含钢渣的低熟料混凝土耐久性及水化机理研究

研究了不同钢渣掺量对C40低熟料胶凝材料混凝土的碳化、电通量、抗冻等耐久性的影响,结果表明,钢渣掺量为15%时,混凝土碳化深度最小,抗碳化等级为T-Ⅳ;抗氯离子渗透和抗冻性能在钢渣掺量为10%时最佳,分别达到Q-Ⅴ和F275等级。采用XRD、IR和SEM等手段分析了10%钢渣掺量的低熟料胶凝材料水化机理,结果表明,胶凝体系主要水化产物是水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和钙矾石(AFt);水泥熟料和钢渣先后水化,产生的OH-维持体系的碱性环境,使矿渣中的硅(铝)氧四面体逐渐解离,在SO2-₄的共同作用下形成C-S-H凝胶和AFt;矿渣和钢渣的水化相互促进,使胶凝体系在后期仍然产生大量水化产物,为混凝土后期强度和密实度的提高起到了重要作用。     

铅锌尾矿对水泥性能及矿物组成的影响

研究以铅锌尾矿为水泥原料,设计不同尾矿掺量的配方分别在1350℃下煅烧制备硅酸盐水泥熟料.采用甘油酒精法分析生料的易烧性,根据《水泥胶砂强度检测方法（ISO法）》测量水泥各龄期的抗压、抗折强度,用XRD研究了熟料的矿物组成,用SEM分析了矿物的晶体形貌.试验结果表明：当铅锌尾矿掺量为12.25%时,熟料中f-CaO含量最低,为0.07%.当铅锌尾矿掺量为12.25%-16%时,水泥各龄期强度均超过GB175-2007中规定的42.5标准水泥,其中铅锌尾矿掺量为12.25%时,3 d、28 d抗压强度分别为21.8 MPa、51.3 MPa.掺入铅锌尾矿后,熟料主要矿物为C3S,矿物形成良好.     

锰铁合金渣用于绿色生态水泥的研究

锰铁合金渣具有潜在的水硬性和火山灰性，可用作混凝土掺合料和水泥混合材料。本文对锰铁合金渣和矿渣微粉混掺用于绿色生态水泥进行了研究，通过XRD和SEM分析水化产物表明，随着锰铁合金渣掺入量的提高，水泥水化延迟，但在水泥水化后期锰铁合金渣活性完全发挥出来后，掺加40％锰渣的水泥强度和结构与其它水泥相比差别不大。     

含钒钢渣微粉用作水泥混合材的性能研究

采用含钒钢渣微粉用作混合材制备了钢渣硅酸盐水泥,考察了不同钢渣掺量对水泥的安定性、强度和水化放热量的影响。结果表明:随着掺渣量增加,水泥的标准稠度下降,凝结时间延长,且掺渣量在30%以下,水泥的安定性合格;水泥的强度随掺渣量增加而下降,掺渣量为20%和30%时,水泥强度分别达到52.5R和42.5R强度等级;水泥的水化放热量随掺渣量增加而下降,该钢渣适用于大体积建筑施工。     

石粉对赤泥基注浆材料的影响机制

为明确石粉掺合料对地聚物材料的作用机理,以赤泥基注浆材料为研究对象,系统研究了石粉掺量和粒径分布对赤泥基注浆材料浆体性能、力学性能和微观结构的作用规律,并结合X射线衍射仪（XRD）、压汞仪（MIP）和扫描电镜（SEM）等微观测试手段分析其作用机理。研究表明,结石体力学强度随石粉掺量的上升先增大后减小,当石粉的质量分数为5%时抗压强度最高,3 d时可达5.65 MPa,抗压强度提升幅度为18.94%,同时浆液泌水率上升幅度仅为9.85%,且28 d结石体孔隙率降低了18.35%,因此,5%为石粉在赤泥基注浆材料中的最佳质量分数。在石粉最佳质量分数条件下,随着石粉平均粒径减小,浆液凝结时间及泌水率均呈现下降的趋势;当石粉平均粒径达到8 μm时,石粉“填充效应”和“成核效应”作用尤为明显,浆液黏度突升,且3 d和28 d试样强度分别提升了11.86%和10%,故石粉平均粒径越小,其对赤泥基注浆材料的提升作用越显著,赤泥基注浆材料的最佳粉料质量配比为赤泥47.5%,矿粉47.5%,石粉5%;微观分析证实,石粉在浆液水化历程中以物理特性参与其中,为Na₂O–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–H₂O凝胶（N–A–S–H）, 水化硅铝酸钙凝胶（C–A–S–H）和水化硅酸钙凝胶（C–S–H）等凝胶提供成核位点,供地聚物凝胶沉淀和生长,加速浆液水化。      

聚丙烯纤维加筋固化尾砂强度及变形特性

针对胶结充填体脆性强、易开裂等问题，以聚丙烯纤维为加筋材料，通过设置水泥与尾砂质量比为1∶10和1∶20，纤维掺量为0、0.05%、0.15%和0.25%的充填体进行无侧限抗压强度试验，探究纤维掺量对胶结充填体强度及变形特性的影响，借助扫描电镜（SEM），从微观角度探讨纤维对充填体力学性质的作用机制。研究结果表明:充填料浆的屈服应力随纤维掺量增加呈线性增大，其流态模型符合Bingham流体；随着纤维掺量的增加，充填体的无侧限抗压强度呈先增大后减小趋势，纤维最优掺量为0.15%；掺入纤维有效地减缓了裂纹的扩展，约束了充填体的变形，充填体的峰后应变软化延长，残余强度增大，破坏特征由脆性向延性转变；纤维的加固效果主要受纤维与尾砂?水泥基体界面之间的黏结与摩擦作用控制。      

铅锌冶炼渣充填胶凝材料研究及应用

为充分利用广东某铅锌矿大宗固体废弃物与尾矿,研发了基于铅锌冶炼渣的充填胶凝材料。通过机械活化试验研究,确定铅锌冶炼渣研磨时间为70 min。通过化学活化试验研究,确定原料组成为冶炼渣、水泥熟料、硅酸钠和石膏。其中,冶炼渣与水泥熟料的质量比为8∶2,硅酸钠掺量为3%,石膏掺量为8%。该胶凝材料与分级尾砂制备的充填料浆浓度为75%且灰砂比为1∶6时,3 d强度达2.68 MPa,28 d强度达3.97 MPa,均优于相同浓度条件下以P.O42.5水泥作为胶凝材料且灰砂比为1∶4时的充填体强度。扩散度试验表明,该类型胶凝材料制备的充填料浆流动性能好,能够满足该矿山的自流输送条件。SEM测试分析结果表明,以该类型胶凝材料制备的充填试块内部早期生成了大量的钙矾石,后期生成了大量的水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）凝胶,结构较致密。     

碱激发水泥?磷渣固化性能及与含硫尾砂的相容性

基于磷渣材料水化特性和矿山充填应用条件,研究碱激发水泥?磷渣共同作为胶凝材料（CPCM）胶结含硫尾砂的可行性。选取生石灰、NaOH、Na₂SiO₃作为激发剂,开展CPCM固化性能试验,并评价CPCM与含硫尾砂相容性。研究结果表明:磷渣掺量为水泥的100%、生石灰为3%时,CPCM终凝时间300 min,28 d抗压强度40.6 MPa,基本可等量替代P.O 42.5水泥应用于矿山嗣后充填。Na₂SiO₃掺量4%时,CPCM终凝时间比水泥缩短39.3%,7 d强度提高31.1%。与水泥相比,CPCM使充填体凝结时间缩短8 h左右,且固化28 d后强度未出现劣化,表明CPCM与含硫尾砂相容性好。X射线衍射、扫描电镜和电子能谱分析表明,CPCM水化产物主要为Ca(OH)₂和C?S?H。磷渣不断水化,导致Ca(OH)₂含量下降,逐渐形成致密的低Ca/Si摩尔比C?S?H,这不仅保证了CPCM后期强度增加,而且避免了充填体强度劣化。      

钛矿渣-磷石膏复合制备超硫酸盐水泥试验研究

采用磷石膏、钛矿渣、熟料和硅酸钠配制了10组超硫酸盐水泥，对基体的抗压强度、水化放热、水化产物进行了研究，并对纤维增强后的抗折强度、拉伸强度和抗冲击强度进行测试。结果表明，熟料和钛矿渣均能有效提升超硫酸盐水泥的抗压强度，并能促进水化放热和二次水化反应。较优的水泥配比为磷石膏∶钛矿渣∶熟料∶硅酸钠=25∶60∶13∶2，此时抗压强度达到42.1 MPa。玄武岩纤维可显著提高超硫酸盐水泥的抗折强度和抗冲击强度，表现为：当掺入0.3%6 mm纤维时，试件的抗折强度提升了27.0%；掺入0.6%的12 mm纤维时，抗冲击强度提高了120.3%。拉伸试验结果表明，玄武岩纤维对提升水泥的极限拉伸强度不利，但能提高水泥的拉伸应变能力。     

固废基充填胶凝材料配比分步优化及其水化胶结机理

充填体强度对安全高效采矿至关重要,而胶凝材料是获得高强度充填体的关键。本文以工业固废为原料,首先借助D-optimal设计方法通过建立强度回归模型和因素影响分析得到矿渣激发剂最佳配比,然后通过矿渣掺量优化试验获得最佳矿渣掺量,进而获得胶凝材料完整配比;并以水泥为参照,借助X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜从水化产物和充填体微观结构揭示充填体强度形成机制。结果表明:（1）激发剂各组分对矿渣敏感顺序为:氢氧化钠﹥熟石灰﹥脱硫石膏﹥硫酸钠,且相互之间存在不同程度的交互作用;（2）在最佳质量配比（矿渣85.00%,熟石灰8.03%,硫酸钠3.96%,脱硫石膏1.85%,氢氧化钠1.16%）下,可获得超过单一水泥3.5倍的早期(1~3 d)强度和2倍的后期(7~28 d)强度;（3）高强度充填体的形成主要与水化产物钙矾石（AFt）和C–S–H有关,钙矾石在早期快速成核与生长,形成有效物理填充作用是形成较高早期强度的主要原因,后期强度则得益于不断累积的C–S–H的包裹黏结作用,使充填体结构进一步致密化。使用该固废基胶凝材料有助于矿山安全采矿;工业固废质量占比86.85%,协同解决了尾砂、矿渣、脱硫石膏等固废;D-optimal设计方法可用于激发剂等多物料混合物的配比设计和因素作用分析。      

颗粒迁移和离子吸附对粗粒土渗透性的影响试验研究

为了研究颗粒迁移和氨氮离子吸附对粗粒土渗透性的影响,利用渗透仪对3种不同细粒含量的花岗岩全风化粗粒土进行渗透试验.研究3种土样分别在蒸馏水和硫酸铵溶液环境中的渗透系数变化规律.结果表明,在蒸馏水渗透环境中,随着土样中细颗粒含量的增加,颗粒迁移对土样渗透性的影响将有所减弱;在氨氮溶液环境中,氨氮吸附对细颗粒含量更高土样的渗透性影响更为明显;随着渗透时间延长,不同溶液环境中土样的渗透系数趋于一致,表明细颗粒迁移对土样渗透性的影响较氨氮离子吸附更强,但离子吸附对渗透系数降低具有一定的延迟效应.在此基础上,讨论土样在渗透过程中渗透性的演变机理,表明颗粒迁移造成土样下游孔隙堵塞,以及氨氮离子吸附造成颗粒表面水化膜厚度的变化,均是引起土样渗透性变化的主要原因.      

高炉水渣用作混凝土细骨料的可行性研究

研究了高炉水渣和天然黄砂的区别,水渣代砂配制混凝土的新拌混凝土性能,混凝土强度及抗渗、抗碳化和抗氯离子渗透等耐久性能。研究发现水渣符合2级配区砂,水渣具有一定的胶凝活性,但不会对混凝土结构产生危害。随着水渣代砂率的增大,水泥砂浆干缩性减小,混凝土坍落度逐渐降低;混凝土达到相同坍落度所需减水剂掺量逐渐增大;混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度均缓慢增大;混凝土的抗渗性能、抗氯离子渗透性能、抗碳化性能均得到了改善。     

Acute toxic effects of fragrance products

To estimate the prevalence of urinary stone disease in Koreans, and to determine the inter-relationships between urinary stone disease and various epidemiological factors, 1,521 controls and 1,177 cases with urinary stones were evaluated. Of special interest in this study were: 1) proportion of past urinary stone history among controls; 1.9% 2) the point prevalence rate of urinary stones among controls; 0.2% 3) the recurrence rate of urinary stones (the proportion of past history of urinary stone) among cases; 56.8% 4) high incidences (76.3%) in the thirties to the fifties among cases 5) the risk factors for urolithogenesis; obesity [higher than 25 of BMI (body mass index, weight/height2)], more than 10 year-experience as a production worker, past stone history, familial stone history, low physical activity (< 2,000 Kcal/day), and low intake of fruit. However, the well-known risk factors for urinary stones; over intake of meat or fish and milk or dairy products, perspiration, amount and kind of drinking water, and stress unexpectedly were not significantly different between the controls and the cases.     

Importance of selected inhaler characteristics and acceptance of a new breath-actuated powder inhalation device

Proteins were extracted from uric acid stones with 6M guanidine chloride (pH 8.5), which were successively developed by 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). Amino acid sequence analysis of each band on SDS-PAGE revealed that major components in uric acid stones were immunoglobulin alpha heavy and kappa light chains. Although immunoglobulin heavy chain (gamma and mu, as well as alpha) and a kappa light chain were clearly detected in uric acid stones by Western blotting using their specific antibodies, no lambda chains whatsoever could be detected. The results suggest that immunoglobulins selectively containing kappa light chain might have specific functions in uric acid stone formation as stone matrices.     

Outcome of mechanical lithotripsy of bile duct stones in an unselected series of 704 patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This paper evaluates the potential benefit of non mechanical bile duct stone lithotripsy techniques. The efficacy, limitations and risks of mechanical lithotripsy as first choice procedure were studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed by Erlangen-type papillotomes, stone extraction by Olympus baskets and mechanical lithotripsy by the Wurbs-system. In an unselected series of 704 patients, everyone with common bile and hepatic duct stones (independent of size, number, location and stone consistency) was included in the study. RESULTS: Complete stone clearance by endoscopic sphincterotomy and basket extraction was possible in 87.6%. Additional mechanical lithotripsy led to a success rate of 98.4% and in combination with ESWL of 98.5%. In 11 patients without possibility of endoscopic stone removal (1.6%), 4 had no access transpapillary (B-II-situs or duodenal diverticulum), 5 anatomical problems (S-shaped common bile duct, intrahepatic stones or impacted stones in cystic duct orifice), and 2 refused further endoscopic interventions. Complication rate was 1.4% (thereof 1.1% successful treatment by endoscopic or surgical means), lethality rate 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS: A very high rate of stone clearance by standard endoscopic procedures is possible. In those patients where mechanical lithotripsy is not successful, other non-surgical lithotriptic procedures either cannot be applied because of anatomical reasons or if performed, the improvement in success rate is marginal.     

Current information on the composition and breed distribution of urinary stones in dogs

5706 canine urinary stones were analyzed by means of infrared spectroscopy from 1984-1996. The stones were sent in together with epidemiologic data (breed, age, sex, localisation of the stones, type of stone removal, stone frequency etc.) by more than 800 veterinarians from Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and Switzerland. Irrespective of stone type, urinary stones were observed in almost all breeds, but small breeds like dachshound, poodle, terrier, schnauzer, and pekingese have a higher tendency to form stones. With 59.5% struvite is the most frequent stone type, followed by cystine with 15.5%. Cystine stones are becoming less frequent during the observation time, whereas the share of calcium oxalate (14.2%) and ammonium urate (6.0%) stones remains unchanged. The latter stone types are found predominantly in specific breeds. The stone formation appears predominantly at the age of 7. Male dogs form stones twice as often as female dogs. 98% of the stones were located in the lower urinary tract. About 90% of the urinary stones required surgical treatment.     

XRD and Unconfined Compressive Strength Study for a Qualitative Examination of Calcium–Arsenic Compounds Retardation of Cement Hydration in Solidified/Stabilized Arsenic–Iron Hydroxide Sludge

This study investigates the adverse effects of synthesized arsenic–iron hydroxide sludge, the by-product of arsenic removal by coagulation with ferric chloride, on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and cement hydration of solidified/stabilized matrices. The results from both UCS tests and X-ray diffraction (XRD) implied that synthesized arsenic–iron hydroxide sludge might not be chemically inert in a cementitious environment, which could account for the retardation of cement hydration. The culprit for this retardation is likely to be the multiphase formation of calcium arsenic compounds suggested by the strong peak at 7.90?? (11.2°?2θ). This peak appeared when more than 20 and 13% of arsenic–iron hydroxide sludge were added to the solidification/stabilization (S/S) process of cement–water and cement-hydrated lime–water systems, respectively. The proposed mechanisms for the retardation of cement hydration by calcium–arsenic compounds are calcium complexation and, subsequently, surface precipitation due to the interaction between desorbed arsenate and hydration by-products in a cement porewater environment. The extent of the hydration retardation is qualitatively determined by the semiquantitative comparison of Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 remaining after 28?days of hydration between the control S/S samples and that with various doses of the sludge added. When 20 and 33% of the sludge were added into the S/S matrices, the remaining Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 were more than that of the control sample by factors of 2 and 3.2, respectively.     

利用钢渣、矿渣生产全尾砂充填胶凝材料

 以机械研磨和化学激发相结合的方法提高钢渣和矿渣的胶凝活性,利用脱硫石膏、氯化钙、电石渣等助剂合理调控水化产物,强化水化过程,开发了一种以钢渣、矿渣为主要成分的全尾砂充填专用胶凝材料。胶凝材料适宜的物料配比为,钢渣35.5%、矿渣35.5%、硅酸盐水泥10%、矿物调控剂19%,胶凝材料28 d抗压强度达到29.47 MPa。适当调整物料配比,可以得到满足不同采空区充填要求的胶凝材料：胶凝材料与尾砂比为1[∶]5～1[∶]10,料浆浓度为70%,充填体28 d,抗压强度达1.0～2.8 MPa。借助XRD、SEM对胶凝材料水化产物和强度调控机理进行了分析,结果表明,对胶凝体系强度起到关键作用的物质为水化C-S-H凝胶和不同类型的高水产物（如AFt）。调控剂的合理搭配,强化了钢渣、矿渣水化过程,优化了水化产物构成。