Influence Analysis of Mining’s Effect on Failure Characteristics of a Coal Seam Floor with Faults: A Numerical Simulation Case Study in the Zhaolou Coal Mine

A fluid–solid coupled numerical simulation was carried out for the Zhaolou coal mine using Flac3D software. The results showed that: (1) when the failure depth of the floor exceeded the extension depth of the floor rock mass and the hydrostatic seepage pressure of the fractured structure surface exceeded the stress state of the fractured element, floor water inrush will occur. (2) With other factors being equal, if the footwall is mined first, the pore pressure concentration near the fault is more obvious, and the floor-confined water is lifted 10–25 m higher than when the hanging-wall is mined first. Mining the floor adversely affects its plastic zone, and the failure depth is ≈?10 m greater than when the hanging wall is mined first. (3) When advancing against the fault dip, the pore pressure concentration near the fault is more obvious, and the floor confined water is lifted 5–20 m higher than when the mine advances along the fault dip. Again, mining the floor first disrupts the floor plastic zone, and the failure depth is approximately 5 m greater than when the mine is advanced along the fault dip. (4) The risk of floor-water inrush is minimized when the hanging-wall is mined first and the mine advances along the fault dip; the risk is greatest when the footwall is mined first and is advanced against the fault dip. These results provide a theoretical basis for preventing mine water inrush.     

Experimental Simulation of Fault Water Inrush Channel Evolution in a Coal Mine Floor

Mine water inrush is very common in China and can cause hysteresis and severe damage. The entire process of crack formation, concealed fault propagation, and evolution of a water inrush channel with high pressure water directly beneath the mine floor was physically simulated based on fluid–solid coupling mechanics and solid materials research. Activated materials were used to simulate fault damaged rock, including soybeans, sand, Vaseline, and calcium carbonate. The results indicate that water channels are mainly caused by the connection between tectonic rock zones and coal floor cracks, which are the direct cause for water inrush. Furthermore, the lagging water inrush mechanism from the coal floor in a confined water body under both a stress field and a seepage field were revealed. The formation of the water inrush path with temporal and spatial variations was analyzed by interpreting the monitoring data and phenomena. The data showed that the floor stress in front of the working face increased and was affected by the abutment pressure, and that floor stress under the mined-out area began to decrease simultaneously. The stress of the upper wall showed a drastic drop while the stress of the footwall continued to decline and then stabilized after the water inrush. This work provides new approaches and knowledge for research on deep mining water inrush structures.     

An Analog Model Study on Water–Sand Mixture Inrush Mechanisms During the Mining of Shallow Coal Seams

Water–sand mixture inrushes into shallow underground workings have caused casualties and property loss. A coupled fluid–solid analog model was developed to simulate the water–sand mixture inrush processes during mining from fracture production and development, based on the hydrogeological conditions at the #22304 working face of the Shigetai coal mine in the Erdos coal basin of northeast China. The deformation characteristics of the overlying strata and water pressure variations within the water-flowing fractured zone were monitored and analyzed. The results show that the water–sand mixture inrush consists of three stages: development of cracks in the overlying strata, initiation of a water inrush channel, and evolution of the inrush channel. The stresses of the overlying strata, water pressures, and permeability characteristics of water and sand inrush pathways change within the three stages. These findings lay a solid foundation for predicting water–sand mixture inrushes in shallow coal mines.

     

晋城成庄井田煤层气直井开发后煤层底板突水危险性评价

以晋城矿区成庄井田为依托,分析煤层气开发后煤层底板岩石破裂压力、地应力、煤层底板含水层水压和隔水层有效厚度等条件,建立了煤层气开发后煤层底板突水危险性评价理论与方法,揭示煤层气直井开发对煤炭开采底板突水影响机制。研究结果表明:煤层气井煤层底板完井深度和采动矿压与承压水的水压使煤层底板隔水层形成贯通的破裂,如果隔水层中的最小水平主应力大于承压水的水压,从应力方面,就不会发生突水,如果相反,就会发生突水;煤层气井煤层底板完井深度和采动矿压与承压水的水压未能使底板隔水层形成贯通的破裂,开采煤层承受的水压与煤层到主要含水层间有效隔水层厚度之比,决定了煤层底板突水危险性。根据煤层底板隔水层岩石破裂压力、水压和水压与隔水层厚度比值等关键参数,将煤层底板突水危险性划分为安全(Ⅰ)、中等安全(II)、安全性差或有危险(III)和安全性极差或极有危险(Ⅳ)4类。成庄井田太原组15号煤层距奥灰含水层间距小,且变化大,煤层气垂直井开发后煤炭开采受奥灰水威胁。如果9号煤层气完井深度与煤炭开采底板破坏深度15 m相同计算,煤层底板突水危险性主要为中等安全,仅在深部存在突水危险性;煤层气开发后3号煤层开采过程中不会发生底板突水。     

深部矿井水害特征、评价方法与治水勘探方向

煤矿区深部含水层具有大埋深、高水压等特点,是深部煤层开采水害防范的主要对象。在分析深部矿井水害特征基础上,探讨了深部矿井地应力对裂隙水介质的力学作用机制,阐述了深部矿井裂隙水介质呈现"高承压、弱富水"的力学原因;基于古岩溶成因演化理论,结合水文地质勘探和野外调查,分析探讨了华北型煤田奥陶纪石灰岩顶部"古风化壳"的岩溶充填结构特征,并将奥陶纪石灰岩顶部"古风化壳"划分为"隔水充填带、弱隔(透)水充填带、富(透)水带"3种岩溶充填结构类型,给出了各类型确定的关键指标和阈值,明确了奥陶纪灰岩顶部存在隔水层的理论依据。将深部矿井煤层开采底板突水划分为"完整底板突水模式"和"集中破碎带底板突水模式",分析了深部煤层开采底板含水层高水压作用下沿用传统的突水系数法(T_s法)评价底板突水危险性的局限性,引入隔水层厚度(M)和含水层钻孔单位涌水量(q)2个指标,结合突水实例分析,提出了"修正的突水系数法"(T_s-M-q法,适用于完整底板突水模式);在实验和实例分析基础上,提出"渗-流转换"突水评价法(适用于集中破碎带底板突水模式)。最后,基于深部矿井水害特征及突水模式,结合深部含水介质赋存、构造发育特征和地应力场方向,阐述了深部矿井水害精准查治一体化勘探关键技术。     

深部开采底板突水灾变模式及试验应用

深部采场高地应力、高岩溶水压和强开采扰动条件使得底板突水相比浅部采场形成特定构造、水-岩-应力及采掘工程相互作用影响下的复杂岩体水力学问题。基于不同地质构造受采动影响特征及其诱发煤层底板突水机理,将深部开采底板突水灾变模式划分为完整底板裂隙扩展型、原生通道导通型和隐伏构造滑剪型3种类型,并分析了对应的突水判据。研究认为完整底板裂隙扩展型归结于承压水影响下裂隙扩张造成彼此贯通引发承压水导升高度大于有效隔水层厚度,原生通道导通型归结于构造活化引发局部位移扩展与保护煤柱底板压缩区连通裂隙发生沟通,隐伏构造滑剪型归结于构造上方断面岩层失稳发生剪切破坏造成承压水以最短距离涌入采空区。利用深部采动高水压底板突水相似模拟试验系统探寻了3种突水灾变模式下突水通道的时空演变过程,验证了突水判据的准确性。     

承压水体上开采底板突水灾害机理的研究

以淮北杨庄煤矿Ⅱ617综采工作面特大突水事故为研究背景，通过对其突水地段地质与水文地质情况、突水水源与导水通道、底板防隔水性能、不同应力场相互作用的研究，认为淮北杨庄矿Ⅱ617综采工作面特大底板突水灾害的发生，是其岩性场、应力场与渗流场耦合作用的结果.最后，提出了杨庄矿在回采过程中应采取的防治水安全技术保障措施.     

深部承压水上底抽巷围岩破坏特征及合理位置

针对赵固二矿区域瓦斯治理需开掘底抽巷与承压水上开掘底抽巷易引发底板突水之间的矛盾,通过承压水影响下的圆形巷道围岩塑性区边界方程,分析了底抽巷围岩塑性区的分布特征与底板突水危险性之间的关系;采用数值模拟研究了工作面开挖后的底板应力分布状态及底抽巷布置在不同位置时的围岩破坏特征及相应的突水危险性。结果表明:底抽巷围岩塑性区的非均匀分布会显著减小底板隔水层厚度,增加底板突水危险;工作面开挖后底板应力根据其双向应力比值大小及应力加卸载状态可分为4个区域且按对底板突水危险的影响程度可排序为:卸压高应力比值区卸压应力比值稳定区增压低应力比值区原岩应力比值区。据此提出了赵固二矿底抽巷的合理位置为沿待采工作面法向布置,并在规划的煤柱中部下方的L9灰岩上部砂质泥岩层中沿底掘进。     

磁西一号超千米深井煤层开采底板突水危险性评价

磁西一号井田煤层埋藏较深,其开采主要受深部奥灰承压水的威胁,为了成功开采以解放深部呆滞煤炭资源,保障矿区可持续发展,对磁西一号矿2#煤层开采奥灰突水危险性进行了评价。文章以峰峰矿区东部和磁西一号矿水文地质条件为基础,对矿井充水因素、含水层之间水力联系、采动裂隙带有效隔水层厚度、底板抗压强度及隔水能力等进行分析研究, 主要采用突水系数法对煤层底板突水危险性进行了评价,通过计算得出：带压开采2#煤层突水系数平均为0.056MPa/m,位于过渡区,突水系数具备带压开采的基本条件。由于井田内煤层埋藏深度较大的区域控制程度较低,地质、水文地质条件不清楚,开采前需要进行补充勘探,经充分论证后,方可进行试采。     

深部承压水上含隐伏构造煤层底板渗流路径扩展规律

针对邯邢矿区矿井开采深度逐渐加深与采动影响下隐伏构造活化而导致底板奥灰层突水威胁日益加重的问题,研究大采深、高水压条件下含不同隐伏构造类型底板高承压水的始渗条件和渗流路径扩展规律,以确定矿井底板突水条件及重点治理区域。从开采扰动、隐伏构造、承压水共同作用角度分析,根据典型突水矿井地质条件及突水原因分析,建立了含隐伏导含水构造的概化力学模型,通过断裂力学理论得出了含水裂隙的起裂条件、抗渗透强度及由主应力表达的裂隙扩展判据,应用弹性力学边界荷载在半无限板内传播的经典求解方法推导得出了采动应力与承压水压力耦合作用下含隐伏构造煤层底板的垂直应力、水平应力和剪切应力表达式,在所得应力分量基础上通过应力张量的不变量求解应力状态方程得到含水裂隙扩展判据中的主应力表达式,以邯邢矿区典型突水矿区地质与开采参数为例进行算例分析,通过编制Matlab计算程序计算得出底板裂隙的扩展路径。进而采用可模拟岩石破裂声发射且裂隙扩展可视化效果较好的RFPA数值软件进行验证分析,再现了底板渗流路径演化过程。理论计算与数值分析结果表明:隐伏构造的局部应力扰动作用影响了渗流路径的扩展方向,使3种类型底板分别呈现出不同的渗流路径,对于完整型底板,渗流裂隙由奥灰承压水层顶界面至采空区两侧边界呈"正八字"形向采空区扩展;对于隐伏陷落柱型底板,渗流裂隙沿陷落柱顶界面呈"倒八字"形向上发散式扩,至底板28 m深度时与采动裂隙贯通而停止扩展,其延线分别指向采空区两侧边界展;而对于隐伏断层型底板,渗流裂隙则沿断层延线的反向扩展,至底板30 m深度时与采动裂隙贯通而停止扩展,其延线指向工作面后方,在底板含水裂隙自下而上与底板采动裂隙自上而下联合扩展作用下最终贯通形成底板奥灰水至采煤工作面的渗流通道。基于理论计算和数值模拟得出的底板承压水渗流路径扩展规律,在实际工程中可结合微震监测技术来实时动态捕捉煤层底板隐伏导含水构造活化的前兆信息,进而实现底板突水路径的预测预报和快速重点区域治理。     

深部开采构造型突水危险性数值模拟分析

本文以三山岛金矿为工程背景,利用FLAC3D数值软件建立矿井深部开采流-固耦合数值模型,采用房柱式交替向上充填采矿法,在模拟采动条件下,尤其是采场通过F3断层时,矿体、充填体内渗流场以及塑性区的演化过程,对矿井不同开采时段、不同开采区域的突水危险性进行分析.试验结果表明:①距离断层较远时(-825 m-1盘区),随着回...     

煤矿突水行为研究系列试验装置研发及应用

随着煤矿开采深度和强度的不断提高,矿井面临底板突水、顶板突水和构造突水等多方面的挑战,针对不同类型突水机理及灾变模式利用现场监测等手段难以进行研究,因此采用实验室物理模拟试验手段成为解决研究此类复杂问题的关键。针对该问题,山东科技大学自主研发了采动煤层底板突水相似模拟试验系统、采动顶板涌水溃砂模拟试验系统、岩石应力渗流耦合真三轴试验系统等一系列试验设备,建立了突水行为研究实验室,利用物理试验实现了对矿井突水问题的探讨。系统实现了模拟高水压和高应力作用下的底板岩体破裂演化过程,获得了底板突水致灾演化规律和内在机制;实现了对水岩耦合作用下采动顶板突水溃砂灾变特征分析,透过试验机清晰地展现了煤层开挖后上覆岩层空间形成的结构形态和水砂突涌通道的分布形态;为模拟提供了深部高应力、高水压的加载环境以及独立伺服控制的三维应力,实现了全数字化的数据采集过程,获得了岩体裂隙扩展演化规律和破裂过程的声发射行为。     

断层影响下底板突水危险性预测

采动底板断层突水危险性预测与评价是煤矿底板突水灾害防治的基础和依据。针对断层诱发底板突水问题,基于岩体极限平衡理论,综合考虑断层本身性质和矿山压力中应力降低区的作用,得出底板隔水层的极限水压解析式,提出突水力学判据。结合工程背景,基于多物理场软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立数值模型,计算了隔水层中承受的实际水压。基于突水力学判据,该矿底板隔水层所承受的极限水压大于隔水层中承受的实际水压,底板隔水层完整,不发生突水。结果表明:底板断层突水危险性预测结果与实际开采过程中结果相吻合。     

高水压孤岛工作面底板突水防治技术研究

为解决邢东矿深部带压开采顶板来压剧烈导致底板突水的难题，采用现场调研、理论分析以及应力监测和微震监测等手段，研究了2129工作面底板突水危险性和防治技术。研究结果表明：2129工作面开采地质条件复杂，顶板剧烈来压时底板突水危险性较大|减小基本顶来压步距可有效减小底板采动破坏深度，提出了顶板水力压裂卸压底板突水防治技术|2129工作面平均来压步距为5.25m，较2222工作面减小了近76%，来压动载系数最大值为1.47|微震监测结果表明底板破坏集中在浅部岩层且未形成导水通道，该防治技术可有效降低底板突水危险性，保障高水压下孤岛工作面安全带压开采。     

Using a Fluid–Solid Coupled Numerical Simulation to Determine a Suitable Size for Barrier Pillars When Mining Shallow Coal Seams Beneath an Unconsolidated,Confined Aquifer

Barrier pillars are an effective and fundamental measure to prevent water inrush when mining shallow coal seams under an unconsolidated, confined aquifer. Based on the complex geological and hydrogeological conditions in the southern area of the Qidong coal mine, the no. 6₁ coal seam there was selected for a research demonstration. A fluid–solid coupled numerical simulation was carried out using the universal distinct element code. The hydraulic pressures and seepage rates in overlying strata were analyzed for two mining cases, near the aquifer and near the fault. The results showed that the degree of interconnection between the bed-separated and vertical fractures, and increases in hydraulic pressures and seepage rates in overlying strata were key factors in predicting potential water inrush when mining shallow coal seams under an unconsolidated, confined aquifer. Combining the numerical simulation results with China’s coal mining requirements, the no. 6₁ coal seam can be mined up to 90 m beneath the unconsolidated, confined aquifer, which limits mining to an altitude of ?509.36 m. The width of the barrier pillar should be 30.7 m near the fault.     

煤层底板含水层注浆改造技术应用

为防止工作面回采过程中受底板灰岩承压水威胁,通过对底板改造钻探工程信息、突水事件进行分析,建立起二2煤底板三带结构模型、煤层底板垂直改造观等技术,发现二2煤底板存在三类异常带,分别是砂岩裂隙带、原始导高带、灰岩含水层富水带。发现矿区底板改造钻孔浆液运移以沿纵深裂隙作垂直运动为主,而不是顺层水平运动为主的规律,通过对2209工作面进行底板注浆改造减少近170 m~3/h的排水量,效果明显。     

里必井田承压水带压开采评估

煤层底板承压水突出是发生水害事故的原因之一,要减少该类事故的发生,需对底板突水危险性进行准确评价。为保障里必井田承压水带压开采的安全进行,基于煤层底板突水研究理论分析,采用常规突水系数法和等效厚度突水系数法,分别对里必井田内3#煤和15#煤的奥灰水突水危险性进行了研究。研究发现,奥灰水对于3#煤的开采影响不大,但在局部构造及陷落柱发育地段及采区东北部区域仍存在一定的突水可能性;奥灰水对15#煤开采具有较大威胁,大部分区域具有较大突水危险性。等效岩层厚度法计算的突水系数考虑了不同性质岩层的岩石强度和阻水能力,计算更接近生产实际,结果更可靠;且在对突水系数法进一步优化后,其评价的结果可以更精确。     

五阳煤矿3煤层底板突水危险性评价

为了对五阳煤矿3煤层底板进行突水危险性评价,保障五阳煤矿在承压水威胁条件下进行安全开采,在详细分析五阳煤矿水文地质条件和矿井揭露特征的基础上,从主要含水层、隔水层、水压、地质构造及采掘活动等方面对五阳煤矿3煤层底板突水危险性进行评价,通过在突水系数中考虑隔水层岩性—结构特征和开采活动的影响,建立了3 煤层底板突水危险性评价体系。研究表明,五阳煤矿3煤层底板奥陶纪灰岩岩溶水突水危险性极大,随着开采深度的增加,底板受采动影响破裂越严重,发生突水的危险性进一步增加。     

大采深厚煤层底板采动破坏深度

针对我国承压水上开采底板突水灾害随开采深度不断增大而逐年增多的趋势,以某矿综放工作面的深部开采实际为背景,根据现场煤层底板钻孔内不同深度传感器应变测试值随工作面的变化规律,确定出煤层底板岩体破坏深度介于18~20 m;以研究区实际地层资料为基础建立工程地质模型,通过反复试算、逐步修正模型边界条件,对煤层底板破坏特征进行分析,弥补了现场实测结果不能反映出煤层回采过程中底板应力场的不足;采用现场应变实测和数值模拟相互结合的方法,确定了大采深厚煤层底板破坏深度为20 m,揭示了矿山压力在采动煤层底板中的传播规律。     

高承压动水条件下裂隙型突水封堵技术研究

基于邢东矿2228工作面出水封堵项目,研究动水条件下出水通道封堵技术。底板突水是威胁我国煤矿安全生产的主要灾害之一,随着我国进入下组煤的开采以及开采煤层深度的加大,煤矿受奥灰承压水的威胁越来越严重。煤层开采后,在采动应力与水压力共同作用下会引起底板岩体破坏失稳,引发底板裂隙奥灰突水,逐步成为主要的底板突水形式。发生底板突水后,首要问题便是对出水通道的封堵,目前对出水通道的封堵局限在静水条件下实施,需对出水通道在动水条件下进行封堵展开研究。