7050铝合金半连续铸锭在DSC分析过程中组织的变化

采用DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) 、金相、扫描电镜及其能谱分析等方法,研究了7050超高强铝合金φ200 mm半连续圆铸锭中非平衡凝固共晶体在DSC实验过程的变化.结果表明:7050超高强铝合金φ200 mm半连续铸锭中仅有一种非平衡凝固的低熔点共晶体,其开始熔化温度为477 ℃;当DSC分析的加热速度低于20 ℃/min时,在其加热过程,半连续铸锭中的非平衡凝固共晶体发生向具有更高熔化温度的Al2CuMg(S相)的转变,该合金中平衡S相的熔化温度为490 ℃;采用DSC方法研究非平衡凝固产物时,应考虑其在加热过程发生的转变.     

铝镁钪合金铸锭均匀化过程中的析出特性

采用半连续铸造制备了成分为Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.4(Sc-Zr),规格为300mm×1000mm的铝镁钪合金扁锭,研究了均匀化处理对铸态合金硬度、电导率和显微组织的影响。结果表明,铸态合金在均匀化处理过程中,350℃以下均匀化,合金硬度随退火温度升高而升高;350℃以上均匀化,合金硬度和硬度峰值随退火温度上升而降低,电导率则随退火温度的升高和保温时间的延长而单调上升。铸态合金均匀化处理过程中有类似于传统铝合金固溶时效过程中的析出特性,析出相主要为Al3(Sc,Zr),还有少量Al6Mn相粒子。硬度变化是半连续铸锭过程形成的含钪锆过饱和固溶体发生分解析出Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子所致。同时,含钪锆过饱和固溶体的分解析出导致基体固溶度的贫化,降低了合金的电子散射能力,合金的电导率升高。研究合金铸锭均匀化处理过程中Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子的最佳析出工艺为:300~350℃,6~8h。     

7449高强韧铝合金均匀化热处理及微观组织演变

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线物相分析(XRD)研究了7449高纯高强韧铝合金均匀化热处理制度及其微观组织演变。结果表明:7449合金铸锭组织存在枝晶偏析,Zn,Cu原子沿晶界偏析严重,非平衡共晶相沿晶界呈连续网状分布,共晶相组成为α(Al)+Mg(AlZnCu)2四元相,初始回溶温度为477℃;合金经不同均匀化热处理后,非平衡共晶相发生回溶,且析出弥散分布的Al3Zr粒子。研究了不同的均匀化热处理制度对7449合金微观组织的影响,均匀化热处理温度越高,合金非平衡共晶相回溶效果越好,合金经(440℃/12 h)+(470℃/24 h)均匀化热处理后第二相回溶充分,且析出弥散的Al3Zr粒子,抑制后续加工和固溶处理过程中的再结晶。最终确定合金合理的均匀化热处理制度为(440℃/12 h)+(470℃/24 h)。     

2099铝锂合金均匀化退火的微观组织及Al3Zr析出分析

研究2099铝锂合金铸态及均匀化处理后的微观组织和成分分布以及该合金最佳均匀化处理状态时Al3Zr的析出情况。结果表明:2099铝锂合金铸态的微观组织存在严重的枝晶偏析,很多低熔点共晶相分布在晶界,合金中Cu和Mg元素在晶界分布不均匀;经过一系列不同温度和时间的均匀化处理后,2099铝锂合金铸态微观组织中的非平衡相逐渐溶解,各元素分布趋于均匀;2099铝锂合金的过烧温度为515℃,最佳的均匀化制度为505℃/24 h;经该制度均匀化处理后,Al2CuMg、Al2CuLi和AlLi相大部分回溶进α(Al)基体中,通过透射电镜可观察到Al3Zr析出相以及α(Al)基体的超点阵结构;并且该均匀化制度与均匀化动力学方程得到的结论基本一致。     

均匀化热处理对Al-Mg-Sc铝合金铸锭微观组织和性能的影响

采用DSC差热试验方法和电镜能谱仪等检测手段,对不同温度均匀化退火后合金铸态组织和硬度进行观察和分析。结果表明:Al-Mg-Sc合金铸锭中的初生相主要为分布在晶粒内部的Al3(Sc,Zr,Ti)相与分布在晶界处的Al3Mg2相。采用较高温度470℃均匀化退火时,合金的加热应保持较低的加热速率,或者采用二级以上均匀化热处理工艺。在470℃均匀化退火时,在加热2h内硬度下降明显,保温时间延长,硬度下降变得缓慢。     

7055铝合金多级均匀化工艺研究

采用中频炉熔炼7055铝合金,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和万能拉伸机等方法研究多级均匀化工艺对7055铝合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明：未经均匀化处理的7055铝合金铸锭存在着严重的组织偏析,合金经470℃×30 h单极均匀化处理后,晶界上的非平衡相有所减少,已形成不连续分布,成分偏析得到改善;在单极均匀化基础上增加410℃×4 h的中间保温,均匀化效果更好,非平衡相的溶解数量增多,晶界更为平直,且形状规整;而经250℃×4 h＋410℃×4 h＋470℃×30 h三级均匀化处理后,消除了铸锭晶界上的非平衡凝固共晶组织,晶界呈线条状。经时效处理后,其力学性能较优。     

半连续铸造7136超高强铝合金的组织特征及均匀化处理工艺

以半连续铸造7136铝合金为研究对象, 以铸态组织分析为基础, 采用双级均匀化. 结果表明: 与其他7×××系铝合金相比, 7136铝合金铸态组织没有明显的层片状α(Al)+T共晶相的特征, 也没有发现S相的存在. 基体中的弥散相为微米级的圆形或棒状MgZn₂相, Mg元素和Zn元素随着液态合金的凝固, 在Al基体中以MgZn₂相的形式析出, 为了平衡Mg元素和Zn元素的分配系数, Mg元素和Zn元素从液态向固态迁移, 这也是使得晶内Zn元素和Mg元素偏高的原因. 经过462℃, 24 h单级均匀化, 残留相大致消除. 随着均匀化时间的延长, 残留相有减少的趋势, 但作用相对较小. 经过450℃, 24 h+470℃, 24 h双级均匀化, 差示扫描量热法获取的峰值非常小, 晶间除了少量高熔点Al₇Cu₂Fe相残留, Al₂Cu等其他相已基本消除, 均匀化效果显著.      

强化固溶对2014铝合金组织与性能的影响

铸锭中粗大的第二相和非平衡结晶析出的粗大晶界共晶相具有组织“遗传”效应,常规的铸锭均匀化、铸锭变形加工以及变形态的固溶处理工艺可以提高合金元素的均匀化程度和在铝基体在的固溶度,达到减少粗大第二相和共晶相造成不利影响的目的,但传统的热处理工艺不能彻底消除粗大的第二相,制约了合金性能。通过铸锭强化均匀化和变形组织和强化固溶可以基本消除粗大的在第二相,大幅度提高合金的性能,对２０１４铝合金的研究结果表明     

7449铝合金铸锭均匀化工艺及组织分析

采用不同均匀化处理制度,分析不同均匀化制度处理后的7449铝合金铸锭力学性能和微观组织,同时对铸锭不同位置进行能谱分析。研究结果表明,7449合金铸锭在经过440℃×12h+470℃×24h均匀化处理后,力学性能也更加优异,第二相回溶更充分,消除了晶内偏析且无过烧现象,析出大量细小的弥散颗粒,钉扎晶界和亚晶界,只残留少许未溶相;大部分MgZn_2都已经回溶到基体中,析出的强化相主要为S相和T相,杂质Fe和Si的主要存在形式为Al_7Cu_2Fe和游离Si。     

2524铸态合金均匀化过程中微观组织的变化

在不同温度和不同保温时间条件下对2524铸态合金进行均匀化处理,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和金相显微镜(OM)等,研究2524铸态合金在均匀化过程中微观组织的变化,并分析在不同的均匀化处理状态下T相(即Al20Cu2Mn3相)的析出情况。结果表明:2524铸态合金中存在严重的枝晶偏析,大量的非平衡共晶相连续地沿晶界分布,主要的第二相为Al2Cu和Al2Cu Mg;主要合金元素不同程度地富集在晶界,富集程度为CuMgMn;最佳的均匀化处理制度为500℃/48 h,均匀化处理后,Al2Cu和Al2Cu Mg基本回溶至基体,只余少量难溶的Al Cu Fe Mn相散布在晶界,该均匀化制度与均匀化动力学方程的计算结果基本一致;随均匀化处理温度升高,T相粒子的尺寸逐渐增大而数目逐渐减少。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.