戈塘金矿房柱法开采围岩稳定性分析

戈塘金矿矿体厚度变化较大,地质条件复杂。为科学设计井下采场参数,分析采空区顶板的破坏机理及矿柱的承载机理,指导矿山安全生产,以戈塘金矿为研究对象,设计了采场参数,分析了采场围岩稳定性。通过理论计算,采用房柱法开采时,推荐矿柱尺寸为3 m×3 m,矿房跨度不超过10 m;利用有限元软件Phase2对留设不同宽高比的矿柱时采场围岩的稳定性进行了数值模拟分析。结果显示:矿柱内部出现应力集中,采空区顶底板、岩帮为应力降低区域;随着矿柱宽高比的增大,采空区边界附近的应力水平和位移降低,矿柱内应力集中得到缓解,变形量降低。综合分析认为,矿柱宽高比对采场围岩稳定性有一定影响,保持矿柱宽高比约为0.500,可以较好地维持采场稳定。     

等温压缩对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的马氏体相变及微观组织的影响

通过等温形变研究了形变参数(形变温度、形变速率、形变量)对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的微观组织转变和形貌的影响规律。研究结果表明:增加奥氏体等温形变量,有利于铁素体的缺陷形核,促进了形变奥氏体向铁素体转变;奥氏体的形变强化导致马氏体相变阻力增大,马氏体相变开始温度(Ms)下降,细小晶粒数量和小角度晶界数量增多;增加奥氏体等温形变(40%)速率能同时促进马氏体和铁素体相变,但马氏体体积分数和小角度晶界数量减少,细小晶粒数量略有提高;降低等温形变温度加剧奥氏体的形变强化,导致Ms温度下降,马氏体体积分数、小角度晶界比例减少,细小晶粒数量增多,铁素体含量明显增加。     

Dermomyotomal origin of the ribs as revealed by extirpation and transplantation experiments in chick and quail embryos

To elucidate role of the dermomyotome in the formation of the axial skeleton, we performed extirpation and transplantation experiments on the dermomyotomes in chick and quail embryos. When the thoracic dermomyotomes of chick embryos were removed, the intercostal muscles and the distal ribs were deficient, while the proximal ribs were more or less normal. Quail tissues including the dermomyotome, the ectoderm and the medial edge of lateral plate, were transplanted to replace chick dermomyotomes. In these chimeras, the ribs, which would be deficient without the back-transplantation, were recovered. The cells of the recovered part of the ribs as well as the intercostal muscles were derived from the quail transplants. These findings suggest that the distal rib originated from the dermomyotomes and not the sclerotome as previously believed. To localize the origin of the distal rib further, we removed restricted regions of the dermomyotomes along the mediolateral and the rostrocaudal axis. The more lateral the part of the dermomyotomes that we removed, the more distal the part of the ribs affected. On the contrary, when the rostral and caudal edges of the dermomyotomes were removed, only the vertebral ribs showed extensive deficiencies while removal of the middle part between the edges caused less deficiency. The sternal ribs were not deficient in either case, but were extensively affected when the entire lateral edge of dermomyotomes was included in the region removed. We conclude that the lateral edges of the dermomyotomes are the primordia of the sternal ribs, and the rostral and/or caudal edges of the medial part of dermomyotomes are the primordia of the distal part and not of the proximal part of the vertebral ribs.     

A method of estimating linear and angular accelerations in head impacts to pedestrians

In order to investigate the relationship between impact to the head and brain injury, we have developed a method, using information obtained from reconstruction of the collisions, of estimating the peak linear and angular accelerations of the head for pedestrian impacts on a vehicle. This information includes the location of the impact on the head, the impact velocity of the head, and the stiffness of the struck surface. In developing the method we assumed that the velocity of the head on striking the vehicle was the same as the velocity of the vehicle itself, that the force vector was normal to the surface of the skull, that the force-deflection curve characterising the combined response of the impacted surfaces was linear, and that the kinetic energy of the head immediately prior to impact was converted into strain energy in deforming the head and the vehicle structure. Only the loading phase of the impact was considered, there was no assumption of an elastic unloading phase. Using cadavers, the validity of these assumptions and hence the usefulness of the method were tested by comparing the estimates of peak linear acceleration with the results of 18 pedestrian-vehicle impact reconstructions. On average, the method underestimated the experimental values by about 15%, with a range of +/- 35%. The results from the application of this method are currently being used to study the relationship between the magnitude and direction of the impact to the head and the distribution and severity of the brain injury resulting from actual collisions.     

兴澄特钢3200m~3高炉减少风口磨损的措施

为了研究兴澄特钢风口小套磨损损坏的原因,对损坏风口的数量及特征进行统计分析,把风口小套长度与设计值及其他厂风口小套长度进行对比。采用计算机模拟计算喷枪与风口中心线之间的适宜夹角,并将计算结果与实际生产中采用的夹角进行对比。通过对喷枪材质、高炉内碱金属的负荷变化、煤粉中的水分和粒度进行分析,得出造成兴澄特钢风口小套磨损的主要原因是风口小套长度过长、高炉碱金属负荷较高、喷枪与风口中心线之间的夹角过大以及喷枪材质的耐磨耐高温性能差等。针对以上原因,兴澄特钢采取相应的措施,合理减小小套长度,调整喷枪与风口中心线之间的夹角,降低高炉碱负荷以及采用耐磨喷枪,既保证了高炉顺行,又延长了风口小套的使用寿命。     

高端装备用轴承钢冶金质量性能现状及未来发展方向

针对滚动轴承特点、轴承钢类型以及国内外轴承钢差距,本文对国内外高端装备用轴承需求、国内外轴承钢品种、轴承钢生产装备与冶金质量、轴承钢热处理技术以及轴承钢质量性能评价技术等发展现状进行了综述,指出了国内外高端装备用轴承钢在冶炼流程的超纯净控制、新型热处理技术和新型轴承钢研发对提升轴承长寿命的巨大作用,提出了未来基于夹杂物、碳化物和基体组织细质化、均匀化和稳定化的传统轴承钢质量性能提升、髙性能热处理研发、新型轴承钢材料创新以及加强抗疲劳基础理论研究的发展方向和大幅度提升轴承钢接触疲劳寿命的发展目标。     

Selection of antigens for use in a virus-vectored immunocontraceptive vaccine: PH-20 as a case study

In this work we had assumed to clarify the role of the water structure in the process of the radiation damage of DNA. It is known that the aliphatic alcohols stabilize the water structure until the critical concentration. In this connection we have analyzed the changes of the long- and short-distance interactions in the DNA irradiated in the water-ethanol solutions with various concentration of the ethanol and ions of metal. It was shown that as the water structure becomes more stable the conformational damages in the DNA are decreasing and finally at the some concentration of the alcohol in the irradiated solution the damages disappear. By the achieving of the alcohol concentration which lead to the destruction of the water structure the radiation results in the same changes of the considered parameters as in the case of the DNA irradiated in the water-salt solution with ethanol. The analyses of the experimental data allow us to conclude that the radiation destroys the structure of the water and thus helps the positive ions from the solution to come nearer to the DNA, to say, the radiation reduce intramolecular electrostatic interactions. This concept allows us to explain the observed changes of intrinsic viscosity and the difference in the polarizabilities of the DNA in the process of the radiation damage.     

浅谈后张法有粘结预应力梁施工工艺

本文旨在更有效地利用高强钢材,弥补混凝土与钢筋拉应变之间的差距,把预应力运用到钢筋混凝土结构中去。亦即在外荷载作用到构件上之前,预选建立有内应力的混凝土,通过对预应力筋进行张拉、锚固、放松,借助钢筋的弹性回缩,使受拉区混凝土事先获得预压应力。当构件承受由外荷载产生的拉力时,首先抵消混凝土中已有的预压力,然后随荷载增加,才能使混凝土受拉而后出现裂缝,因而延迟了构件裂缝的出现和开展。     

轧辊非均质特性对辊型电磁调控的影响分析

 轧辊作为辊型电磁调控技术的核心构件，在加工制造时必须进行热处理，改变轧辊表层组织形态，形成轧辊表面淬硬层，引起轧辊表层和芯部材料性能差异,而这种差异会对辊型电磁调控特性产生影响。为此，利用有限元软件MSC.MARC建立了电磁 热 力耦合轴对称模型，并依托辊型电磁调控试验平台对模型精度进行校核。在此基础上，依托模型分析了表面淬硬层厚度对辊型电磁过程中辊凸度、辊型曲线、接触面平均正压力及轧辊应力分布的影响。结果表明，表面淬硬层厚度对辊凸度、辊型曲线和接触面正压力的影响较小，但对轧辊应力分布有明显影响，特别是轧辊表面淬硬层中心区域。     

Multiple-cracking phenomenon of the galvannealed coating layer on steels under thermal and tensile stresses

The multiple-cracking phenomenon of the Fe-Zn intermetallic coating layer on the hot-dip galvannealed (GA) steels under thermal and tensile stresses was studied experimentally by tensile tests and analytically by means of the finite-element analysis. The multiple cracking of the coating layer had occurred in the as-supplied samples, and it progressed with increasing applied strain. Based on the calculated dependence of the stress of the coating layer on the crack spacing and applied strain, the multiple cracking in the as-supplied samples was accounted for by the thermally induced residual stress, and the further multiple cracking with increasing applied strain was accounted for by the increased stress of the coating layer. The experimentally observed decrease of the average crack spacing with increasing applied strain was described well, and the tensile strength of the coating layer was estimated to be 260 MPa, by application of the calculated relation between the increased stress of the coating layer and applied strain. The influences of the thickness of the coating layer and the substrate material on the multiple cracking were discussed based the stress analysis. It was revealed that the thinner the coating layer and the higher the flow stress of the substrate, the higher the stress of the coating layer becomes and, therefore, the smaller the crack spacing becomes.     

Diagnostic Analysis of the Evolution Mechanism for a Vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008

Based on the final analyses data (FNL) of the Global Forecasting System of the NCEP and the observational radiosonde data,the evolution mechanism of an eastward-moving low-level vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008 was analyzed.The results show that the formation of the vortex was related to the convergence between the northwesterly over the central Tibetan Plateau from the westerly zone and the southerly from the Bay of Bengal at 500 hPa,and also to the divergence associated with the entrance region of the upper westerly jet at 200 hPa.Their dynamic effects were favorable for ascending motion and forming the vortex over the Tibetan Plateau.Furthermore,the effect of the atmospheric heat source (Q1) is discussed based on a transformed potential vorticity (PV) tendency equation.By calculating the PV budgets,we showed that Q1 had a great influence on the intensity and moving direction of the vortex.In the developing stage of the vortex,the heating of the vertically integrated Q1 was centered to the east of the vortex center at 500 hPa,increasing PV tendency to the east of the vortex.As a result,the vortex strengthened and moved eastward through the vertically uneven distribution of Q1.In the decaying stage,the horizontally uneven heating of Q1 at 500 hPa weakened the vortex through causing the vortex tubes around the vortex to slant and redistributing the vertical vorticity field.     

Nature of the curves of the cranial vault and their relationship with various brain structures

A radiometric investigation for various angles of two dry craniums and of the encephalographic or cerebral arteriographic pictures of 250 subjects has revealed the following facts: The architectural lines of the dome of the skull found by orthogonal projection of the profile, from the front, and in vertical projection, are hyperbolic spirals starting from the base of the skull and converging on the sphenoid. These lines join up in the parietal region forming a hyperbole. The frontal spiral is a simple hyperbolic spiral. The temporal spiral is of the lituus type. The axes of these lines converge in a frontal plane on the epiphysis. The axis of the parietal hyperbole on a projection of the profile passes through the epiphysis and is followed by the parietal artery. Central cranio-encephalic formations follow the same spiral path. The contour of the upper edge of the cerebellum is a lituus spiral. The outline of the lower part of the cerebellum is a simple hyperbolic spiral. The right side of the polar origins of a spiral plotted in the plane of the insula coincides with the right side of the opercula. It can always be plotted, in theory, and forms an angle of 22 degrees 30' with the right side of the median frontal spiral. It cuts the axis of the parietal hyperbole at the apex of the insular triange. The bissector of the angle formed by the two right sides of the polar origins bissects the axis of the parietal hyperbole at a point corresponding to the epiphysis. The temporal hyperbolic lituus spiral has its focal point under the anterior, clinoid, at the junction of the segments CII and CIII of the carotid siphon the curve of which follows the convolutions of the temporal spiral. The right side of the polar origins of this curve indicates the mean direction of the posterior cerebral. The contours of the corpus callosum are homothetic with those of the dome of the skull as far as the axis of the parietal hyperbole. The frontal and parietal curves converge according to four types in the main Pacchionian granulations. The sections of the frontal spiral are often marked by bone abnormalities on the internal table. This analytic test is invariably valid whatever the constants of the spirals or the eccentricities of the hyperboles. Combinations between spirals with different constants and hyperboles of various eccentricities amount to very many types which call for separate study.     

辊式矫直机矫直板带浪形的有限元仿真分析

 辊式矫直机的矫直功能是中厚板生产线上保证板带板形的重要手段,其矫直过程可以消除或均匀板带内部残余应力,对提高板带综合质量具有重要意义。为了分析矫直机对带有边浪的板带的矫直过程以及矫直效果,首先建立了板带弯曲挠度的计算模型,为确定矫直辊的压弯量奠定了基础。在矫直模型作为压弯量设定的基础上,参考现场实际设备尺寸,通过借助大型商用有限元软件ANSYS建立了11辊的辊式矫直机有限元仿真模型,并针对研究目标设计了相应的仿真工况,将模型的矫直过程调整为采用上辊系整体压下倾斜的设置,对不同浪高的板带进行仿真分析。将有限元模型计算出的矫直力与生产实际设备的矫直力进行对比,有限元模型的矫直力计算偏差约为8.3%,满足计算精度要求。设置边浪浪高分别为5、10、20 mm的板带作为仿真工况,对其矫直过程进行仿真计算,提取仿真结果中的相关数据进行分析,发现在不采用弯辊的条件下,矫直过程同样具有消除板带不平度的作用。结果表明,在浪高较大时,矫直过程消除不平度的作用明显,但是矫直后板带并不能达到最终的平整度要求;在浪高较小时,矫直过程对不平度的消除能力较弱,但矫直后板带不平度可以达到最终的平整度要求。在分析的基础上,在工业现场的实际设备中进行相关试验,试验数据表明,仿真结果与试验结果趋势相同。     

考虑水平荷载的采空区群系统灾变失稳模型

为了研究采空区群系统的灾变失稳，将顶板简化为弹性薄板，矿柱简化为在长期荷载作用下会产生蠕变损伤的Poynting-Thomson体，考虑水平荷载和竖直荷载的共同作用，结合流变理论和燕尾突变建立采空区群顶板—矿柱系统灾变失稳模型。计算出模型突变时顶板中心的下沉量，矿柱有效支撑面积与顶板面积的比值，以及模型从开始到发生突变的时间，以广西盘龙铅锌矿为工程实例进行验证，得出盘龙矿采空区群系统的稳定时间与实际情况相符，验证了该模型的可靠性和实用性。同时，研究了各影响因素对采空区群系统稳定性的影响，为采空区群系统稳定性分析提供了新思路和新方法。     

板坯连铸异钢种连浇混浇坯长度及成分变化模型的开发及应用

基于建立的连铸中间包及结晶器内钢液混合过程的物理模型,开发了板坯连铸异钢种连浇过程混浇坯长度及成分变化模型。以某钢厂单流板坯连铸机220 mm×1560 mm断面Q235与Q335Ti钢的混浇过程为研究对象,采用水模型试验结合数值模拟确定模型的关键参数,并通过开展现场试验对混浇坯取样验证模型的准确性。结果证明:混浇坯成分取样与模型预测的成分偏差小于5%,且模型预测的混浇坯长度与人工确定的一致。故采用该模型可跟踪不同混浇工况下中间包内及铸流上钢液的混合行为,准确预测混浇坯的长度以及成分变化规律。采用该模型研究了拉速及中间包内剩余钢液质量对混交坯长度及不同浇注长度铸坯C元素质量分数变化的影响规律。发现当拉速保持不变时,中间包内剩余钢液越多,混浇坯越长;当中间包内剩余钢液质量保持不变时,拉速越大混浇坯越短。相比而言,中间包内剩余钢液质量比拉速对混浇坯长度的影响更大。另外当拉速不变时,随着中间包内剩余钢液质量的增加,C元素质量分数由0.16%变化到0.18%的速率减慢;当中间包内剩余钢液质量不变时,随着拉速的增加,C元素质量分数由0.16%变化到0.18%的速率增加。因此异钢种连浇过程,适当提高拉速以及减少中间包内剩余钢液质量,可有效减少混浇坯长度,成分变化速率降低。      

变工况过程中球轴承保持架的稳定性

建立了球轴承ADAMS多体动力学模型，考虑轴承各元件之间的相互碰撞作用及摩擦力，分析了变工况下动量轮用球轴承的保持架质心的涡动行为，对保持架的运行稳定性做出了定量的分析。讨论了轴承启动加速度大小、轴向载荷和有无重力场对保持架稳定性的影响。结果表明轴承启动加速度增加，缩短了轴承启动过程的时间，引导面对保持架的引导作用增强，较高的转速更有利于保持架运行的稳定，但较大的启动加速度使得轴承摩擦力矩较大；轴向载荷升高加剧了滚动体与保持架的碰撞，增加了保持架的涡动状态，而且轴向载荷的增加使得轴承摩擦力矩增加；失重状态下保持架与套圈的碰撞加剧，保持架涡动增加。      

Purging of a Neutrally Buoyant or a Dense Miscible Contaminant from a Rectangular Cavity. I: Case of an Incoming Laminar Boundary Layer

The flow past two-dimensional (2D) channel cavities along with the removal of neutrally buoyant or dense miscible contaminants introduced instantaneously inside the cavity are studied using eddy resolving techniques. In the simulations, the incoming boundary layer is laminar and the flow is observed not to transition to turbulence as it is convected over the cavity. As for these flow conditions the main coherent structures in the separated shear layer over the cavity are quasi-dimensional, 2D simulations are performed. It is found that the mechanism of removal of the contaminant is very different between the neutrally buoyant and buoyant cases. In the neutrally buoyant case the contaminant is purged from the cavity mostly due to the interactions between the vortices shed in the separated shear layer with the main recirculation eddies inside the cavity and with the trailing edge corner. In the simulations in which a dense contaminant is introduced inside the cavity, after the initial stages of the mass exchange process, the main phenomenon is the presence of a large amplitude internal wave motion which interacts with a strong cavity vortex situated near the trailing edge corner in between the shear layer and the density interface. The density variation across this oscillatory interface is strong. Through this interaction wisps of denser contaminant are extracted from the region beneath the density interface, before being ejected from the cavity by the separated shear layer vortices. The values of the global mass exchange coefficients for the different phases of the purging process are estimated from simple dead-zone models. As expected, the purging process is delayed in the case in which the density of the contaminant is larger than the one of the carrying fluid.     

Coronary reactive hyperaemia after nitric oxide inhibition in the anaesthetized goat

In the dog it has been shown that, while the inhibition of the endothelial release of nitric oxide reduces the duration, the total hyperaemic flow and the peak flow of the acetylcholine and myogenic coronary vasodilator responses, in the reactive hyperaemia the peak is not affected. The difference has been attributed to the different time required by the coronary blood flow to reach its maximum: long enough when acetylcholine is given or myogenic vasodilatation is elicited, this time is very short in the reactive hyperaemia. Thus it has been argued that only when the time to the peak of a hyperaemic response is sufficiently long, the increased shear stress acting on the coronary endothelium at the beginning of the hyperaemia can enhance the maximum value of the vasodilatation. Such an effect is impaired by NO-inhibition. Since in the goat the time to the peak of the coronary reactive hyperaemia is much longer than in the dog (10-14 s vs 3-4 s), the present study aimed at investigating whether the same effect caused by the NO-inhibition on the maximum flow of the acetylcholine and myogenic hyperaemic responses in the dog, can also be obtained in the goat for the peak flow of the coronary reactive hyperaemia. Experiments performed in anaesthetised goats showed that NO-inhibition reduces the duration of the reactive hyperaemia without affecting the maximum hyperaemic flow. It is suggested that in the reactive hyperaemia the large predominance of metabolic factors prevents the shear stress from playing a role in enhancing the peak flow.     

高频磁场下连铸保护渣润滑行为数学模型

摘要：为了研究高频磁场下连铸保护渣在结晶器内的润滑状况，建立了高频磁场下连铸保护渣润滑行为数学模型，并应用该数学模型研究了初始凝固时磁场作用下渣道宽度、弯月面高度、渣道动压、渣耗、摩擦力等因素对保护渣润滑行为的影响。结果发现，磁场的作用拓宽了保护渣渣道宽度，增大了弯月面高度，使保护渣渣道入口及出口宽度增加，使初始凝固点下移，改善了传热条件有利于铸坯表面质量提升；磁场的作用减小了因结晶器振动而产生的正压和负压，并且正、负压都是随着磁场强度的增大而减小，但磁场强度存在一个最佳值；磁场的作用增大了渣耗量，改善了铸坯与结晶器之间的润滑；铸坯与结晶器之间摩擦力随着磁场强度的增大而减小，当磁场强度为40mT时，总摩擦力减小趋于平缓，因此磁场强度为40mT左右时对减小摩擦力的作用效果较好。