再论数字矿山:特征、框架与关键技术

基于中国矿山信息化推进工作中的问题分析,以智能交通体系为参照描述了数字矿山（Digital Mine,简称DM）的六大基本特征：以高速企业网为“路网”;以组件式矿山软件为“车辆”,以矿山数据与模型为“燃料”;以3D地学模拟（3D Geoscience Modeling,简称3DGM）与数据挖掘为“过滤”;以数据采集与更新为“保障”,以矿山GIS为“调度”,基于4层C／S结构和矿山业务流程,设计了数字矿山的基本组成图与网络架构。提出并讨论了数字矿山战略实施的9项关键技术：矿山数据仓库技术;矿山数据挖掘技术;真3DGM与可视化技术;矿山3D拓扑建模与分析技术,组件式矿山软件与模型;地下快速定位与自动导航技术,井下多媒体通讯与无线传输技术,智能采矿机器人“班组”技术及矿山3S（GIS,GPS,RS）,OA（Office Automation),CDS(Command DIspatch System)五位一体技术,并简要介绍了“数字开滦”的实施进展。     

解决资源危机矿山的策略与方法

随着21世纪工业的快速发展，人们对矿产资源的需求日益扩大，然而我国一大批矿山却面临着严重的资源危机，致使危机矿山提上了议事日程。解决危机矿山的根本是加大矿山周边和矿山深部的找矿工作。而使这一工作能取得成效，必须加强基础地质、资源勘查理论与方法的研究，必须得到政府的大力支持；另外积极引进外资可以弥补资金不足且有利于新技术、新方法的应用与推广；开展数字矿山也是一个有益的补充。     

Improving mine safety technology and training in the U.S. recommendations of the Mine Safety Technology and Training Commission

The key issues studied focused on underground coal mining and included (1) prevention of explosions in sealed areas, (2) better emergency preparedness and response, (3) improvement of miners’ ability to escape, (4) better protection of miners before and after a fire or explosion, (5) improved provision of oxygen, and (6) development and implementation of more robust post-incident communication. The U.S. Congress passed the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, which mandated new laws to address the issues. Concurrent with investigations and congressional deliberations, the National Mining Association formed the independent Mine Safety Technology and Training Commission to study the state-of-the-art relative to technology and training that could address the vulnerabilities exposed by the mine disasters. As discussed, the report outlined persistent vulnerabilities linked with significant hazards in underground coal mines, and made recommendations to provide a path for addressing them. Overall the commission report made 75 recommendations in the areas of risk-based design and management, communications technology, emergency response and mine rescue procedures, training for preparedness, and escape and protection strategies. In its deliberations, the commission importantly noted that mine safety in the U.S. needs to follow a new paradigm for ensuring mine safety and developing a culture of prevention that supports safe production at the business core. In the commission’s viewpoint, the bottom line in protecting coal miners is not only adopting a culture of prevention but also systematically pursuing mitigation of significant risks. Supported by the National Mining Association, Washington, D.C.     

A large sinkhole in the Verchnekamsky potash basin in the urals

One of the world’s largest sinkholes (80 m long, 40 m wide and 200 m deep) developed in July 1986 as a result of potash mining 425–435 m below the land surface. The depth of the 3rd Bereznikovsky potash mine did not contribute to the collapse, and in fact, the sinkhole occurred in a location where the depth of the mine and the nature of the overburden were considered to be very favorable for mining. The nature and cause of the mine flooding and the collpase have been investigated and are elucidated. This case study is an example of how dangerous flooding can be in evaporite strata, even in deposits where geological conditions of mining appear to be very favorable.     

Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Kettara Mine (Morocco): 2. Mine Waste Geochemical Behavior

Weathering and humidity cell tests were used to predict the potential for acid mine drainage (AMD) and to estimate the mineral reaction rates and depletion of fine and coarse tailings from the abandoned Kettara mine, Morocco. The geochemistry of the fine and coarse mine wastes was similar and, as expected by static tests, the wastes produced significant amounts of AMD. The sulfate production rate of both fine and coarse tailings was very high (2,000–8,000 and 2,400–560 mg SO₄/kg/week, respectively) during the first weeks of kinetics tests. After 9 weeks, sulfate release became low, ranging between 600 and 78 mg SO₄/kg/week for fine tailings and 500–120 mg SO₄/kg/week for coarse tailings. Effluent water samples had low pH (2.9–4.2) and elevated concentrations of acidity, sulfate, iron, copper, and zinc. Most or all of the dissolved K, Na, Al, Mg, and Si in the AMD result from the acidic dissolution of silicates (chlorite, talc, muscovite, and albite). Fine tailings produce much higher concentrations of acidity and sulfate than coarse tailings. However, due to greater transport of oxygen and water within the coarse waste, coarse tailings could be of greater environmental significance than fine tailings. The coarse waste continued to release acid after 378 days of leaching, whereas the fine tailings naturally passivates. These laboratory results agree with field observations; the upper profile of the coarse waste rock dam is highly oxidized (75 cm) whereas oxidation in the fine tailings does not extend more than 5–15 cm beneath the surface. A comparison between weathering and humidity cell tests indicated that the general trend of dissolution of metals was essentially similar for both methods. However, sulfate depletion rates were higher for the weathering cell tests. These tests indicate that the Kettara tailings piles and dam will continue to release acid for a long time unless remedial action is taken.     

Fate of sulphate removed during the treatment of circumneutral mine water and acid mine drainage with coal fly ash: Modelling and experimental approach

The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) and circumneutral mine water (CMW) with South African coal fly ash (FA) provides a low cost and alternative technique for treating mine wastes waters. The sulphate concentration in AMD can be reduced significantly when AMD was treated with the FA to pH 9. On the other hand an insignificant amount of sulphate was removed when CMW (containing a very low concentration of Fe and Al) was treated using FA to pH 9. The levels of Fe and Al, and the final solution pH in the AMD–fly ash mixture played a significant role on the level of sulphate removal in contrast to CMW–fly ash mixtures. In this study, a modelling approach using PHREEQC geochemical modelling software was combined with AMD–fly ash and/or CMW–fly ash neutralization experiments in order to predict the mineral phases involved in sulphate removal. The effects of solution pH and Fe and Al concentration in mine water on sulphate were also investigated. The results obtained showed that sulphate, Fe, Al, Mg and Mn removal from AMD and/or CMW with fly ash is a function of solution pH. The presence of Fe and Al in AMD exhibited buffering characteristic leading to more lime leaching from FA into mine water, hence increasing the concentration of Ca²⁺. This resulted in increased removal of sulphate as CaSO₄·2H₂O. In addition the sulphate removal was enhanced through the precipitation as Fe and Al oxyhydroxysulphates (as shown by geochemical modelling) in AMD–fly ash system. The low concentration of Fe and Al in CMW resulted in sulphate removal depending mainly on CaSO₄·2H₂O. The results of this study would have implications on the design of treatment methods relevant for different mine waters.     

井筒冻结壁强制解冻技术的研究与实践

针对冻结法凿井后冻结壁面临快速解冻的需求,将强制解冻理论与思想应用到井筒冻结壁快速解冻问题上。以冻结法凿井后的井筒冻结壁为研究对象,分析了井筒冻结壁强制解冻的特点及关键技术,创造性地提出了利用采暖锅炉产生高温热水并与盐水进行热交换,采用“二级循环”模式进行井筒冻结壁快速解冻的方法,对强制解冻参数进行了计算并设计了相应的强制解冻系统。强制解冻监测数据表明,强制解冻系统稳定可靠,且方法因地制宜,经济合理,强制解冻参数计算简便,基本能满足工程需要。     

Simulating the mine-mill interface

ABSTRACT

A dynamic simulation of a mille-mill complex has been conducted using networked microcomputers (IBM PC/AT and IBM PC/XT)). These models allow simultaneous operation of an open pit using shovels and trucks, a primary crusher, and a secondary crushing plant, Each process transmits information via the network, linking all operations together. The effects of blasting, ore quality, equipment utilization and configuration on productivity can be studied either interactively or from a report listing at the end of each shift. Programs are menu driven leading the user through the decisions required in day to day operations. The mine-mill simulator is currently being used as a teaching tool at Queen is University to provide senior mining and mineral processing engineering students with an experience and appreciation for the operating problems across the mine-mill interface. The need for coordination and close communication between the mine and mill can be aptly demonstrated using these models. The simulator could be used to contribute to the training of operating personnel in a real mining operation.     

Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Kettara Mine (Morocco): 1. Environmental Characterization

The Kettara site (Morocco) is an abandoned pyrrhotite ore mine in a semi-arid environment. The site contains more than 3 million tons of mine waste that have been deposited on the surface without concern for environmental issues. Tailings were stockpiled in a dyke and pond and in piles, over an area of about 16 ha, and have generated acid mine drainage (AMD) for more than 24 years. The mine waste and secondary precipitates from this mine were characterized using geochemical and mineralogical techniques. The Kettara wastes contain 1.6–14.5 wt% sulfur, mainly sulfide minerals (e.g., pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite). The main gangue minerals were goethite, quartz, chlorite-serpentine, talc, muscovite, and albite. Carbonates occur at very low quantities (less than 1 wt%). The most abundant heavy metals were Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Co, As, Cd, and Ni. Acid–base accounting static test results showed that all the samples have low values of acid-neutralizing potential (NP) (0–9 kg CaCO3/t). The mine waste has high acid-producing potential (AP) (51–453 kg CaCO3/t). Abundant secondary mineralogy is present, consisting mainly of halotrichite, goethite, jarosite-hydroanion, hydroniumjarosite, starkeyite, gypsum, alunite, copiapite, butterite, and coquimbite. Hardpans, which can prevent water infiltration to fresh tailings beneath and thereby lessen the rate of sulfide reactivity, were observed during sampling of the fine tailings. Mineralogical analysis indicated that the cementitious phase of the hardpan is mainly goethite. The alteration observed in the tailings pond does not extend more than 5–15 cm.     

基于矿井电法的水害超前探测技术的研究

 在煤矿巷道掘进过程中,极易遇到断层、裂隙等含水构造以及采空积水等含水体。为了对前方各类含水体进行有效的预测预防,消除突水的潜在威胁,保证煤矿的安全掘进,本文以煤矿超前探测应用最广的矿井瞬变电磁法和矿井直流电法探测技术为例,通过井下超前探测数据采集、数据预处理和反演计算,形成电阻率剖面图,来解释巷道掘进头前方含水情况,建立了一套适合煤矿掘进过程中超前预报含水体的技术方法。结果表明：矿井瞬变电磁法可以多角度多方位探测,对大、中型含水体能较好的圈定分布范围;矿井直流电法对正前方进行探测,抗干扰能力强,对小型含水体能较好的区分距离;综合采用矿井瞬变电磁法和矿井直流电法对各类含水体探测更为精细。     

中国矿井物探技术发展现状和关键问题

以煤为主的能源消费结构、复杂的成煤模式和开采条件决定了中国矿井物探技术的发展具有自身特点。在总结矿井地震法、矿井电磁法为代表的矿井物探技术发展历程的基础上,立足于国内煤炭开采现状,认为当前矿井物探技术需要在全空间、多场耦合方面加强基础研究;在矿井物探装备、观测系统、反演方法等方面,应结合物联网技术、巷道钻孔组合空间,进行技术研发;矿井地震、煤层槽波、直流电法、瞬变电磁法、无线电波坑透法等是矿井物探的主要方法,这些方法需要走勘探、监测并举,多场耦合、协同解释的道路。对复杂采空区、灰岩水、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害源的探测是矿井物探面临的任务和关键问题。     

浅谈石材绿色矿山建设的核心内容和主要技术方案

我国石材矿山数量多、规模小、分布广,石材行业绿色矿山建设缺乏规范要求和指导方案,推进较为缓慢,目前入库的国家级石材绿色矿山仅5家,占全国绿色矿山总量的0.4%,占全国石材矿山总量不足0.1%。针对上述问题,本文通过对比分析、文献研究和企业调研,明确了石材矿山在矿区环境、开发方式、综合利用、节能减排、数字化矿山和企地和谐六方面的核心内容和基本要求。在此基础上,提出了石材绿色矿山建设的主要技术方案。石材开采优先采用机械化锯切开采工艺及其先进设备,提高开采荒料率;综合开发利用废石渣、边角料、石粉、表土和渣土等废弃物,提高资源综合利用率;矿山高陡边坡采用挂网喷播法、种植槽法、阶梯法和上爬下挂立体绿化法等生态修复方法,恢复矿山地质环境;构建由“一个中心”和“四个平台”组成的数字化石材矿山综合系统,实现生产过程可视化、监控调度实时化、生产信息透明化和安全生产标准化。通过本文讨论,以期为大力推进石材行业绿色矿山建设奠定基础并提供指导。     

基于矿井地震波法的地质超前预报技术研究应用

为了在煤矿工作面掘进过程中预报掘进头前方断层、陷落柱以及采空区、采空巷道等地质构造分布情况,实现煤矿巷道的安全掘进,采用矿井地震波法(矿井反射波法和矿井瑞利波法)探测技术,通过井下波形数据采集、数据预处理和反演计算,形成波剖面图和频散曲线,来解释巷道掘进头前方异常的范围和位置特征,并建立了一套适合煤矿采掘过程中超前预报地质构造的技术方法。结果表明:对于矿井反射波法,对断层、裂隙等构造以及煤岩分界面等单一边界情况探测分辨率较高;对于矿井瑞利波法,对采空区、空巷、空洞等复杂边界情况反映更灵敏;综合采用矿井反射波法和矿井瑞利波法,对各类地质构造探测更为精细。     

An expert system for slope stability assessment: Part II

ABSTRACT

Expert or Intelligent Knowledge Based Systems have proved themselves to be valuable mechanisms for using computers to transfer and utilise expert knowledge in the solution of everyday industrial problems, in a wide variety of engineering fields.

This paper describes the development of an expert system to aid in the prediction of potential slope stability problems in U.K. surface coal mines, and gives an example of its application. It is the second of two papers that describe the development and operation of the complete system.     

煤炭安全开采最高允许含气量求算模型

以国家《煤矿安全规程》中的相关规定为切入点，考虑煤层气地质条件、矿井瓦斯状况、煤炭开采强度、煤矿通风安全措施等4方面主要影响因素，建立了求算最高允许含气量的数学模型，提出了最高允许解吸量等新的概念，并据此模型对我国6个矿区34个单元进行了测算.测算结果显示，最高允许解吸量平均为2.24 m³/t，最高允许含气量平均为7.51 m³/t，即只要煤层气平均预抽采率达到25.32%，6个矿区在总体上就能达到防止矿井瓦斯爆炸的安全规定上限要求.不存在全国统一的煤炭安全生产最高允许含气量标准，而最高允许解吸量和最低预抽采率可能是建立矿井瓦斯保安标准的核心.     

Oxygen-18 and Deuterium Fingerprinting of Tailings Seepage at the Sullivan Mine

Stable isotopes of water, ¹⁸O and ²H, were used to fingerprint and quantify the origin and percentage of mixing between tailings pond effluent, seepage collection waters, and background waters at the Sullivan Mill Site, which is located in Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada. The old iron and siliceous ponds are covered by a layer of permeable float rock, which allows meteoric waters to directly infiltrate without undergoing evaporation. In contrast, the east gypsum pond is covered with a layer of till and vegetation, which causes meteoric waters to pond and subsequently be subjected to evaporative processes. The different evaporative environments result in distinctly different isotopic compositions for the waters collected from these sources. The difference in surface cover was used advantageously to identify particular isotopic ratios for the different tailings sources. Water collected from the east gypsum pond is relatively enriched in the heavier isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H), whereas water collected from various locations in the siliceous and old iron pond are relatively depleted in δ¹⁸O and δ²H. The various seepage collection waters were observed to plot at intermediate positions, corresponding either to the old iron pond mixing line, the gypsum pond evaporation line, or somewhere between the two.     

矿山开采与居民住宅建设冲突分析及对策研究

矿山开采是国民经济发展的基石,然而由于开采区及周边有大量居民居住,居民住宅建筑正常使用以及居住条件改善愿望与矿山开采的冲突是国土资源与地方政府部门面临的重要问题之一。综合分析了目前我国矿山开采区与周边住宅建设之间的主要冲突表现形式,剖析了冲突的原因,最后提出了缓解冲突的对策,可为矿山开采与居民住宅建设协调发展提供参考。     

矿井移动空调室技术的研究

矿井移动空调室技术的实质是利用热幛将作业者与环境隔离,再用一种水轮机式空气冷却器向移动空调室内供冷.水轮机式空气冷却器的冷源和通风动力均来自矿井恒温带.通过实验得知：环境温度为32 ℃时,以1.6 m³/h的速度供给水温为18 ℃的冷水启动空气冷却器10 min后,矿井移动空调室内干球温度可降至24 ℃;空气冷却器停止工作后30 min,矿井移动空调室内的空气温度仍可维持在28 ℃以下.     

Arsenic in mine tailings - the Chimo Mine case study

ABSTRACT

Arsenic is an element frequently associated with mining operations around the world. Its long-term stability in mine tailings may be a problem due to its particular chemical properties. It has been frequently observed that arsenic goes into dissolution at conditions where other metals are stable. This paper presents a case study of a tailing site where arsenic has been periodically released. Data collected over a three-year period are presented and analysed. The paper identifies the causes underlying the periodic arsenic release and defines the treatment methods in order to correct the situation.     

小型绿色矿山建设研究-河南某小型金矿为例

绿色矿山建设是降低或消除粗放型开采方式对环境破坏，提高应对能源安全及气候变化抗风险值，构建新形势下矿产资源开采高效利用-资源环境友好生态修复的重要举措。目前我国绿色矿山名录中小型矿山数量仅占比9.3%，如何推动小型绿色矿山建设是我国生态文明建设在矿业领域发展的关键。本文通过梳理国际矿业绿色发展理念、我国绿色矿山建设发展历程以及省级绿色矿山建设研究现状，以河南某小型金矿绿色矿山建设为例，介绍了矿山建设现状、重点工程建设以及建设评估结果，结果表明该矿已达到了省级绿色矿山建设标准，进一步明确了省级矿山建设标准对小型矿山的指导意义。通过对我国绿色矿山建设发展研究及案例分析，指出小型绿色矿山建设存在 “生态优先”理念不牢；财务承担风险能力不足；科研投入与改革创新能力欠缺等共性问题，并对如何促进我国小型绿色矿山建设发展提出了建议。