电磁搅拌在钢水连铸工艺中的应用

在连铸工艺上连铸坯的结晶过程可以分成3个特有的阶段：在结晶器中的凝阎、在二冷区的凝固和在凝固结束区（即铸坯中残余液相占铸坯横断面积10-30％的那部分）中宏观组织的形成。为获得最大效果，在结晶器、二冷区、凝固结束区3段（有时是4段）进行了采用电磁搅拌的试验。     

二冷强度对连铸小方坯凝固过程影响规律的数模研究

针对连铸小方坯的中心疏松等质量缺陷,建立了凝固传热数学模型,以研究二冷强度对连铸小方坯凝固过程的影响规律,优化二冷制度,改善铸坯质量.本文基于射钉和测温实验所建立的小方坯凝固传热模型精细度较高,用此模型深入研究二冷喷嘴的数量和喷射范围对小方坯凝固传热的影响;经验证,模拟结果与实测结果误差在1.7%以内.利用该模型定量分析了二冷强度对铸坯温度,凝固坯壳厚度和凝固终点的影响规律.结果表明,随着二冷强度的增大,二冷区内的铸坯表面中心温度降低,而进入空冷区后则逐渐趋于一致.二冷强度每增加10%,足辊段出口处温度平均降低8℃,二冷一段出口处温度平均降低10.75℃,二冷二段出口处温度平均降低10.75℃,二冷三段出口处温度平均降低9.75℃,铸坯凝固终点缩短约0.168 m.     

二冷过程动态分析软件的开发和应用

在连铸生产过程中，二冷段是影响铸坯质量的重要环节，二冷段中的弯曲／矫直段是内裂和中心偏析等质量问题的易发区域，它们与二冷段铸坯的应变状况有着紧密的联系，这些参数不能在线测量获得，为了获得这些参数，必须首先计算铸坯坯壳凝固过程，掌握坯壳各个方面的温度场分布，在此基础上计算坯壳应变分布。为此，我们开发了二冷过程动态分析软件。     

涟钢ROKOP高效连铸方坯凝固传热的数学模型

建立了ROKOP高效连铸坯的凝固传热数学模型。提出二冷区总有效喷淋系数E与各段有效喷淋系数Ei、水量Qi和二冷段总水量Q的关系式E =Σ(EiQi) /Q ,二冷段有效比水量Bv与二冷段比水量B的关系为Bv =BE。应用该模型进行仿真计算 ,获得涟钢 6流ROKOP连铸机二冷区各段水量的控制方法。经生产实践证明 ,在生产 15 0mm× 15 0mm铸坯的拉速达到 3.8～ 4 .0m/min时自动控制的二次冷却制度满足工业连铸要求 ,得到优质铸坯。     

提高热送连铸坯温度的试验研究

采用远红外非接触测温和射钉法对武钢三炼钢的板坯连铸机典型二冷模式下铸坯的表面温度及凝固坯壳厚度进行了研究，发现通过矫直区进入水平段之后铸坯表面温度持续降低，机尾附近铸坯表面温度仅为710～820℃。根据坯壳厚度变化得出的典型二冷模式下综合凝固系数K为24～27mm／min^1/2，根据凝固终点与K的关系，将浇铸低碳铝镇静钢时的拉速由1．1m／min左右提高到1．4～1．5m／min，使铸坯的凝固终点向机尾延伸，铸坯出机表面温度提高到了920～940℃。     

大方坯在连铸过程中传热及凝固规律的数学模拟

结晶器和二冷区传热对大方坯产品质量和铸机的生产率有重要影响。讨论了包头钢铁集团公司引进的大方坯连铸机在拉坯时结晶器和二冷区的传热、坏壳凝固生长和铸坯温度的变化规律。着重讨论了电磁搅拌、过热度和拉速对坏壳凝固和生长规律的影响。指出影响铸坯凝固的主要因素是凝固潜热，影响凝固末端位置的最主要工艺参数是拉坯速度，而电磁搅拌对其影响区内的传热、坯壳生长和铸坯温度亦有较大影响。     

电磁搅拌在连铸工艺中的应用

在连铸工艺线上，连铸坯的结晶过程可以分成三个阶段：在结晶器内的凝固、在二冷段的凝固以及在最终凝固段宏观组织的形成，在最终凝固段铸坯内残留的液相，只占铸坯横断面的10％～30％。为了得到最佳的效果，曾尝试在结晶器、二冷段和最终凝固段都采用电磁搅拌。     

连铸二冷区喷嘴布置方式优化方法

对现有连铸二冷区喷嘴布置进行分析,根据布置优化原则提出采用喷嘴水流密度数值叠加的方法,在拉坯方向和铸坯横断面方向上对喷嘴布置方式进行优化.其中,在铸坯横断面方向上,考虑了横向水流密度分布的不均匀性对铸坯凝固过程的影响,建立二维铸坯传热数学模型,仿真得到不同位置的铸坯断面凝固形貌,并比较了优化前后铸坯温度分布、凝固情况和铸坯质量.结果表明喷嘴布置方式优化后,二冷区铸坯在拉坯方向和断面方向上喷淋水区域内均匀冷却,周期性温度回升变小,表面温度能够均匀下降,保证了较好的铸坯内部质量.     

40Cr合金结构钢方坯连铸二冷制度的优化

建立了连铸方坯的凝固传热模型，并采用红外测温法对模型的准确性进行了验证。通过模型计算分析了40Cr合金结构钢现行二冷制度存在的问题，发现足辊段冷却强度过大，二冷段一区存在较大的温度回升；二冷比水量偏高，铸坯在矫直点的表面温度偏低。将不同的水量调整参数（K值）组合代人模型计算，优化得到了较为合理的K值组合K0=0．3，K1=1．0，K2=0．9，K3=0．7。优化K值后，降低了足辊段水量，二冷段一区的温度回升幅度变小；同时降低了二冷比水量，提高了铸坯的矫直温度，避开了脆性温度区，降低了铸坯裂纹的发生率，为现场连铸工艺的优化提供了技术指导。     

高碳耐磨球钢大方坯凝固及坯壳生长规律研究

基于ANSYS软件建立了310mm×360mm断面大方坯连铸过程二维凝固传热数学模型,通过窄面射钉试验及铸坯表面测温对模型的准确性进行了验证,模拟了不同碳含量的高碳耐磨球钢大方坯宽面和窄面凝固坯壳的生长。结果表明模型能精确地获得不同工况下任意位置凝固坯壳的厚度分布、凝固终点位置及铸坯中心固相率;发现不同碳含量的高碳耐磨球钢具有相同的凝固规律:结晶器弯月面至二冷区出口,相应的铸坯柱状晶区凝固坯壳厚度与凝固时间的平方根呈线性关系,符合平方根定律,并对平方根定律进行了修正,修正项与过热度有关;二冷区出口至凝固终点,相应的铸坯等轴晶区凝固坯壳厚度与凝固时间的平方根呈非线性关系,不再符合平方根定律。     

连铸二冷喷淋喷嘴分布配置的研究

根据连铸坯的凝固传热规律,采用数学解析法,推导出二冷喷淋区某喷淋冷却段内的喷嘴分布配置方法,使喷淋冷却段内的喷淋水量分布与连铸坯的凝固传热特性相适应,以进一步改善铸坯质量。     

Compensation Control Model of Superheat and Cooling Water Temperature for Secondary Cooling of Continuous Casting

In this paper, a compensation control model of secondary cooling process of billet continuous casting for quality steel has been presented. The effects on the spray control of the various parameters such as steel superheat, casting speed, cooling water temperature and chemical component of steel were considered. The parameters of control model were determined to associate with the two‐dimensional heat transfer equation and solved by finite‐difference method. Effects of steel superheat and cooling water temperature on surface temperature, solidification structure and solidifying end point were discussed. Results indicate that steel superheat significantly affects solidification structure and solidifying end point but has a little effect on slab surface temperature. Moreover, secondary cooling water temperature affects surface temperature and solidifying end point but has a little effect on solidification structure. The surface temperature and solidifying end point can be maintain stabilized through applying the compensation control model when steel superheat and cooling water temperature vary. The models have been validated by industrial measurements. The results show that the simulations are in very good agreement with the real casting situation.     

GCr15钢喷射成形沉积坯孔隙形成及致密度的分析

GCr15钢(1.01%C、1.48%Cr)经100kg中频感应炉熔化至1 580℃,金属液流经炉底导液管喷嘴处被高压氮气流在雾化室雾化成微米级液滴,在基底形成沉积坯。通过使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对GCr15钢喷射成形试样的孔隙分布、微观组织和密度进行比较分析。结果表明,沉积坯截面上有宏观孔隙,在整个截面上也存在一些形状不规则的孔隙;沉积坯整体平均相对致密度为85.51%。     

应用直接差分法计算矩形坯连铸数学模型

根据连铸矩形坯凝固传热特点，在上钢三厂转炉１号连铸机二冷系统改造中，运用直接差分法计算了二维非稳态矩形坯凝固传热数学模型，又依二冷区各段出口目标温度不随拉速改变为配水原则，进行了矩形坯连铸机二冷配水计算，为该铸机提高拉速找到了理论依据。     

Dynamic Water Modeling and Application of Billet Continuous Casting

The continuous casting process is used for solidifying molten steel into semi-finished steel.The technology of secondary cooling is extremely important for output of the casting machine and billet quality.A dynamic water model was introduced,including solidification model in the secondary cooling,feedforward control strategy based on continuous temperature measurement in tundish,and feedback control strategy based on surface temperature measurement.The mathematical model of solidification process was developed according to the principle of solidification,and the solidification model was validated by measuring billet shell thickness through shooting nail and sulfur print.Primary water distribution was calculated by the solidification model according to procedure parameters,and it was adjusted by the other two control strategies online.The model was applied on some caster and billet quality was obviously improved,indicating that the dynamic water model is better than conventional ones.     

Analysis of thermomechanical behaviour in billet casting with different mould corner radii

Abstract

A finite element thermal stress model to compute the thermomechanical state of the solidifying shell during continuous casting of steel in a square billet casting mould has been applied to investigate longitudinal cracks. A two-dimensional thermoelastoviscoplastic analysis was carried out within a horizontal slice of the solidifying strand which moves vertically within and just below the mould. The model calculates the temperature distributions, the stresses, the strains in the solidifying shell, and the intermittent air gap between the casting mould and the solidifying strand. Model predictions were verified with both an analytical solution and a plant trial. The model was then applied to study the effect of mould corner radius on longitudinal crack formation for casting in a typical 0·75%/m tapered mould with both oil and mould powder lubrication. With this inadequate linear taper, a gap forms between the shell and the mould in the corner region. As the corner radius of the billet increases from 4 to 15 mm, this gap spreads further around the corner towards the centre of the strand and becomes larger. This leads to more temperature non-uniformity around the billet perimeter as solidification proceeds. Longitudinal corner surface cracks are predicted to form only in the large corner radius billet, owing to tension in the hotter and thinner shell along the corner during solidification in the mould. Off corner internal cracks form more readily in the small corner radius billet. They are caused by bulging below the mould, which bends the thin, weak shell around the corner, creating tensile strain on the solidification front where these longitudinal cracks are ultimately observed.     

Application of Hot Strength and Ductility Test to Optimization of Secondary Cooling System in Billet Continuous Casting Process

By means of Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermomechanical simulator, the continuous casting process for HRB335C steel was simulated using solidifying method and hot ductility and strength of the steel were determined. The test results indicate that there are three temperature regions of brittleness for HRB335C billet in the temperature range from 700 ℃ to solidification point; the first temperature region of brittleness is 1 300 ℃ to solidification point of the billet, the second temperature region of brittleness is 1 200-- 1 000 ℃, and the third temperature region of brittleness is 700-850 ℃ ; the steel is plastic at 850--1 000 ℃. The cracking sensitivity was studied in the different temperature zones of the brittleness for steel HRB335C and the target surface temperature curve for the secondary cooling is determined. With optimized process, the mathematical model of the steady temperature field with two-dimensional heat transfer for 150 mm×150 mm HRB335C steel billet was established to optimize the secondary cooling process. The conic relation of water distribution between secondary cooling water flux and casting speed is regressed. Keeping the surface temperature of billet before the straightening point above 1 000 ℃, the results of billet test indicate that there is free central shrinkage cavity. The billet defect is decreased greatly, and the quality of billet is obviously improved.     

矩形坯连铸机凝固末端位置的模拟计算

根据连铸矩形坯凝固传热特点，运用直接差分法建立了二维非稳态矩形坯凝固传热模型，对首钢矩形坯进行了凝固末端位置的模拟计算，得出了3种断面的液芯长度，找了搅拌器的合适位．置。     

结合射钉实验与数值模拟对凝固进程精确预测研究

结合大方批连铸机设备和工艺特点与要求,采用射钉法测量不同工艺条件下40CrA和GCr15两个钢种的铸坯凝固坯壳厚度,并将测量结果与数值模拟结果进行了综合验证。结果表明,结合射钉实验和数值模拟能更精确跟踪铸坯的凝固进程,为轻压下工艺提供可靠的凝固信息。