的条件下，合金的相结构对腐蚀速率有一定的影响。上述结果将对记忆合金的实际应用具有指导意义。     

锰含量对W－Ni－Cu合金性能的影响

本文探讨了锰的添加量以及其工艺因素对Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ钨基合金性能的影响，同时指出了制备具有较好综合性能的Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ合金的有效途径。     

Cu－Zn－Al（Mn）形状记忆合金冷拉丝织构研究

用三维取向分布函数（ＯＤＦ）研究冷拉Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金线材的织构。该合金经９５％冷拉变形和适当的热处理可获得相对细的晶粒组织、利于织构分析。研究结果表；冷拉Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金线材的主要变形织构对于α相［１１１］＋［１００］丝织构，对于β相［１１０］丝织构，马氏体相强的丝织构可以根据马氏体的取向变和奥氏体β’相的［１１０］丝织构，利用马氏体晶体学唯象理论进行解释。     

Modeling breakage rates in mills with impact energy spectra and ultra fast load cell data

A new era in modeling particle size distribution in grinding mills started at the beginning of 2000s. A direct estimation of breakage parameters became possible via computation of collision energy by discrete element method (DEM) and material breakage data.The material breakage data can be obtained for primary modes of breakage. In this study, impact and abrasion are assumed to be the primary modes of particle breakage, which are readily studied in the laboratory. The impact breakage mode is studied in a drop-weight apparatus and in a specialized device known as the ultra fast load cell. The abrasion mode of breakage is studied in a laboratory scale ball mill. Next, the particle breakage versus energy data is converted into breakage rates via impact energy spectra of the grinding mill computed by a DEM code. The fundamental material breakage information is converted into energy based breakage distribution function.The verification of the modeling concepts is shown for a 90 cm laboratory scale ball mill. In the batch mill, approximately a 10 kg mass of limestone in the 30 mm size is ground with around 100 kg of 50 mm steel ball charge. The breakage rate and the breakage distribution functions constitute the parameters of the energy based batch population balance model. It is shown that accurate particle size distribution predictions are possible with this modeling approach for different grinding regimes.     

Dynamic modelling and simulation of semi-autogenous mills

This paper presents a dynamic simulator of the semi-autogenous grinding operation deduced from first principles coupled to an on-line parameter estimation scheme able to simulate industrial operations for control purposes. Model equations are based on conventional non-stationary population balance approach to develop the necessary dynamic model of the semi-autogenous mill operation. The model is able to predict the time-evolution of key operating variables such as product flow rate, level charge, power-draw and load position, as function of other important variables such as mill rotational speed and fresh feed characteristics. The set of ordinary differential equations was solved using MATLAB/SIMULINK as a graphic programming platform, a very helpful tool for understanding the grinding phenomenon.Using an on-line parameter estimator, the simulator was tested and validated at an 1800 t/h copper–ore mill showing the effectiveness of the system to track the dynamic behaviour of the variables. It is now being used for the study of advanced control schemes.     

Study of silver leaching with the thiosulfate–nitrite–copper alternative system: Effect of thiosulfate concentration and leaching temperature

Thiosulfate system is considered an interesting alternative leaching process for precious metals. Nevertheless, most of the literature published on these conventional thiosulfate leaching solutions has been focused on the use of ammonia and copper to generate the cupric tetraamine complex, which acts as a catalytic oxidant for silver. However, ammonia toxicity is also a detrimental issue in terms of the process sustainability. For that reason, thiosulfate–nitrite–copper solutions were studied as an alternative less toxic system for silver leaching.In this work, the effect of the thiosulfate concentration (0.07 M, 0.1 M and 0.15 M) and temperature (room temperature, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C) on the metallic silver leaching kinetics is presented for the S₂O₃–NO₂–Cu system. The results show that the thiosulfate concentration plays an important role in the S₂O₃–NO₂–Cu–Ag system since it controls the silver leaching kinetics. On the other hand, an increase in temperature favors the silver recovery.Finally, the SEM–EDS analysis, the X-ray mapping and the X-ray diffractograms show that the solid silver particles are coated by a Cu, S and O layer for the 0.07 M and 0.1 M thiosulfate experiments, which is consistent with the formation of antlerite (Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄); while the 0.15 M thiosulfate scenario produced a layer composed only of Cu and S, revealing the formation of stromeyerite (CuAgS). The UV–Visible technique confirmed the in-situ generation of copper–ammonia complexes for the 0.07 M leaching condition; however, these complexes are not formed at the 0.15 M condition.     

基于MATLAB优化设计模型的几何描述

求2个设计变量目标函数的最优化问题可转换为在三维坐标系内找出该目标函数曲面在约束函数范围内的最小值问题。借助于MATLAB强大的数据可视化功能,在三维坐标系内绘制出目标函数与约束函数的曲面图,并对二维优化问题作出几何描述,再利用MATLAB优化工具箱中的优化函数命令验证结果的正确性。通过给出的优化实例可以看出,应用该软件求解优化问题非常方便。     

Phase stabilities and thermodynamic assessment of the system Cu–Pb–S

An equilibration quenching technique was used to evaluate experimentally the phase relations in the Cu–Pb–S system between 763 and 1273 K. At 763–788 K, the formation of a ternary phase was confirmed. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of the Cu–Pb–S ternary system between 763 and 1573 K were critically assessed and optimized by the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method, using the experimental results from this work and critically evaluated literature data. The obtained thermodynamic dataset allows the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria in the Cu–Pb–S system to be calculated with good agreement to the experimental results. The effects of different process variables on the lead and copper distributions between the metal and matte can be calculated to improve the process control and economics.     

黄铜/铝双金属轧后厚比预测的神经网络模型

采用正交实验方法，对不同原始厚度、不同原始厚比和压下率的复合板进行轧制实验，发现不同的轧制工艺条件对成品厚比影响较大。对试验数据进行了神经网络建模。训练发现，在目标函数为0．05、隐层节点数为5、学习率为0．1时，系统误差较小。利用所建立的网络模型对其它8组不同实验条件下的成品厚比进行了预测，发现预测数据与实验数据吻合良好(总拟合度为8．7％)。说明神经网络模型很适合拟合轧制工艺参数和双金属板厚度比之间的非线性关系。     

最优切削速度和进给量的实用算法

以最大生产率和最低成本为优化目标,建立了切削速度和进给量２个加工条件最优化的数学模型,讨论了求解这２个切削用量最优值的实用算法。     

多能互补环境下综合能源供给侧协调调度方法

为平衡综合能源生产量和消耗量,研究设计了一种多能互补环境下综合能源供给侧协调调度方法。将最低能源调度运行成本作为目标,构建综合能源调度目标函数。然后通过互相转化热能、天然气、电能,使能源的生产和消耗量达到平衡,再结合机组运行时间和调度出力,设计约束目标函数的约束条件,从而建立能源调度模型。在此基础上,采用分支定界法得到模型最优解,从而获得能源供给侧最优调度策略。实验结果表明:应用本文方法后,电能、热能、天然气的生产和消耗达到平衡,充分满足了园区负荷需求,使得能源调度运行成本满足设计预期。     

Bubble size measurement in electroflotation

A feature of electroflotation is the ability to create very fine bubbles, which are known to improve flotation performance of fine particles. This study was aimed at determining the hydrogen bubble size generated as a function of current density and electrode geometry. Experiments were performed in a viewing cell that allowed direct visualization of hydrogen bubbles being generated and transported away from platinum wire electrodes of 90, 120 and 190 μm in diameter. The detached bubble diameters varied between 15 and 23 μm in diameter, and for each wire diameter, were little influenced by the applied current in the range 150–350 A/m². The measurements were consistent with those predicted from a simple force balance analysis based on a H₂–Pt–0.2M Na₂SO₄ contact angle of 0.18°. Interestingly, upon detachment, the bubble size increased rapidly, recording up to an 8-fold increase in volume in the first few millimeters of rise, before approaching the steady state diameter of between 30 and 50 μm in the bulk. This increase in bubble size was found to be mostly due to the transfer of dissolve hydrogen into growing bubble while moving through the electrolyte super saturated by dissolved hydrogen gas. The equilibrium bulk diameter was found to be a function of the rate of hydrogen production, bubble nucleation rate, and dissolved gas concentration field. Consequently, electroflotation cells need to be designed to optimise the contact between the supersaturated liquid and the rising bubble plume. By doing this, the volumetric flux of bubbles will be maximised leading to improved flotation performance.