高钛球团焙烧行为及其强化技术

研究了高钛球团的焙烧特征和固结行为.随着TiO₂含量的增加,球团焙烧难度增大,当TiO₂质量分数由10%增加至21%时,高钛球团所需预热时间由12 min延长至26 min以上,焙烧球强度由每个2486 N降低至每个1728 N.高钛球团由于FeTiO₃含量高,导致氧化速度慢、预热球氧化程度低,不利于焙烧固结时钛赤铁矿固溶体晶粒的长大,使得球团固结强度差.通过添加NaOH结合润磨工艺增大颗粒表面能和反应活性,促进了固相扩散,并生成少量低熔点化合物,有利于再结晶过程的扩散迁移,使Ti富集在Fe₂TiO₅中并促进钛赤铁矿晶粒长大,强化了高钛球团焙烧固结,可使预热时间缩短至16 min,球团强度提高至每个2141 N.      

承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化固结机理与工艺制度的优化研究

本文采用各种主要分析和鉴定手段,研究了承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化固结机理及氧化动力学;用数学方法,分析了影响球团矿质量的主要因素,并对因素取值进行了优化研究。 研究表明:900℃是承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化动力学限制环节的转折点。因此,铁精矿球团氧化温度不宜高于1000℃;矿粉变细,氧化温度亦应降低。该矿球团氧化固结过程分为三个阶段,即氧化阶段,赤铁矿再结晶固结阶段和有液相参加下的赤铁矿“细粒化”及再结晶长大、晶粒连接成片阶段,球团合理的焙烧温度不得低于1250℃。优化计算得出了获得优质球团矿的最佳工艺参数组合.提出了改进承钢球团矿质量的建议。     

内配碳赤铁矿球团固结机理研究

以赤铁矿为原料,添加适量的固体燃料可以提高球团矿强度,大幅度降低焙烧燃耗,改善球团矿的冶金性能.研究碳对赤铁矿球团强度的影响,结合显微结构分析,揭示内配碳赤铁矿球团的固结机理.结果表明,内配碳赤铁矿球团焙烧过程中存在部分原生赤铁矿先被还原成磁铁矿或浮士体,然后再氧化成次生赤铁矿的过程.次生赤铁矿活性高,易发生迁移和扩散...     

承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化固结机理与工艺制度的优化研究

摘自冶金部钢铁研究总院研究生张增瑞的硕士学位论文,导师:傅松龄高级工程师、卢武林高级工程师。 本文采用各种主要分析和鉴定手段,研究了承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化固结机理及氧化动力学;用数学方法,分析了影响球团矿质量的主要因素,并对因素取值进行了优化研究。 研究表明:900℃是承德钒钛磁铁精矿球团氧化动力学限制环节的转折点。因此,铁精矿球团氧化温度不宜高于1000℃:矿粉变细,氧化温度亦应降低。该矿球团氧化固结过程分为三个阶段,即氧化阶段,赤铁矿再结晶固结阶段和有液相参加下的赤铁矿“细粒化”及再结晶长大、晶粒连接成片阶段,球     

微波加热与常规加热硅锰粉固相脱硅动力学比较

采用微波加热和常规加热对硅锰粉和巴西粉锰的脱硅反应进行了动力学行为研究,以巴西粉锰为脱硅剂,与硅锰粉中的硅发生氧化还原反应.微波加热和常规加热分别加热到不同温度并保温一定时间,测定产物中硅含量并计算固相脱硅反应的表观活化能.实验表明:单一和混合料均可在微波场中快速升温.随着温度的升高和保温时间的延长,两种加热方式脱硅率均随之提高,在相同实验条件下,微波加热的脱硅率和反应速率均高于常规加热,微波加热可以提高固相脱硅率;微波加热固相脱硅反应的限制性环节为扩散环节,其表观活化能为102.93 kJ·mol-1,常规加热脱硅反应的表观活化能为180 kJ·mol-1,说明微波加热能改善固相脱硅的动力学条件,提高固相脱硅反应速率,降低脱硅反应的活化能.      

赤铁矿组织的显微力学性能及对球团强度的影响

球团矿的固结方式主要是赤铁矿的固相固结,即通过赤铁矿的再结晶互相连接,使球团具有一定的强度。为了研究赤铁矿形态对球团强度的影响,将球团矿内的赤铁矿按形态分为:大颗粒赤铁矿、互联状小颗粒赤铁矿和赤铁矿与磁铁矿交织结构。研究了2种球团中不同形态赤铁矿的显微硬度和断裂韧性,分析了不同形态赤铁矿的显微力学性能,进而探讨了赤铁矿形态对球团矿强度影响的机理。实验结果表明,大颗粒赤铁矿和赤铁矿与磁铁矿交织结构具有很好的综合显微力学性能。在球团氧化焙烧过程中,应适当增加残存磁铁矿的比例,以增加交织结构在球团矿内的含量;同时尽可能增加赤铁矿再结晶互联时间,以改善赤铁矿的互联状况,促进大颗粒赤铁矿的形成,从而提高球团矿的抗压强度。     

含铁黏结剂对磁铁矿球团氧化动力学的影响

通过改变磁铁矿球团中含铁黏结剂的配比(0%、4%和8%),进行了球团氧化的动力学研究。首先利用TG-DTG-DSC分析确定了磁铁矿粉氧化的温度范围为240.1～1 029.7℃,其后在温度400～1 000℃和时间0～15 min内对球团进行了等温氧化动力学试验。根据反应过程中球团FeO含量随氧化时间的变化数据,分析了球团氧化度的变化规律以及含铁黏结剂对球团氧化度的影响。分别采用0级、1级和2级基元反应级数的f(C)-t图(C为质量分数,t为时间)对试验数据进行了拟合。结果表明,球团氧化反应符合1级反应的动力学规律,并确定了不同含铁黏结剂配比条件下反应的速率常数k。最后根据未反应核收缩模型和Arrhenius方程计算了反应的活化能,并判断了反应的限制性环节。研究显示,在低温段(400～700℃),含铁黏结剂配比为0%、4%和8%时,氧化反应的活化能依次为23.40、20.83、20.73 kJ/mol,表明含铁黏结剂可以加速球团的氧化进程,原因在于黏结剂结晶水的析出增加了球团内部的孔隙率,使气体O₂与磁铁矿的接触更加充分,球团氧化速率更快;但含铁黏结剂配比由4%增...     

全赤铁矿生产氧化球团实践

总结了本公司链篦机-回转窑生产线采用赤铁矿生产氧化球团的情况,通过逐步提高赤铁矿配比,摸索其球团生产的特点及相应的热工操作制度和参数,最终实现了全赤铁矿生产,且球团矿产质量满足高炉要求。     

冀东磁铁精粉球团矿的矿相结构研究

对冀东磁铁精粉球团矿的矿相结构进行了系统的研究。结果显示,冀东磁铁精粉焙烧球团矿的主晶相是赤铁矿,焙烧制度和预热制度都影响球团矿的显微特征,当球团矿预热温度950~1 000℃、预热时间20 min时,球团中Fe3O4基本完全氧化,Fe2O3再结晶明显,晶粒开始凝聚。当焙烧温度在1 300℃以上时球团矿有分解型Fe3O4出现,所以焙烧温度应选择在1 300℃以下较为合适。在焙烧温度1 250~1 275℃、焙烧时间大于20 min条件下,球团的抗压强度大于2 000 N/个。     

动态氧化条件下含钛高炉熔渣中钙钛矿析出与长大机理

动态氧化不仅有利于含钛高炉熔渣中钛组分富集于设计相(钙钛矿相),同时还会促进钙钛矿相析出与粗化,在自然重力作用下粗化的钙钛矿实现重力富集与沉降分离.本文运用玻璃形成动力学方程,对动态氧化条件下含钛熔渣中钙钛矿相形核速率和晶体生长速率进行分析和研究.结果表明,向熔渣鼓入氧气,低价钛逐渐氧化为四价钛,促进钙钛矿析出反应的进行,提高了钙钛矿晶体生长速率.继续通入氧气则氧化时间过长,熔渣中高熔点TiC和TiN固体颗粒基本消失,黏度降低,异相形核转化为均相形核,析出温度显著降低,析晶温度区间缩短,不利于钙钛矿晶粒粗化和长大.      

Effect of fluxing agents on reduction degradation behaviour of hematite pellets

During induration at a high temperature, a considerable amount of slag/melt phase forms inside the iron ore pellets, comprising SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO and FeO. After cooling, the slag phase solidifies and acts as an important bonding phase in the finished pellets and influences their room temperature as well as high temperature properties, especially reduction degradation. Fluxing agents play an important role in forming these bonding phases depending on the type and amount of flux. In the present study, the effect of different fluxing agents, namely, limestone, dolomite, magnesite and pyroxenite, on melt formation and microstructure during induration and on reduction degradation behaviour during reduction was examined. From the results, it was understood that to reduce the disintegration during reduction it is essential to increase the amount and distribution of bonding phases like silicates, which are more stable as compared to oxide phases like hematite. Acid pellets exhibited highest reduction degradation due to the presence of more hematite bonds and less silicate bonds. In limestone fluxed pellets, reduction degradation index dropped considerably with increasing CaO content due to the formation of more amount of bonding phase. Dolomite–pyroxenite pellets, on the other hand, showed lower reduction degradation index up to 0.4 basicity, and beyond that, higher degradation was observed due to the increased pore size, which resulted in poor strength of the reduced pellet matrix and hence more degradation. Low reduction degradation observed in pyroxenite and magnesite fluxed pellets could be due to the formation of magnesioferrite and silicate melt, which are more stable phases compared to hematite.     

Characterization of bonding and crystalline phases in fluxed pellets using peat moss and bentonite as binders

Pellets in the basicity range of 0.2 to 1.6 were produced from specular hematite concentrates using bentonite or peat moss as a binder. Specific pellet basicities were achieved through the addition of (1) limestone and (2) a combination of dolomite and limestone. Mineralogical study and microanalysis of the bonding and crystalline phases were done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In limestone-fluxed pellets with bentonite as a binder, although formation of calcium ferrite was noted at the basicity of 0.8, its formation in appreciable quantities was delayed until the basicity of 1.6. For the pellets produced with a combination of dolomite and limestone, even at the basicity of 1.6, only minor amounts of this phase were present. In these pellets, some magnesioferrites were formed which did not conform to the stoichiometric composition (MgOFe₂O₂), but they were quite deficient in MgO. The silicate glass phases, which essentially provided the bonding in the pellets, showed a two-zone structure: (1) magnesian-ferruginous and (2) glass containing high quantities of Si and Ca. However, in pellets with only limestone addition, the zoned structure was less prevalent, probably due to low Mg content. The results indicate that using peat moss in conjunction with limestone, pellet sticking can be minimized at higher basicities. The factors influencing the pellet bonding and the change in the physical and chemical properties of these pellets are discussed.     

Structural changes and kinetics in the gaseous reduction of hematite

The mechanism of the gaseous reduction of hematite grains to magnetite was studied. Grav-imetric measurements were carried out for the reduction of Carol Lake hematite pellets and grains in CO-CO₂ atmospheres over the temperature range 500 to 1100°C. The pore size distribution in the reduced magnetite was measured by mercury porosimetry. Partially reduced grains were examined by optical microscopy. At temperatures below 800°C, the reduction of a hematite grain to magnetite occurred at a well-defined shrinking-core inter-face. The average pore size in magnetite formed at 600°C was found to be 0.03 μm. An es-timate of the rate of CO diffusion through pores of this size indicated that the reaction rate at 600°C was controlled by a step near the hematite-magnetite interface. At temperatures above 800°C, the reaction mechanism became altered due to the preferential growth of magnetite along a single direction in each hematite grain. The reduction rate decreased with an increase in temperature, and no microporosity was present in magnetite formed at 1000°C and above. It was postulated that the reaction rate was controlled by the rate of formation of fresh nuclei and by their rate of subsequent growth. Formerly Professor of Applied Metallurgy, Imperial College     

ASSESSMENT OF REDUCTION BEHAVIOR OF HEMATITE IRON ORE PELLETS IN COAL FINES FOR APPLICATION IN SPONGE IRONMAKING

Studies on isothermal reduction kinetics (with F grade coal) in fired pellets of hematite iron ores, procured from four different mines of Orissa, were carried out in the temperature range of 850–1000°C to provide information for the Indian sponge iron plants. The rate of reduction in all the fired iron ore pellets increased markedly with a rise of temperature up to 950°C, and thereafter it decreased at 1000°C. The rate was more intense in the first 30 minutes. All iron ores exhibited almost complete reduction in their pellets at temperatures of 900 and 950°C in < 2 hours' heating time duration, and the final product morphologies consisted of prominent cracks. The kinetic model equation 1 ? (1 ? α)^1/3 = kt was found to fit best to the experimental data, and the values of apparent activation energy were evaluated. Reductions of D. R. Pattnaik and M. G. Mohanty iron ore pellets were characterized by higher activation energies (183 and 150 kJ mol^?1), indicating carbon gasification reaction to be the rate-controlling step. The results established lower values of activation energy (83 and 84 kJ mol^?1) for the reduction of G. M. OMC Ltd. and Sakaruddin iron ore pellets, proposing their overall rates to be controlled by indirect reduction reactions.     

Effect of Iron Ore Pellet Size on its Properties and Microstructure

The properties of the pellets and their microstructure mainly depend on the raw material mix proportion, raw material chemical composition and the physicochemical conditions like the temperature and oxygen partial pressure within the induration machine. The pelletising plant products are in the size range of 8 to 16 mm. With increasing pellet size, the sintering intensity, thermo‐chemical conditions and formation of different phases vary across its cross section. The time required for varies reactions within the pellet is directly proportional to the pellet size. Because of differences in pellet size, the reduction and oxidation process takes place under different conditions resulting in different phases and microstructures. In this work, detailed studies were carried out on pellets of different size (8 to 16 mm) produced from a 4.2 Mtpa pellet plant for their physical, metallurgical and microstructural properties. It was observed that the pellets in the size range of +8 to ‐12 mm showed good strength and lower RDI. It was observed that the amount of hematite, magnetite, porosity, pore density, pore size and slag phase play a significant role on pellet strength and RDI.     

铁矿-生物质复合球团还原行为及还原动力学

通过分析生物质合成气气氛下,不同组分复合球团（添加和未添加生物质）的还原速率、还原度、表面微观结构和失重变化规律．对球团中添加生物质的作用机理以及含生物质球团还原过程的限制性环节展开研究．添加生物质的复合球团表面结构比无生物质球团疏松,孔隙率高,有利于后续还原的热质传递,增加产物还原度,降低反应活化能;复合球团的还原以收缩核方式进行,在1123~1323K温度范围内,界面化学反应是两种球团还原反应的主要控速环节;添加生物质后,有利于界面化学反应的进行．使得球团的还原表观活化能由95．448kJ·mol-1降低到68．131kJ·mol-1．      

Comparison of isothermal and nonisothermal reduction

Experimental investigation of the isothermal and nonisothermal reduction of low silica hematite pellets in H₂/CO mixture between 600 and 1234°C shows that the reduction rate in H₂ rich gas mixture for nonisothermal condition is lower than for isothermal case at comparable temperatures. On the basis of the two period reduction model, some of the physical and chemical characteristics of pellets and reducing gas is calculated. Because of the advantage shown for isothermal reduction, a new technique for direct reduction of pellets is suggested.     

煤粉与半焦的混合燃烧特性及动力学分析

为探究煤粉添加半焦后混合燃料的燃烧性能,通过热重分析研究煤、半焦及其混合物的燃烧过程,得到燃烧特性参数.由于不同温度区间的燃烧反应机理不同,利用分段法对燃烧过程进行动力学分析,对燃烧反应的前、后期分别使用缩核反应模型和缩核内扩散模型进行模拟,从而得到动力学参数.结果显示,随着混合燃料中半焦含量增加,其可燃性指数和燃烧特性指数都减少,燃烧前期活化能由76.79kJ·mol-1增加到92.75kj·mol-1,后期活化能由102.62kJ·mol-1增加到107.94kJ·mol-1.说明半焦的添加会降低混合燃料的燃烧性能.对比不同半焦含量的混合燃料的燃烧特性参数和动力学参数,半焦的质量分数应控制在15%以内最适宜.