陕西凤县地质灾害易发性评价研究

区域地质灾害易发性评价是地质灾害早期预警的基础.为了探索秦岭山区区域地质灾害易发性评价方法,文中在陕西凤县1:5万地质灾害详细调查和数据库建设的基础上,详细分析了地质灾害的发育分布规律及影响因素,利用GIS技术结合信息量模型方法完成了凤县地质灾害的易发性评价区划.结果显示:凤县地质灾害分布主要与河流侵蚀、植被覆盖率及人类工程活动相关.根据评价结果将凤县地质灾害易发性划分为4个等级,其中,地质灾害高易发区面积190.3km2,占全县总面积的6.0%;中易发区面积642.0km2,占20.1%;低易发区面积1314.5km2,占41.2%;基本安全区面积1040.1km2,占32.6%.评价结果可为凤县土地利用规划和地质灾害防治规划提供依据,并可为秦岭山区城镇地质灾害易发性评价提供思路和方法.     

基于信息量法及ArcGIS的连山县地质灾害易发性评价

本文以坡形、坡度、地质构造、地形起伏度、岩土体类型、土地利用类型及植被覆盖指标为评价因子,基于ArcGIS平台,结合信息量模型进行地质灾害易发性评价,得到研究区地质灾害易发区划结果,并对地质灾害的发生的原因进行分析。研究表明连山县主要由坡度、岩土体类型、地形起伏度影响易发地质灾害的形态特征,由人类工程活动、构造分布、土地利用类型等影响易发地质灾害的空间特征,形成了连山县地质灾害易发性的差异与空间分布。     

贵州省德江县地质灾害发育特征及其危险性分区

德江县共调查各类地质灾害隐患点96处,其中滑坡55处,崩塌34处,地面塌陷6处,泥石流1处。对德江县地质灾害危险性分区进行了评价,将德江县划分出德江县地质灾害高危险区2个,地质灾害中等危险性区2个、地质灾害低危险性区3个。同时建议对德江县地质灾害高易发区进行1:1万地质灾害详细调查,以更准确掌握德江县地质灾害发育分布规律,为地质灾害防治作更精确的部署。     

云南云龙县地质灾害易发性分区评价

根据云龙县地质灾害调查成果,基于地质灾害现状,采用定性分析结合定量分析方法,对云龙县各类地质灾害进行评价,将云龙县划分为4个地质灾害高易发区、1个地质灾害中易发区和3个地质灾害低易发区,为云龙县地质灾害防治规划提供依据。     

地质灾害风险评价阈回归联合聚类分析

根据吉林省近10年的地质灾害监测数据,采用统计方法讨论吉林省地质灾害风险评价问题,对地质灾害易发区进行划分.首先对系统聚类分析方法进行了改进,根据各种要素对地质灾害影响的程度引入了权重系数,分类后应用判别分析的方法检验出其精确度达到94.87%.为了进一步了解各种因素引致灾害的形式,掌握其在不同规模数值下形成灾害的特点及差异性,运用阈回归模型进行了数据拟合,因素的解释程度达到99.996 2%.加权聚类和阈回归方法对数据拟合程度的高精度,说明其在地质灾害风险评价问题中的适用性及灾害易发区划分的准确性.     

阳泉矿区地质灾害易发区域划分

通过长时间实地调查并收集资料得出阳泉矿区地质灾害的分布规律及各地质灾害的具体数据,并总结阳泉地质灾害的诱发因素。在地质灾害发生的背景成因等基础资料的分析上,将单独矿区作为评价单元,以地质灾害灾害的种类、数量、稳定性、危害特征、降雨及人类工程活动为评价指标体系,并建立评价指标的分级划分标准,最后运用GIS模糊综合评判技术进行信息量分析,评估阳泉矿区地质灾害发育度。通过计算地质灾害发育程度高的矿区有6个,低区有7个,大多数矿区的地质灾害发育度中等。     

贵港市莲花山地质灾害危险性评价研究

针对贵港市莲花山风电项目,开展前期地质灾害危险性评价工作。研究发现,莲花山位于地质灾害易发区,地质环境条件复杂,结合现状及预测认为评估区的地质灾害危险性为一级,并将评估区地质灾害危险性等级、建设用地适宜性及地质灾害防治区分别划分出3个等级,并圈出与之对应的6个亚区。同时,对工程建设可能引发或遭受的地质灾害提出了一系列防治措施,为莲花山风电项目工程建设的顺利开展提供了技术保障。     

基于LR-ANN-SVM的滑坡易发性评价

针对传统大数据机器学习等方法进行滑坡易发性评价时,存在过于追求模型评价精度,导致在中易发区与低易发区存在滑坡产生的风险,提出了风险预警来降低中与低易发区产生的滑坡灾害。选取神经网络模型（ANN）、逻辑回归模型（LR）、支持向量机模型（SVM）3种学习方法,对上犹县进行滑坡易发性评价,将上犹县分为高易发区、较高易发区、中易发区、较低易发区,低易发区。由受试者工作曲线（ROC）下的面积（AUC)显示:神经网络（ANN）的AUC=0.939, 逻辑回归模型（LR）的AUC=0.897, 支持向量机（SVM）的AUC=0.884,均具有较高的评价精度。根据以上的易发性评价结果,得到上犹县栅格的易发性指数（LSI）,然后基于MAX（LSI（LR）、LSI（ANN）、LSI（SVM））函数对上述模型的易发性指数取最大值,并对上犹县进行滑坡易发性评价。结果显示:LR-ANN-SVM的AUC=0.815,有较高的易发性评价精度。从高易发区与较高易发区所含滑坡占比来看,LR、ANN、SVM、LR-ANN-SVM的滑坡占比分别为80.6%、74.6%、91%、93.2%,表明根据ANN-LR-SVM易发性分区治理更安全。      

基于层次分析法的地质灾害危险性

以江西省九江市修水县1:5万地质灾害调查项目为依托，结合修水县区域地质环境条件及地质灾害发育概况，选取了地层岩性、地质构造、降雨量、斜坡结构类型、坡度、坡高、坡向和人类工程活动等8项指标，构成研究区地质灾害危险性评价指标体系，并在层次分析法的基础上，建立了修水县地质灾害危险性评价层次结构模型.通过构造两两判断矩阵，计算得出了各指标的权重值.最后，根据分析结果将研究区划分为高危险区、中危险区和低危险区，并进行了相应地分析与评价，结果表明:层次分析法在该区域地质灾害危险性评价中的应用效果良好，评价结果基本与野外调查结果相吻合，为修水县地质灾害的防治及城镇规划建设提供了可靠依据.      

基于信息量模型与ArcGIS的龙南县足洞地区滑坡危险性评价

针对龙南县足洞地区滑坡地质灾害,对研究区进行野外详细地质调查,分析工程地质岩组、坡度、边坡高程、地质构造及人类活动等对滑坡的影响,结合斜坡稳定性影响因素选定滑坡危险性评价因子,采用层次分析法计算加权信息量模型并利用ArcGIS软件对研究区进行滑坡危险性评价分区,得到研究区滑坡灾害危险区划分图及相关统计信息,结果表明:区内稀土矿山的池浸、堆浸及原地浸矿等人工活动对滑坡灾害影响最大,高程及坡度其次,坡向影响最小,稀土矿山采场应作为研究区重点滑坡防治及监测区域,评价结果与研究区实际情况一致性较好.      

Scoring criteria for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 16, 18 and 21

Breastfeeding has long been believed to protect against infection in infants, but protection against respiratory illnesses has not been consistently demonstrated in studies in developed countries. Between 1988 and 1992, the authors assessed the effect of breastfeeding on incidence and duration of respiratory illnesses during the first 6 months of life in a prospective study that actively tracked breastfeeding and respiratory illnesses. A cohort of 1,202 healthy infants, born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between January 1, 1988 and June 30, 1990, from homes without smokers was enrolled. The daily occurrences of respiratory symptoms and breastfeeding status were reported by the mothers every 2 weeks. Illnesses were classified as lower respiratory illness (LRI) if wheezing or wet cough was reported; the remaining illnesses were classified as upper respiratory. The annualized incidence rates for LRI were 2.8, 2.6, and 2.1 during follow-up time with no, partial, or full breastfeeding, respectively, but the incidence rates for upper respiratory illness and lower respiratory illness combined were similar in the three categories. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, full breastfeeding was associated with a reduction in lower respiratory illness risk (odds ratio=0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.96). Median duration of all respiratory illnesses was 5 days for the fully breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life compared with a median of 6 days for not breastfed and partially breastfed infants. Multivariate analysis confirmed that breastfeeding significantly reduced the duration of respiratory illness. This pattern of reduced incidence of LRI and shorter duration of all respiratory illnesses suggests that breastfeeding reduces the severity of infant respiratory illnesses during the first 6 months of life.     

Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, for gastroscopy

Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, was given intravenously in doses of 0.07 mg/kg as sedation prior to oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in 40 patients. This was very effective as a sedative in elderly patients but less so in the young, with a large individual variation in response. Pain on injection and venous thrombosis which are common with diazepam were not seen with midazolam.     

Barbiturates, neuroleptics, and propofol for sedation

In a modern, hectic, and stressful intensive care unit, sedation is an important aspect of care, and every nurse and physician in a critical care setting must be familiar with it. This article describes older modalities of sedation, including barbiturates and neuroleptics, and compares them to a more recently developed drug, propofol.     

Indications for, and use of, cytotoxic agents in SLE

Over the past decade, cytotoxic drugs have come to assume an increasingly important role in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Intravenous cyclophosphamide has become the standard treatment for lupus affecting major organs, in particular lupus nephritis. Cytotoxics with less potential for adverse side effects such as azathioprine and methotrexate are widely used in the management of non-major organ lupus and as an adjunct to reduce corticosteroid requirements. Recent clinical experience in lupus with newer cytotoxic drugs such as cyclosporin A, adenosine analogues, and mycophenolate mofetil appear promising and may offer improvements in lupus management in the future.     

Indications for, contraindications to, and interruption of craniofacial procedures

In spite of increasing experience with skull base surgery, some of the guidelines for indications for operations may vary according to the institution. One-hundred two patients underwent craniofacial oncologic resections at our institution from 1982 to 1995. A retrospective analysis of the indications for and contraindications to these procedures was undertaken. The main indications for malignant tumors were skin lesions with direct invasion of the anterior or lateral skull base (69%) and nasal-paranasal sinus tumors (21%). The main indications for benign tumors were glomus lesions (26%), menigiomas (22%), and fibro-osseous lesions of the anterior skull base (19%). The main contraindications were extensive invasion of the central nervous system, invasion of the cavernous sinus and/or internal carotid artery by aggressive malignancies, and bilateral orbital invasion in a nonblind patient. Also, 6 patients had their procedures interrupted during craniotomy for several reasons - extensive central nervous system invasion (2 cases), bilateral orbital invasion (1), lack of brain retraction (1), lack of histologic diagnosis during the operation (1), and purulent discharge at the frontal sinus (1). Craniofacial oncologic operations are extensive surgical procedures that have to be properly indicated in order to obtain low levels of morbidity and mortality. The selection of cases is of paramount importance. In some instances, it seems advisable even to interrupt these operations in the first phase.     

Strategies for suppression, containment, and eradication of resurgent tuberculosis

This review provides strategies for the suppression, containment, and eventual eradication of resurgent tuberculosis. Some ethnic minority communities are at greatest risk because of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, poverty and malnutrition, congregate living situations, aberrant lifestyles, illegal immigration, and underemployment among these populations. Proposed strategies include the education of the population at risk as well as health care providers to permit the optimization of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic technologies. Also necessary is the development of effective, safe, newer medications to enhance patient compliance and decrease drug resistance. Strategic planning embraces national socioeconomic policy to permit adequate resources to combat poverty and malnutrition, to rebuild the infrastructure of the public health system, and to improve access to health care among rural and urban dwellers. It is concluded that these efforts must continue to ensure the eradication of tuberculosis.     

Advocacy, recovery, and the challenges of consumerism for schizophrenia

Advocacy organizations such as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) and patient consumer groups are playing an ever-increasing role in public health policy and patient care in schizophrenia. The recovery philosophy which recognizes the unique contributions of those who have experienced mental illness is now a part of treatment approaches in many states. Several states have extended these consumer initiatives to incorporate advance directives, an approach that has generated much debate. The NAMI destigmatization campaign, grounded in the neurobiology of major mental illness, is an unprecedented, concerted effort to change public opinion and to achieve parity at all levels for persons with severe and persistent mental illness. This article describes and chronicles these initiatives and explores their implications for the management of schizophrenia into the next millenium.