基于光电容积脉搏波的有限空间生理疲劳测量

通过有限空间100 min极限载人实验,提出了基于光电容积脉搏波(PPG)的客观疲劳测量方法并开发了光电容积脉搏波信号特征参数提取算法用来掌握生理疲劳的血液动力学与循环系统变化特征.研究结果表明,人体出现生理疲劳时,光电容积脉搏波信号平均周期显著大于未疲劳状态(p<0.001),血管阻力增大,每搏射血量明显下降;计算了未疲劳与疲劳状态下光电容积脉搏波信号的两种复杂度(KC复杂度和高阶KC复杂度)发现,两种复杂度计算结果一致,均为未疲劳时波形比疲劳时波形更平稳.因此表明光电容积脉搏波信号能够捕捉到疲劳状态的生理变化,解决了生理疲劳的客观测量与快速判断问题.      

基于HFACS的高原矿山作业疲劳与人因失误率浅析

为了预防高原矿工作业时间长和工作任务繁重等因素引起的疲劳失误事故,针对高原缺氧、低温等环境特性,首先分析了人体作业疲劳积累特点,并通过构建高原矿山人体疲劳—作业失误机理图,概括了高原地区人体疲劳积累与作业失误的发生机制。其次,比较了不同海拔下人体生理机能和最大做工量的变化,划分出高原矿工疲劳积累的4个阶段(疲劳积累初期、疲劳积累稳定期、疲劳积累末期、疲劳恢复不可逆期(疲劳性损伤),基于对高原矿山作业者疲劳与行为错误之间关系的问卷调查分析,绘制出高原矿工各作业疲劳阶段失误率变化特征曲线。最后,运用人因分析和分类系统(HFACS),提出了高原矿山作业疲劳—人因失误框架(F-HFACS),全面分析了高原矿工疲劳的因素及其对人因失误发生的影响。研究表明:疲劳稳定期通常作业效率较高、失误率低且基本稳定;疲劳末期疲劳积累进一步加深,作业失误率激增,为防止疲劳性损伤,必须停止作业。该研究为高原矿山制定合理的轮班方案,降低作业失误率提供了科学依据。     

立体深度运动引发的立体视觉疲劳的脑电评估

3D技术的发展受到其引发的不舒适感的限制,长时间观看立体显示影像将会引起立体视觉疲劳,一种客观评价立体视觉疲劳的有效指标亟待提出.本文利用EEG (electroencephalography)三个频带θ(4~8 Hz)、α(8~13 Hz)、β(13~22Hz)的相对能量及其能量比值E_{(α+θ)/β、Eα/β}、E_{(α+θ)/(α+β)}在八个不同脑区及整个脑区的54个指标作为备选,借助配对t检验、灰色关联度分析(GRA)、支持向量机(SVM),最后得出指示由立体深度运动引发的视觉疲劳的最佳脑电指标为:顶区E_α/β.并比较了三个频带相对能量在不同疲劳状态的变化:疲劳状态下,α频带明显上升(p < 0.01),β频带明显下降(p < 0.01),θ频带保持稳定.      

长时间颈部前屈对颈部肌肉疲劳的影响

长期颈部前屈对颈椎造成严重影响。为定量评估长时间低头对颈椎疲劳造成的影响，选取20名健康受试者，保持低头角度40°～60°持续3 h。选择胸锁乳突肌，颈部夹肌和肩部斜方肌测量其表面肌电信号。经滤波、整流、振幅标准化等处理后，对每60 s的肌电值进行积分和求其平均功率频率。研究发现，积分肌电值的波动变化具有规律性，首次增大后的减小表征肌肉进入疲劳状态；不同肌肉的平均功率频率(mean power frequency，MPF)值具有明显差异，决定着该肌肉疲劳耐受性的持续时间，且在整个颈部前屈过程中MPF并非简单的线性关系。提出用MPF的导数来提取疲劳特征，用窗口化的MPF负数累积判定肌肉疲劳。结果表明，MPF负数累积能很好地判断肌肉疲劳，胸锁乳突肌在20 min内出现最终疲劳，而颈部夹肌和肩部斜方肌在20 min左右出现了短暂性疲劳，随后在75～100 min时又出现了最终疲劳。因此建议持续颈部前屈时长不超过20 min。      

浅谈高校对高血压病与心率变异82例临床分析

为了进一步了解心率变异在高血压病患者与正常人两者之间的差异,本研究选择高血压患者82例为观察组,选择健康者(均为健康体检者)68例作为对照组.进行24h动态心电图监测和心率变异分析.结果显示高血压组的各时域和频域指标均较对照组明显减低,具有显著性意义.心率变异分析是一简便、易行、无创、可重复检查、可作为目前判断自主神经活动和均衡的最好方法之一.     

7475-T7351铝合金抗疲劳性能研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验、轴向加载疲劳试验、疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验等疲劳性能测试方法,研究了7475-T7351铝合金厚板的疲劳性能.并通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了该合金的显微组织和疲劳断口形貌.结果表明:7475-T7351铝合金具有良好的耐疲劳损伤性能,光滑试样(Kt=1)在室温旋转弯曲和高温轴向加载条件下的疲劳极限分别为180.0和345.0 MPa,缺口试样(Kt=2.2)在室温旋转弯曲加载条件下的疲劳极限为91.9 MPa;合金厚板材料在高温下缺口敏感性有所降低;国产材料裂纹扩展速率随应力比增加而增大,裂纹扩展门槛值减小;国产7475铝合金与进口材料在裂纹稳定扩展阶段裂纹扩展行为基本相当;在近门槛值附近不同应力比下的裂纹扩展门槛值略有差别.     

应力比对TC4钛合金超高周疲劳失效机理的影响

采用频率为100 Hz的电磁谐振疲劳试验机进行疲劳拉伸试验, 研究了两种应力比(R=0. 1和-1) 对TC4钛合金的超高周疲劳失效机理的影响.结果表明, 两种应力比下的S-N曲线都呈现"双线"型, 但各自表示的意义及失效机理不同.当R=0. 1时, TC4钛合金的疲劳失效形式有两种, 即由加工缺陷诱发的表面失效和内部鱼眼失效, 这两种失效形式都伴随着颗粒平面(Facet) 出现; 而当R=-1时, 仅存在表面失效, 且无Facet的出现.基于断裂力学的讨论可知, 在正应力比及真空环境下, 对应小裂纹扩展的门槛值更低, 更有利于裂纹扩展及Facet的形成. TC4钛合金的整个内部疲劳失效过程及机理可解释为: (1) 滑移线或滑移带在部分α晶粒上的出现; (2) 微裂纹的萌生和接合; (3) 颗粒亮区(GBF) 的形成; (4) 鱼眼的形成; (5) 鱼眼外的失稳裂纹扩展; (6) 最终的瞬时断裂.      

富集贵金属氧化预浸出数学模型的建立

建立了常压预浸合金硫化镍矿的氧化浸出数学模型,并进行了验证试验.通过建立合金硫化矿氧化浸出的数学模型,得到模拟公式KLα=0.0016(P/VL)0.82VG0.0.3和KLα=0.2V0.3/s=12V0.3/min.考查了输氧量和硫酸浓度对镍浸出率的影响,拟合了试验数据,得到了输氧量与镍浸出率之间的指数方程:y=8.271x0.3002,与数学模型建立的公式相吻合.     

氢含量对新锆合金室温循环变形行为的影响

NZ2是我国自行研制的具有自主知识产权的新型Zr-Sn-Nb系锫合金,其堆外性能,尤其是耐蚀性能已达国外新合金同等实验条件下的相同水平,是十分具有应用前景的新锆合金.锆在反应堆中服役时会与冷却剂反应而吸氢,从而使锆合金的性能降低,导致失效.通过应变控制的对称拉-压(εR=εmin/εmax=-1)疲劳实验研究了不同氢含量(未渗氢,200,450.730μg·g-1)对NZ2新锆合金的室温低周疲劳性能以及氢含量对材料循环硬化及软化的影响,发现随着氢含量的增加,相同应变下材料的低周疲劳寿命下降,但达到某一饱和值的时侯材料的低周疲劳性能不再降低,随着氢含量的增加,材料有循环软化趋势,NZ2锫合金台氢试样比无氢试样更容易出现循环软化现象.     

1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢室温旋转弯曲疲劳性能

在应力比R=-1,转速为5 000 r/min和室温环境下测试了1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢光滑旋转弯曲疲劳试样和缺口旋转弯曲疲劳试样的数据,得到了2种试样的S-N曲线.并采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了2种试样的断口形貌,研究了1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢高周疲劳特性.结果显示,光滑旋转弯曲疲劳试样的疲劳极限为320 MPa,其疲劳裂纹萌生于试样的表面;缺口旋转弯曲疲劳试样的疲劳极限为137 MPa,其裂纹源萌生于缺口处.经计算得到1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢的缺口敏感系数为0.67.     

Hemodynamic and autonomic effects of intravenous saterinone in patients with chronic heart failure

In this study, the hemodynamic and neurohumoral/autonomic effects of intravenous saterinone (a selective phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor, with additional alpha 1-blocking properties) were evaluated. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 36 patients with moderate to severe heart failure were studied (saterinone, n = 24; placebo, n = 12). Invasive hemodynamic measurements, by using right-heart catheterization, were performed, as well as measurement of plasma neurohormones and analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), to study drug influences on neurohumoral activation and autonomic tone. Systemic vascular resistance significantly decreased during saterinone infusion, accompanied by a decrease in systemic blood pressure (both p values < 0.05) and an increase in heart rate (p = 0.05). Filling pressures also decreased during saterinone, but this was statistically significant only for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, whereas the cardiac index remained unaffected. Plasma neurohormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and renin activity) were not significantly influenced by saterinone. HRV analysis revealed no significant effect of saterinone on autonomic tone. These results suggest that intravenous saterinone has a significant vasodilating effect in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure (CHF), without exerting an adverse effect on the autonomic nervous system, as demonstrated by assessment of plasma neurohormones and HRV analysis.     

Factors influencing mental workload indexes

Several findings of the author's own mental workload research are reviewed. Especially, factors, except task demand, influencing mental workload indexes are discussed. First, an experiment using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA TLX) is reviewed and the effects of a prior task load on a subsequent subjective workload are described. In a physiological measures section, the low reliability of the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters when the subjects' respiration pattern are highly irregular, and the existence of low sweat respondent, although perspiration seems to be sensitive to the workload, are indicated. Furthermore, results of the task specific physiological responses and of a HRV parameter affected by the individual characteristics, like type A behavior pattern, are shown. Discrepancy between autonomic nervous system activity measures may be solvable by introducing a new concept of autonomic space (synergism of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system). Finally, the need for strategies of data management concerning the individual differences is emphasized.     

Heart rate variability in coronary artery disease

Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the modulation of cardiac function by autonomic and other physiological systems, and its measurement from ambulatory electrocardiograph (ECG) recordings is a useful method for both clinical and scientific purposes. Heart rate variability can be measured by several linear and non-linear methods, and various methods can give different information on neural and other physiological influences on the heart. Heart rate variability is abnormal in various settings of ischaemic heart disease, and the most important current application of HRV analysis in clinical cardiology is its measurement in postinfarction patients, in whom abnormal HRV indicates an increased risk of cardiac mortality. Future research may expand the clinical utility of HRV measurement to other clinical situations.     

Amount and type of dietary lipid modulate rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity

Cardiovascular responses to sustained and rhythmic (5 s on, 2 s off) forearm isometric exercise to fatigue at 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and to a period of arterial occlusion were investigated in elite rock climbers (CLIMB) as a trained population compared to non-climbing sedentary subjects (SED). Blood pressure (BP), monitored continuously by Finapres, and forearm blood flow, by venous occlusion plethysmography, were measured and used to calculate vascular conductance. During sustained exercise, times to fatigue were not different between CLIMB and SED. However, peak increases in systolic (S) BP were significantly lower in CLIMB [25 (13) mmHg; (3.3 (1.7) kPa] than in SED [48 (17) mmHg; (6.4 (2.3) kPa] (P < 0.05), with a similar trend for increases in diastolic (D) BP. Immediately after sustained exercise, forearm conductance was higher in CLIMB than SED (P < 0.05) for up to 2 min. During rhythmic exercise, times to fatigue were two fold longer in CLIMB than SED [853 (76) vs 420 (69) s, P < 0.05]. Increases in SBP were not different between groups except during the last quarter of exercise when they fell in CLIMB. Conductance both during and after rhythmic exercise was higher in CLIMB than in SED. Following a 10-min arterial occlusion, peak vascular conductance was significantly greater in CLIMB than SED [0.597 (0.084) vs 0.431 (0.035) ml x min(-1) x 100 ml(-1) x mmHg(-1); P < 0.05]. The attenuated BP response to sustained isometric exercise could be due in part to enhanced forearm vasodilatory capacity, which also supports greater endurance during rhythmic exercise by permitting greater functional hyperaemia in between contraction phases. Such adaptations would all facilitate the ability of rock climbers to perform their task of making repetitive sustained contractions.     

Effects of acute exposure to simulated altitude on heart rate variability during exercise

It has been shown that fluctuation of human heartbeat intervals [heart rate variability (HRV)] reflects variations in cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. The present study was designed to investigate whether the acute exposure to moderate levels of simulated altitude and the resultant hypoxia could modify HRV during exercise. Seven healthy men completed one resting measurement in the upright sitting position and two submaximal steady-state cycle ergometer exercises at intensities equivalent to 25 and 50% of their estimated maximal work rate. Experiments were conducted in random order at altitude equivalents of 500, 1,500, 2,500, and 3,500 m within 2 h of exposure to that altitude. Beat-to-beat HRV was measured continuously during the tests. HRV data were analyzed by "coarse-graining spectral analysis" (Y. Yamamoto and R.L. Hughson, Physica 68D: 250-264, 1993) to break down their total power (PT) into harmonic and nonharmonic (fractal) components. The harmonic component was further divided into low (0.0- to 0.15-Hz; PL)- and high (> 0.15-Hz; PH)-frequency components, and the indicators of relative sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system activities were calculated by PL/PH and PH/PT, respectively. The fractal component was used to calculate the spectral exponent (beta) to evaluate the overall "irregularity" of HRV. The effects of exercise intensity (increase in heart rate, SNS indicator, and beta and decrease in PNS indicator) were significant (P < 0.05) at all altitude levels. The altitude effects (increase in heart rate and SNS indicator and decrease in PNS indicator) were found only during exercise at 3,500 m (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect of altitude on beta (P > 0.05). These data indicate that acute effects of altitude exposure on HRV were found 1) during exercise at moderate altitude (> 2,500 m) and 2) mainly for the harmonic components of HRV.     

Cardiac and respiratory responses during visual search in nonretarded children and retarded adolescents

The relationship between physiological response patterns and mental competence was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a sustained visual-search task in nonretarded grade school children and retarded adolescents. The findings support the contention that, during tasks demanding sustained attention, retarded relative to nonretarded individuals exhibit physiological responses that parallel their poor performance. Consistent with previous research with nonretarded adults, the nonretarded grade school children exhibited a suppression of respiratory and heart-rate variability during attention-demanding tasks. In contrast, the retarded adolescents exhibited increases in respiratory and heart-rate variability. These qualitative differences in physiological and behavioral responses, observed during sustained attention, may be viewed as a manifestation of retarded adolescents' defective nervous system.     

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory oxygen desaturation and electrocardiographic recording in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

BACKGROUND: Although nocturnal pulseoximetry is routinely performed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), pulseoximetry over a 24-h period has not been studied. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to determine whether simultaneous 24-h oxygen desaturation and electrocardiographic (ECG) recording might be used to screen for daytime sleep sequelae in patients with OSAS. METHODS: Simultaneous recording of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and ECG was conducted over a 24-h period in 18 male patients with OSAS (mean age 51.3 years) who were diagnosed by standard polysomnography (PSG), and in 15 age-matched healthy subjects (mean age 52.7 years) as controls to evaluate circadian variation of these parameters. The measures of heart rate variability (HRV) were calculated from 24-h ambulatory ECGs. Seventeen patients with OSAS showed excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). We calculated the duration in which SpO2 decreased to < 90% (duration of SpO2 < 90%). The number of apnea/hypopneas per hour (AHI) during sleep was investigated with Apnomonitors (Chest MI, Co., Tokyo) on the same day as the SpO2 recordings. RESULTS: Controls showed no episodes of oxygen desaturation. In patients with OSAS, driving (33.3% of patients with OSAS) was the most common activity in which SpO2 decreased to < 90%, followed by daytime napping (27.8%) and resting after meals (22.2%). The duration of SpO2 < 90% over a 24-h period correlated significantly with the duration levels recorded during sleep (r = 0.99, p < 0.05) and in the afternoon (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), and with the AHI (r = 0.55, p < 0.05), but not with the duration of SpO2 < 90% in the morning. The number of ventricular premature beats correlated significantly with the duration of SpO2 < 90% for a 24-h period, but not with measures of HRV. Ventricular tachycardia was found in two (11.1%) and ST-T depression in three patients (16.6%) with underlying cardiac diseases. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that daytime sleep attacks accompanied by oxygen desaturation in patients with moderate to severe OSAS may contribute to the occurrence of traffic or cardiovascular accidents. We conclude that 24-h ambulatory recordings of SpO2 and ECG are useful for screening for daytime sleep sequelae associated with the potential risk of this pathology in OSAS during social activities.     

Rhythms in the central nervous system and 1/f fluctuations of the heart rate

We have developed a system to analyze heart rate variability (HRV) (power spectral array of the HRV) during 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Several rhythms (circadian and several ultradian rhythms) were observed in the power spectral array of the heart rates and 1/f-like fluctuations in the log-log scaled heart rate power spectrum. The circadian change of the heart rate is closely related to the body temperature rhythm. The 90 min rhythm of HRV during sleep was suspected to be produced by the sleep cycle (REM/NREM) and the lower frequency peak of the HRV was coherent with oscillation in amplitude modulated respiration. These circadian and ultradian rhythm as assessed by heart rate variability exist both in normal subjects and in patients with autonomic failure. The power of the high frequency band decreases in subjects with autonomic failure. The power of low frequency components increases during periodic breathing or Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Log-log scaled analysis of the power spectrum of HRV disclosed that the slope of the HRV is markedly modulated by the range of the frequency applied for the least square regression line analysis. The increased power that might be produced by periodic breathing and decreased power in patients with autonomic failure might strongly modulate the slope of the log-log scaled HRV. It is concluded that the power spectral array of the HRV during 24 h period is useful in the detection of circadian and ultradian rhythm, and log-log scaled power spectra might be useful in the overall integration of the heart rate dynamics produced by the central nervous system. The several rhythm factors that might be produced by the central nervous system might modulate 1/f fluctuations of the HRV.     

Improved computer analysis of solid phase gastric emptying scans

OBJECTIVES: The solid phase gastric emptying scan (GES) is used to confirm the clinical impression of abnormal gastric emptying. There is variability in the interpretation of GES. Determination of initial lag phase of the GES and the emptying half-time (t1/2) is generally performed by curve inspection and thus may suffer from lack of objectivity. The purpose of this study was to develop a physiological model for interpretation of the GES using nonlinear curve fitting. This model resulted in computer-generated best fits for lag time and t1/2, which were analyzed in a group of patients with suspected gastroparesis. METHODS: All gastric emptying scans performed at our institution over a 3.5-yr period were studied. Raw data from these studies were analyzed by nonlinear curve fitting. Using the equation: If (x < xo, plateau, plateau * exp( - K * (x - xo))) data were best fit to a function describing a lag followed by a log linear decay. This model generated four parameters; lag, K, t1/2, and T50%. Forty patients with less than 50% emptying at 1 h (group II) were compared with 31 patients with normal emptying (group I). RESULTS: The nonlinear model resulted in better curve fitting (higher r2) in 59 of 71 studies (81%) when compared with a monoexponential decay after a lag of 0 min. Mean lag for patients in group I was 8.5 +/- 1.2 min and was 25.9 +/- 3.1 min in group II (p < 0.0005). Mean t1/2 was 31.7 +/- 1.8 min in group I and 69.7 +/- 5.0 min in group II (p < 0.007). By adding 2 SD to lag and t1/2 in group I, normal values for these parameters were 21.9 and 52.2 min, respectively. Eleven patients in group II had a prolonged lag alone, 13 had a prolonged t1/2, and 13 had prolongation of both parameters. CONCLUSIONS: A new physiological model for the interpretation of GES is presented. Individual patients with delayed gastric emptying may have increased lag times, a decreased rate of antral emptying, or both abnormalities.