PS-PVD 热障涂层显微结构对耐侵蚀性能的影响研究

采用等离子喷涂物理气相沉积 ( PS-PVD ) 技术开展了热障涂层梯度结构调控研究，通过调整喷涂送粉速率， 在底部、中间和顶部沉积阶段制备了五种不同的热障涂层，对热障涂层的显微组织、粗糙度、孔隙率、耐熔盐腐 蚀和耐粒子冲蚀性能进行表征，阐明了显微结构变化对热障涂层耐侵蚀性能的影响。研究表明：送粉速率的变化 对PS-PVD热障涂层羽柱状结构的沉积有显著的影响，低送粉速率下，涂层底部结构比较致密，当送粉速率增大时， 由于粉末颗粒在喷涂过程气化不充分，未熔粒子增加，羽柱状顶部结构趋向致密结构转变，涂层顶部孔隙率下降， 表面粗糙度降低。送粉速率由底至顶梯度递增制备的涂层表现出较高的耐熔盐腐蚀性能和耐粒子冲蚀性能。     

Bonding Mechanism from the Impact of Thermally Sprayed Solid Particles

Power particles are mainly in solid state prior to impact on substrates from high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. The bonding between particles and substrates is critical to ensure the quality of coating. Finite element analysis (FEA) models are developed to simulate the impingement process of solid particle impact on substrates. This numerical study examines the bonding mechanism between particles and substrates and establishes the critical particle impact parameters for bonding. Considering the morphology of particles, the shear-instability–based method is applied to all the particles, and the energy-based method is employed only for spherical particles. The particles are given the properties of widely used WC-Co powder for HVOF thermally sprayed coatings. The numerical results confirm that in the HVOF process, the kinetic energy of the particle prior to impact plays the most dominant role in particle stress localization and melting of the interfacial contact region. The critical impact parameters, such as particle velocity and temperature, are shown to be affected by the shape of particles, while higher impact velocity is required for highly nonspherical powder.     

多颗粒沉积模型预测铜和铝冷喷涂层微观形貌

采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了15个颗粒与基板的冷喷涂沉积模型,通过多颗粒沉积模型预测工艺条件、不同颗粒/基板组合的沉积行为和微观形貌;制备了Al和Cu冷喷涂涂层,观察了涂层截面形貌和颗粒变形特征,并与模拟结果进行对比.结果表明,多颗粒沉积模型可预测喷涂条件对颗粒沉积过程及涂层微观特征的影响,以及不同颗粒/基板组合的界面微观形貌.当碰撞速度低时,颗粒变形不充分,颗粒交界处易形成孔洞;随着速度增加,颗粒流变填充孔洞,涂层致密.与颗粒相比,硬基板涂层/基板界面平滑,机械互锁作用小;软基板形成射流状金属挤入颗粒之间,增加结合作用.      

Numerical simulation of the effects of the impact velocity on the particle deposition characteristics in cold gas dynamic spraying

In this study,the effects of the impact velocity on the particle deposition characteristics in cold gas dynamic spraying(CGDS)of 304 stainless steel(SS)on an interstitial free(IF)steel substrate are numerical simulated by means of a finite element analysis(FEA).The results have illustrated that when the particle impact velocity exceeds a critical value at which adiabatic shear instability of the particle starts to occur.Meanwhile,the fatten ratio and impact crater depth (or the effective contacting area)increase rapidly.The particle-substrate bonding and deposition mechanism Can be attributed to such an adiabatic shear deformation induced by both the compressive force and the slide friction force of particle.The critical velocity can be predicted by numerical simulation,which is useful to optimize the CGDS processing parameters for various materials.     

Near-nanostructured WC-18 pct Co coatings with low amounts of non-WC carbide phase: Part I. Synthesis and characterization

Near-nanostructured WC-18 pct Co coatings, with low amounts of non-WC carbide phases, have been synthesized using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying under spraying conditions of varying fuel chemistry, fuel-oxygen ratio, and powder particle size. The results show that the temperature the particles experience during spraying depends on the preceding parameters. Compared to available published results on WC-Co system coatings, nanostructured WC-18 pct Co coatings, synthesized in these experiments, contain very low amounts of non-WC carbide phase (less than 10 pct vol). This is comparable to that of the conventional WC-12 pct Co coating, prepared in the present study for comparison purposes. Regardless of whether the binder phase in the agglomerated feedstock powder particles melt or not, the WC particles do not appear to experience significant growth as a result of the spraying. The size of WC particles remains in the 200 to 500 nm range, consistent with that present in the feedstock powder. The as-received near-nanostructured WC-18 pct Co feedstock powder exhibits morphological characteristics that lead to low amounts of non-WC carbide phases in the coatings. The microstructure and phase constitution of the coatings depend on particle size of the feedstock powder and flame characteristics of the fuels during spraying. A higher particle temperature causes more decomposition of the WC phase but reduces porosity in the coatings, this occurs with higher flame temperature and smaller particle sizes. Propylene fuel produces less decomposition of the WC phase despite the higher flame temperature and, thus, provides the best combination of dense coating with low amount of non-WC phase.     

碰撞速度对冷喷涂粒子沉积行为影响的数值模拟研究

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了冷喷涂过程中304不锈钢粒子的碰撞速度对IF钢基板的碰撞和沉积变形行为的影响。结果表明,当粒子速度高于一个在产生绝热失稳变形并发生沉积的临界速度时,粒子的扁平率、有效接触界面积均显著增加。粒子沉积过程中的剪切失稳行为是由撞击过程中产生的压力与摩擦力共同作用的结果。这个临界速度可以由数值模拟计算得到,用于优化多种材料的冷喷涂工艺参数。     

新型氧化钇粉末及高纯致密氧化钇涂层的大气等离子喷涂制备

目前采用粉末原料通过等离子喷涂制备的最先进高纯氧化钇涂层的孔隙率通常为3%~5%。这种孔隙率的涂层在严重的腐蚀和侵蚀条件下会释放非常细小的颗粒。高纯氧化钇涂层主要应用于半导体领域,如,干法刻蚀腔室的抗冲蚀保护涂层(含氟和氯的等离子体),并且这些应用的需求条件也越来越严苛。当暴露于这种腐蚀性和侵蚀性气氛中时,涂层的致密度越高,它的耐侵蚀性就越强。侵蚀速率和细颗粒释放的降低将减少维护频率,从而提高生产效率。最近有文献报道通过悬浮液等离子喷涂(SPS)技术制备致密度更高的涂层,但这种新兴的工艺对制备技术提出了更高的挑战,如需要应对非常高的热通量和处理悬浮液作为原料来使用,增加了偏差的风险。本文开发了一种新的高纯氧化钇粉末,采用传统的大气等离子喷涂(APS)这种粉末能制备致密度范围与SPS技术相同的涂层。通过对粉末中颗粒致密度分布的调整和其狭窄精细粒度分布的微调得到一种独特的粉末材料来制备高质量的涂层。相比于通常报道的团聚和烧结粉末,采用Saint-Gobain ProPlasma HP等离子喷枪喷涂这种粉末显著降低了涂层的孔隙率,提高了沉积效率。     

真空冷喷涂LiNi_(0.33)Co_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)O_2涂层颗粒沉积行为研究

真空冷喷涂是一种基于室温及真空条件下超细陶瓷粉末粒子的撞击破碎实现涂层沉积的方法。目前,真空冷喷涂技术已经在微电子器件,金属防护以及新能源领域展现了良好的应用前景。本研究将目光转向锂离子电池,基于真空冷喷涂技术,在氧化铝基体上制备了锂离子电池LiNi_(0.33)Co_(0.33)Mn_(0.33)O_2(NMC)三元材料正极涂层,使用扫面电子显微镜(SEM)观察了NMC涂层的表面及截面微观形貌,使用X射线衍射(XRD)对涂层的相结构进行了测试,使用3D激光显微镜表征了涂层的表面粗糙度,系统研究了载气流量、喷涂距离、喷涂次数等沉积条件对NMC涂层微观形貌及粒子沉积行为的影响。结果表明,在真空冷喷涂NMC涂层中可以观察到明显颗粒破碎沉积现象,涂层结构致密。NMC粉末颗粒沉积方式受气流量、喷涂距离、喷涂次数等沉积条件的影响,载气流量的提高会提高粒子撞击速度,从而提高涂层沉积速率,但过高的气流量会导致粒子发生冲蚀,在涂层表面留下凹坑,致使涂层粗糙度增大。喷涂距离过大会导致NMC颗粒撞击速度减小,粒子破碎不充分,涂层呈现出类似团聚粉末堆积的疏松结构。喷涂次数影响涂层厚度,在合适的沉积参数条件下,可以通过调整喷涂次数实现涂层厚度的线性调控。     

冷喷涂金属涂层的耐腐蚀性能的提升方法

沉积温度低的特点使冷喷涂可避免喷涂金属粉末的氧化及对基材的热影响,是制备高致密金属涂层的有效 方法,在耐腐蚀金属涂层制备方面具有广阔的应用前景。然而在粒子高速碰撞沉积过程中,容易因粒子的塑性变 形程度不足而在粒子界面形成孔隙,相互连通的孔隙导致涂层不能隔绝腐蚀介质的渗入,因此不具备长效腐蚀防 护作用。对此,本文首先介绍了冷喷涂金属涂层的显微组织特点;其次,重点从基于热作用、力作用和热力耦合 作用的原位处理或后处理总结了改善冷喷涂金属涂层内部粒子间结合质量,进而提升金属涂层耐腐蚀性能的方法, 包括原位喷丸辅助冷喷涂方法、热处理、激光重熔、搅拌摩擦处理与热轧处理等,最后,针对当前冷喷涂耐腐蚀 涂层的发展现状,总结了亟待解决的问题和发展方向。     

高压冷喷涂技术特点及应用概述

高压冷喷涂是一种高压气流加速微小颗粒形成超音速(300～1200m/s)气固双相流轰击金属或绝缘基体表面形成涂层的工艺。与传统热喷涂相比,该技术具有喷涂温度低、涂层对基体热影响小、送粉速度快、涂层孔隙率低等优点,这使得高压冷喷涂技术适用范围较广,且喷涂粉末可以回收利用,降低了喷涂成本。本文从高压冷喷涂技术原理出发,介绍了技术特点、影响因素,综述了高压冷喷涂技术的应用及相关领域,展望了高压冷喷涂技术的未来发展和要求。     

Structure of a bimetallic strip produced by plasma spraying of a TiAl powder on a niobium sheet

Ti-48 at % Al alloy granules produced by centrifugal spraying are milled into a powder with a particle size of 40–100 μm, and are applied onto a niobium foil using plasma spraying in an argon atmosphere. The fabricated TiAl/Nb bimetallic strip consists of a 100-μm-thick niobium layer and a porous 300-to 400-μm-thick TiAl layer formed by flattened particles. Directly after the preparation of the bimetallic strip, the surface of the TiAl porous layer is rough. Vacuum annealing at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C for 0.5–1.5 h leads to intense pore healing. After deposition and annealing, the interlayer adhesion is strong. The preparation of TiAl granules and spraying of the powder is accompanied by aluminum depletion of the Ti-48 at % Al alloy to 42–45 at % and an increase in the fraction of the α₂-Ti₃Al phase in the deposited layer. The prepared material has a duplex structure. An intermediate diffuse layer characterized by a variable composition and thickness is formed at the interface. This layer consists of two solid solutions; one of them, which is formed at the TiAl layer, is an α₂-Ti₃Al-based solid solution of niobium and the other, which is formed at the niobium foil, is a niobium-based solid solution of titanium and aluminum.     

Some characteristics of the plasma spraying of samarium oxide

Conclusions The practicability of the plasma deposition of samarium oxide has been established. During the spraying process, the material undergoes no structural changes. The resultant deposit porosity and the coefficient of powder utilization can be controlled by varying process parameters. To attain the maximum deposit density and the highest value of CPU, spraying should be performed from a distance of 90 mm at a current of 350 A, using an argon 14% nitrogen mixture and a powder 70–100 in particle size, the powder being introduced into the spraying nozzle.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 6 (126), pp. 87–90, June, 1973.     

Densification of Powders by Particle Deformation

Abstract

Based on a previous experimental study of particle deformation during powder compaction, a model is developed for describing the densification behaviour of an irregular packing of spherical particles. Using the radial density function of a ‘random dense packing’, the increase in both the average size and the number of contact faces are calculated. A simple criterion for local yielding allows the compaction pressure to be determined for relative densities up to 90%. In the final stage of compaction, particle deformation, now constrained by neighbouring contacts, is modelled by extrusion into the remaining pore space. A compaction equation encompassing both stages is presented; its application to non-spherical powders elucidates the role of particle shape during powder densification. PM/0150     

Some characteristics of hydroxylapatite powder particles after plasma spraying

We have studied the particles of hydroxylapatite (HA) powder, the particles after plasma spraying, their distribution on substrate surface and their condition after transfer through the plasma torch. Mean particle size of HA powders was as follows: HA-A: 3.8 microm, HA-B 88.2 microm. The area of HA coating after plasma spraying, when the torch had a constant position against the substrate surface, shows two characteristic zones: the central part of coating formed mainly from deformed particles and the marginal part of coating with small non-deformed particles. These small non-deformed particles can be found in all zones of the coating and together with greater non-deformed particles and partially deformed particles will unfavourably affect the adhesive and cohesive strength of the coating and its porosity. The maximum diameter of the molten (spherical) particles in the conditions of Ar + H2 plasma, output P = 24 kW was: DA = 25 microm (HA-A) and DB = 65 microm (HA-B). The intervals of dimensions in which most of molten particles occurred were HA-A: 0-15 microm (98%), HA-B: 5-35 microm (84%). From comparison of HA-A and HA-B powders it can be concluded that the transport of HA-A powder was not continuous, the amount of molten HA-A particles was considerably greater (90%) than that of HA-B powder (63%). Phase decomposition and also solubility of HA-A powder (at in vitro tests) was greater. If we consider transport of particles, their melting, splitting and spraying efficiency, the suitable size of HA powder particles for the given spraying conditions is somewhere between the size of HA-A and HA-B particles--let us say--in the interval from 20 to 60 microm.     

Deposition Behavior at Different Substrate Temperatures by Using Supersonic Laser Deposition

The supersonic laser deposition (SLD) is a new fabrication process which combines the supersonic powder stream found in cold spray with laser heating of the deposition zone. Because of the instantaneity of particles impact, the deformation behaviors and the adhesion behaviors of particles impacted on the substrate by SLD cannot be well investigated through experiments. Therefore, a finite element model was developed to solve the problems above. Meanwhile, the heat effect of the substrate heated by laser was discussed. The effective plastic strain and the effective stress between the particle and substrate at different laser preheat temperatures were studied. The results show that laser depositing temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C on substrate would be the optimized for the bonding of particles and substrate. In addition, the simulation results conformed to experimental results.     

喷涂工艺参数对铝硅氮化硼封严涂层组织及性能的影响

采用大气等离子喷涂方法制备了铝硅氮化硼封严涂层,通过对涂层显微结构、硬度、结合强度和飞行粒子状态的研究,分析了喷涂工艺参数(功率22～34kW、送粉量30～50g/min及喷涂距离90～150mm)的变化对涂层组织和性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着功率的增加,飞行粒子温度和速度均增加,涂层的孔隙率和BN含量降低,硬度和结合强度提高;随送粉量增加,粒子温度和速度均减小,涂层孔隙率和BN含量增加,硬度和结合强度降低;随着喷涂距离的增加,粒子飞行速度降低的影响大于温度升高的影响,导致涂层孔隙率和BN含量提高,硬度和结合强度降低。     

Volume changes experienced by Al-Zn compacts during liquid-phase sintering

Conclusions The sintering of compacts from aluminum powders with zinc additions in the presence of a liquid phase is accompanied by their volume growth and a corresponding increase in their porosity. The volume growth of compacts from Al-Zn powder mixtures during liquid-phase sintering is mainly due to the Kirkendall effect, which manifests itself during the formation of a solid solution on the aluminum particles as a result of the diffusion of zinc atoms from the melt to the particles preceding their dissolution in the liquid phase. In general, the porosity of sintered compacts is satisfactorily described by Eq. (1). When, however, the zinc content of a compact does not exceed its limit of solid-phase solubility in aluminum at the sintering temperature, the process of dissolution of aluminum in the melt may be ignored. In such a case the end porosity of compacts is described by Eq. (2) with a correction for shrinkage due to a regrouping of particles. The extent to which the volume of compacts from an Al-Zn powder mixture grows during sintering increases with increasing mean aluminum powder particle size.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 10 (238), pp. 11–16, October, 1982.     

组元粒度对AlSi包覆BN涂层组织性能的影响

本文制备三种不同粒度配比的AlSi包覆BN复合粉末,通过大气等离子喷涂制备AlSi/BN可磨耗封严涂层,对涂层的硬度,结合强度及涂层组织进行了研究,并通过试验研究了不同形态颗粒在喷涂沉积过程中的演变行为,试验表明,较细的AlSi包覆较小粒径的BN颗粒在喷涂过程中具有最好的沉积效果,BN损失最少,核心BN颗粒粗大的粉末沉积效果差,BN损失严重。     

致密化工艺对氧化钛粉末及等离子喷涂涂层性能影响研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备了一种球形氧化钛团聚粉末, 并通过高温烧结及感应等离子球化工艺对团聚粉末进行 致密化处理。 利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、 霍尔流速计和粉末颗粒强度仪对粉末性能进行了表征, 研究了不同致 密化处理工艺对粉末颗粒强度、 松装密度及流动性的影响。 采用大气等离子喷涂 (APS) 工艺制备了氧化钛涂层, 并对涂层的微观组织进行研究。 研究结果表明, 高温烧结工艺及等离子球化工艺均可有效提升氧化钛团聚粉末 的致密度, 经过高温烧结工艺后氧化钛粉末内部的细小颗粒呈现烧结熔融的趋势, 而采用等离子球化处理后的 团聚粉末直接形成了致密球体结构。 相比于高温烧结工艺, 等离子球化工艺对氧化钛粉末的致密化效应更为明 显, 粉末的颗粒强度可达 187.86 MPa, 松装密度可由 0.79 g/cm3 提升至 1.69 g/cm3, 流动性由 163.22 s/50g 加快 至 100.27 s/50g。 该粉末经过大气等离子喷涂沉积形成的氧化钛涂层孔隙率为 2.8 %, 与未经致密化工艺处理的氧 化钛团聚粉末相比, 制备的涂层致密化水平有了较大程度的提升, 涂层的平均显微硬度值由 434.18 HV0.3 提升至 744.37 HV0.3, 涂层的结合强度均值由 11.07 MPa 提升至 29.93 MPa。     

陶瓷膜孔道内尘粒沉积及脱附的模拟

陶瓷膜是过滤高温含尘烟气最有效的材料之一,其过滤性能和再生性能与尘粒在陶瓷膜孔道内的沉积和脱附机制相关。本文建立了不同孔隙率的陶瓷膜物理模型,然后结合连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,设定边界条件以及沉积条件,模拟了陶瓷膜过滤和脉冲反吹时,高温烟气的流动以及尘粒的沉积与脱附过程。结果表明,过滤速度较低和陶瓷膜孔隙率较高时,尘粒易于沉积在陶瓷膜孔道内;脉冲反吹时,增加反吹压力,延长反吹时间,尘粒易于从陶瓷膜孔道脱附。采用厚度为20 mm,长度为1.5 m,孔隙率为40%的陶瓷膜管过滤温度为1000 ℃,流速为1 m·min?1,压力为0.1 MPa的含尘烟气时,反吹气压力应不低于0.3 MPa,反吹时间不短于0.02 s,尘粒脱附时间在13 s,脉冲反吹时间间隔应高于452 s。