Preliminary straightening of thick steel sheet in a seven-roller machine

A mathematical model is proposed for determining the forces and torques in the preliminary cold straightening of thick steel sheet in a seven-roller machine. On that basis, the bearing reaction of the working rollers, the residual stress in the wall of the steel sheet, the proportion of plastic strain over the sheet thickness, and the relative strain of longitudinal surface fibers of the sheet in straightening may be determined as a function of the working-roller radius, the spacing between rollers of the straightening machine, the reduction of the sheet by the upper rollers, and the sheet thickness, as well as the Young’s modulus, yield point, and strengthening modulus of the sheet. The results may be used at manufacturing and metallurgical plants.     

宽厚板预矫机负扭矩分析

宽厚板七辊预矫机是提高板带平直度、均匀或减小残余应力分布的重要环节,其矫直水平直接决定了产品质量.以宽厚板实际变形情况为背景,通过研究材料变形与各道次下的弯曲曲率及弯曲挠度之间的关系,对负扭矩的产生原因进行了分析;与此同时采用应变电桥法对七辊预矫过程中传动轴扭矩测试信号进行了分析,并通过有限元模拟进行对比分析.研究结果表明:负扭矩的产生是由于集中驱动所提供的同一转速与压弯量不同形成的不均一速度,二者无法适应引起的;负扭矩导致各个辊负载扭矩重新分配,最终对矫直辊面造成损伤;并在此基础上优化矫直工艺参数,将第二台电机的转速提高30％后,6号辊负扭矩现象得到缓解,3号和5号辊扭矩剧增现象得以消除,矫后板平直度得到改善,矫后残余应力分布更加均匀.     

Asymmetric three-roller sheet-bending systems in steel-pipe production

Various attachments are used to produce components of particular configurations from metal sheet. In particular, sheet-bending roller systems may be classified in terms of the number of rollers (two, three, or four); the type of drive (mechanical, pneumatic, electromechanical, hydraulic); and the roller configuration (symmetric, asymmetric). Three-roller systems are used for the production of cylindrical, oval, and conical components by bending the metal sheet. They may be employed to manufacture pipes, channels, airways, shells, barrels, and sheathes. The operation of three-roller sheet-bending systems is based on the rotation of rollers in opposite directions, so that the sheet is captured and bent to the specified radius. To facilitate sheet supply and the release of the products bent into closed circles, the three-roller sheet-bending systems are combined with a removable front shaft applying a pressure that may be adjusted. In the three-roller systems, the diameter of the upper roller is about 1.5 times that of the lower rollers. In shaping, the rollers perform reversible motion. The upper roller may be raised and lowered to regulate the diameter of the circle produced. In this approach, extremely small sheet sections remain flat. This problem is eliminated by bending the ends of the sheet in a press or in a roller mill. In the present work, a mathematical method is proposed for determining the forces and torques in cold flexure of thick steel sheet on three-roller sheet-bending systems. The calculations permit the determination of the reaction of the roller supports, the residual stress in the wall of the steel sheet, the proportion of the plastic deformation over the sheet thickness, and the relative deformation of longitudinal surface fibers of the sheet in flexure as a function of the roller radius, the roller spacing, the reduction of the sheet by the upper roller, the sheet thickness, the Young’s modulus, the yield point, and the strengthening modulus of the steel sheet. The results may be used at metallurgical and manufacturing plants in the production of large-diameter steel pipe for major pipelines.     

Geometry of steel sheet in a seven-roller straightening machine

A method of determining the parameters of preliminary cold straightening of steel sheet on a seven-roller machine is proposed. The calculations permit the determination of the shape and curvature of the sheet’s central plane during and after straightening, as a function of the radius and spacing of the rollers, the reduction of the sheet by the upper rollers, the sheet thickness, and also the Young’s modulus, yield point, and hardening modulus of the steel. The results may be used at steel plants in the production of broad sheet and thick-walled pipe for pipelines.     

二辊矫直机凹辊辊形设计

 针对某钢厂新引进的棒材二辊矫直机的辊子需要国外进口,成本昂贵的问题,在对矫直过程中残余曲率的变化规律及辊形计算方法研究的基础上,结合有限元计算,通过分析塑性变形以及矫直后的棒材平直度,对弯曲曲率进行修正,得出相应辊形并进行有限元模拟,直到矫直后的棒材平直度达到要求,进而得出合理的凹辊辊形。该辊形与实测的辊形进行对比,基本一致。     

六斜辊管材矫直过程精度解析

摘要：以管材六斜辊矫直过程为研究对象,推导了管材经一次反弯后,弹复曲率及残余曲率的演变过程。根据管材旋转一圈弯曲2次,计算了管材全流程矫直微元段的反弯次数;借助三次样条函数,以管材与矫直辊接触点为特征点,拟合出了管材在辊系中的弯曲形态。基于所获得的函数,可以获得任意位置处的弯曲曲率;对某一微梁段的反弯弹复过程进行循环迭代,计算出管材微梁段的最终残余曲率,进而得到最终的管材矫后的直线度精度。通过与现场矫直数据对比,证明该模型能够可靠地预测六斜辊矫直精度,为科学合理的设定矫直参数奠定了理论基础。     

重轨九辊水平矫直压下量的模拟分析

利用ansys workbench以及ansys/ls-dyna软件相结合的方法,对60 kg/m的重轨在利用九辊水平矫直时的压下量进行分析,分别在实测值的压下量以及利用虚拟支点理论建立的理论压下量的基础上,建立了矫直规程并进行了模拟仿真,对两种规程下的重轨平直度、重轨纵向残余应力的大小和分布、横截面的应力大小和分布进行分析,结果表明：利用理论值矫直后的重轨平直度有了很大的提高,残余应力也有了显著的减少,并且分布更加均匀.     

3D surface microtopography of cold-rolled and galvanized strip

The switch from 2D filtration to 3D filtration of surface microtopography is described. Important new surface parameters in the metallurgical industry are considered. The use of 3D parameters reveals new aspects of working-roller wear and the development of roughness at the surface of cold-rolled and galvanized auto-industry steel sheet and permits comparison of the surface roughness of coated and uncoated sheet. On that basis, the development of roughness on auto-industry steel sheet in temper rolling may be reassessed; the surface texturing of the rollers may be further improved; and the quantity of rolled metal obtained from a single pair of working rollers may be considerably increased.     

Principle of Multi-roller Straightening Process and Quantitative Resolutions of Straightening Strategies

The multi-roller straightening process of section steel is analyzed by the springback theory of small curva- ture plane bending. The theoretical analysis results prove the curvature unification in straightening process and clear- ly reveal the principle of the multi-roller straightening process. The principle can be described as~ the initial curva- tures are reduced by several times anti-bendingl meanwhile the initial curvature differences are diminished and the residual curvatures are unified~ finally, the member after curvature unification is straightened by the last anti-ben- ding. With the plastic region ratios becoming larger, the initial curvatures are more easily unified in straightening process. Based on the plastic region ratios and the required number of roller systems for unifying the initial curva- tures, the large deformation straightening strategy and the small deformation straightening strategy are redefined. The new definition provides an important theoretical basis for setting reliable reduction rules. Through the theoretical analysis results, a new straightener design philosophy is proposed to improve the straightening quality and further increase the adjustment precision as well as the flexibility of the last roller system. The adjustable end roller emerges as the times required, achieving a good effect in practical application.     

18－8型不锈微型工字钢的矫直与设备参数

１８－８型不锈微型工字钢因断面小和两个方向尺寸的相对接近而产生严重的双向弯曲，加之该材料的高强化系数（η＝０．２５），使普通的单向弯曲矫直方法很难保证矫直精度，故确定采用立辊组与水平辊组联合的双向辊式弯曲矫直新方案。文中同时推荐了带微张力的拉伸弯曲矫直新工艺。     

中厚板矫直环节三次氧化铁皮压入的研究

通过统计分析与对比试验,论证了中厚板矫直过程中,三次氧化铁皮在强力矫直机工作辊压力下压入钢板并造成钢板表面缺陷的可能性。并对中厚板矫直环节氧化铁皮压入缺陷的形貌及特征做了总结,对矫直环节的氧化铁皮压入过程及原因进行了系统的分析与阐述。指出三次氧化铁皮的生成、氧化铁皮受外加弯曲力发生崩裂并积聚、垂直于钢板表面的压力是矫直环节氧化铁皮压入的3个必要条件;还指出了影响中厚板矫直环节氧化铁皮压入的几个关键工艺点以及如何预防或减少矫直环节的氧化铁皮压入缺陷。     

棒材二辊矫直过程曲率的全流程定量解析

为了摸清棒材斜辊矫直过程中各曲率的变化规律,应用小曲率平面弯曲弹复理论以及棒材弯曲弹复的曲率方程式,实现棒材一次反弯弹复的计算模型,基于棒材每旋转半周反弯一次的规律以及上一次弹复后的残余曲率认为是下一次弯曲的原始曲率,建立棒材全流程二辊矫直过程弯曲弹复模型,获得整个矫直过程中原始曲率、弯曲曲率、弹复曲率以及残余曲率的演变过程,得到棒材最终的残余曲率.应用该理论模型对现场生产过程进行了计算,与现场结果一致,验证了理论模型的正确性.应用所建立的理论模型对不同直径、不同材料屈服强度、不同原始挠度的棒材矫直过程分别进行分析,获得了不同来料参数情况下矫直过程的变形规律.该模型可以为二辊矫直机辊型优化设计与工艺参数计算提供理论依据.      

辊式矫直机矫直板带浪形的有限元仿真分析

 辊式矫直机的矫直功能是中厚板生产线上保证板带板形的重要手段,其矫直过程可以消除或均匀板带内部残余应力,对提高板带综合质量具有重要意义。为了分析矫直机对带有边浪的板带的矫直过程以及矫直效果,首先建立了板带弯曲挠度的计算模型,为确定矫直辊的压弯量奠定了基础。在矫直模型作为压弯量设定的基础上,参考现场实际设备尺寸,通过借助大型商用有限元软件ANSYS建立了11辊的辊式矫直机有限元仿真模型,并针对研究目标设计了相应的仿真工况,将模型的矫直过程调整为采用上辊系整体压下倾斜的设置,对不同浪高的板带进行仿真分析。将有限元模型计算出的矫直力与生产实际设备的矫直力进行对比,有限元模型的矫直力计算偏差约为8.3%,满足计算精度要求。设置边浪浪高分别为5、10、20 mm的板带作为仿真工况,对其矫直过程进行仿真计算,提取仿真结果中的相关数据进行分析,发现在不采用弯辊的条件下,矫直过程同样具有消除板带不平度的作用。结果表明,在浪高较大时,矫直过程消除不平度的作用明显,但是矫直后板带并不能达到最终的平整度要求;在浪高较小时,矫直过程对不平度的消除能力较弱,但矫直后板带不平度可以达到最终的平整度要求。在分析的基础上,在工业现场的实际设备中进行相关试验,试验数据表明,仿真结果与试验结果趋势相同。     

矫直工艺对Zr-Sn-Nb系合金管材氢化物取向的影响

核反应堆包壳管的氢化物取向因子会较大程度的影响其力学性能和使用性能。为此,使用6辊精密管材矫直机对?10 mm的Zr-Sn-Nb系合金成品管材进行矫直实验,研究辊缝值、弯曲量及矫直辊角度对其氢化物取向因子的影响。采用X射线衍射技术分析矫直管材的残余应力,采用光学显微镜观察高压釜渗氢试样的氢化物分布,并通过评级软件检测氢化物取向因子(Fn~(40°))。结果表明:辊缝值、弯曲量及矫直辊角度均对矫直后管材的残余应力有显著影响,并且管材氢化物取向因子随着残余应力的增大而增大。当辊缝值≥10 mm,弯曲量≤4.2 mm,矫直辊角度在31.5°～33.5°之间时管材残余正应力≤35.6 MPa,切应力≤37.8 MPa,此时氢化物取向呈周向或接近周向,氢化物取向因子满足技术要求。     

Elastoplastic Flexure of Round Steel Beams. 1. Springback Coefficient

Round steel beams are widely used in metallurgy, manufacturing, and construction. It is often irreplaceable in the production of machines and mechanical equipment on account of its excellent corrosion resistance and remarkable strength. Cylindrical springs for road and railroad vehicles are manufactured from round beams by means of special bending machines. Round beams also serve as blanks in the production of seamless pipe for the oil and gas industry. Stepped round beams are used as rollers in rolling and straightening mills. Steel rebar is manufactured from round beams of similar size. Outside Russia, the main producers of continuous-casting machines for the production of round billet are SMS Demag (Germany), Danieli (Italy), SMS Concast (Switzerland), and Siemens VAI (Austria). Russian producers include AO Chusovskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod, PAO Chelyabinskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat, AO Volzhskii Trunbnyi Zavod, OAO Nizhneserginskii Metizno-Metallurgicheskii Zavod, AO Chepetskii Mekhanicheskii Zavod, PAO Severskii Trubnyi Zavod, and PAO Taganrogskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod. In the manufacture of parts from round beams and their use, they often experience elastic or elastoplastic flexure or complex torsion and flexure. In the present work, we propose an analytical method of calculating the residual curvature of round steel beams in elastoplastic flexure. In the calculations, the residual curvature of the round beam after flexure and the bending moments of the beam cross section in flexure are determined as a function of the beam radius, the Young’s modulus, the yield point, and the hardening modulus of the steel. The results may be widely used at manufacturing and metallurgical plants.     

H型钢辊式矫直过程残余应力理论研究

H型钢辊式矫直过程及矫直后的残余应力对其承载能力有很大影响,传统上以残余几何形态评价矫直效果存在一定不足.基于弹塑性理论,对辊式矫直过程中H型钢断面上弹性核高度和残余应力进行了理论研究,推导出了相关解析公式,结合实例计算及仿真,验证了解析公式的正确性,对现场工艺参数的制定提供了理论依据.     

直弧型板坯连铸机连续弯曲矫直曲线的优化研究

开发了一种新型理想连续弯曲矫直曲线,通过辊列曲线的优化设计完成了对鞍钢二炼钢厂R9 300 mm直弧型板坯连铸机的连续弯曲、矫直改造,做到了铸机水平出坯线标高及外弧基准线均不变,这是传统的连续弯曲矫直曲线所做不到的。同时该辊列曲线还具有使较高温度区域铸坯的应变速率适当大于较低温度区域的应变速率的特点,以便更加充分地利用铸坯高温蠕变和应力松弛的力学特性;该曲线更适合于新铸机的设计。     

Continuous bending and straightening technology of Q345c slab based on high-temperature creep deformation

A new continuous bending and straightening casting curve with the aim of full using of high-temperature creep deformation was proposed.The curvature of bending and straightening segment varies as sine law with arc length.The basic arc segment is shortened significantly so that the length of bending and straightening area can be extended and the time of creep behavior can be increased.The distance from solidifying front in the slab was calculated at 1 200°C by finite element method.The maximum strain rate of new casting curve at different locations inside the slab is 6.39×10~(-5) s~(-1) during the bending segment and it tends to be 3.70×10-5 s~(-1) in the straightening segment.The minimum creep strain rate is 7.45×10~(-5) s~(-1)when the stress is 14 MPa at 1 200°C.The strain rate of new casting machine can be less than the minimum creep strain rate.Thus,there is only creep deformation and no plastic deformation in the bending and straightening process of steel continuous casting.Deformation of slabs depending on creep behavior only comes true.It is helpful for the design of the new casting machine and improvement of old casting machine depending on high temperature creep property.     

水平连铸送坯装置频繁损坏原因分析及改进措施

通过对水平连铸机送坯辊道的受力情况进行全面分析和计算,并采用高硫合金自润滑轴承代替原单列滚针轴承,有效地解决了高温条件下送坯辊道频繁损坏的问题,送坯辊的平均使用寿命由2个月以下提高到20个月以上。同时,因辊道窜动引起的铸坯弯曲情况得到改善。     

基于配合辊系的楔形板矫直工艺

 采用常规矫直辊系矫直楔形板严重降低了楔形板矫直范围和效率，为了提高楔形板矫直厚度范围和矫直质量，提出了一种基于配合辊系（大直径矫直辊系和小直径矫直辊系）的楔形板矫直方法。首先研究了配合辊系矫直机辊径、辊距与楔形板矫直效果的关系，设计了楔形板矫直机配合辊系，给出了矫直工艺方案；然后给出了配合辊系矫直楔形板的分区原则，基于有限元法建立了基于配合辊系的楔形板矫直过程有限元模型，仿真结果与实测结果一致，验证了有限元模型的正确性；最后对基于配合辊系的楔形板矫直过程进行仿真，计算了常规辊系和配合辊系下楔形板矫直力及残余应力，分析了不同板厚分区对楔形板矫直效果的影响，结果表明，配合辊系设计方案适合楔形板矫直过程且矫直效果较好。