副枪自动化控制系统

济钢第三炼钢厂副枪自动化控制系统采用SDM模型实现自动化炼钢。该系统由L1级电气控制系统和L2级SDM工艺控制模型组成,L1级电气控制系统负责采集冶炼过程中钢水的温度和成分并直接传送到L2级上,SDM工艺控制模型根据接收到的数据,计算补吹模型,实行动态炼钢。     

全氢罩式退火炉的自动控制

介绍了宝钢股份不锈钢事业部6台全氢罩式退火炉的自动控制系统。系统基础自动化L1级采用S7—300PLC搭建,同时配置L2过程管理计算机系统,并与已有的L3（生产计划管理系统）及CCYC（库位管理、行车定位系统）通信实现了全氢罩式退火炉的全自动控制。     

热处理炉直接控制系统的模拟研究

以炉膛能量平衡方程和工件、炉围和台车的热传导方程为基础，建立了热处理炉数学模型，实现了热处理全过程，即空炉、加热、保温和冷却四个阶段的数学描述。模型的炉膛辐射热交换部分采用了全交换面积的概念，有效减少了重复计算。以炉子模型作为软件平台，研究了热处理炉的直接数字控制(DDC)系统，整定了各阶段的PID参数，在此基础上实现了热处理过程及其控制系统的离线模拟。     

转炉副枪自动化控制系统

本文介绍了太钢180t转炉副枪自动化控制系统的配置和数学模型的基本功能。该系统由L1（基础自动化）级和L2（过程计算机）级组成,L1级通过控制副枪测出钢水的温度和成分并传送到L2级上,经L2级工艺模型计算制定出吹炼方案,从而实现转炉炼钢的动态控制。该系统打破了长期以来靠经验炼钢的传统模式,实现了全自动化动态炼钢。     

层流冷却控制模型在菜钢厚板生产中的应用

莱钢4300mm宽厚板生产线采用层流冷却控制系统,为两级控制,其中L1级为基础自动化级,L2级为过程控制级。L2级主要包括预设定计算、一次修正设定计算、二次修正设定计算等模型,当温度偏差在5～80℃时,启动模型参数的自学习计算。应用表明,系统运行稳定,实际与目标开冷温度偏差在±30℃之内命中率平均在95％以上,冷却速率±5℃/s命中率达到90％以上。     

改进台车密封装置的尝试

各类型热处理工业炉都需有密封装置。台车式热处理炉的密封装置在炉子的生产过程中起着很重要的作用。台车密封装置的目的是为了保持炉膛内的压力,防止冷空气的侵入,减少气体消耗,保护台车金属构件不被烧坏。通常的台车密封装置大都采用砂封装置,如图1所示。我院1985年给石家庄市化工机械厂设计了一台炉底面积为13.5米~2的全纤维台式热处理炉,在台车的密封装置方面做了一些改进,经过生产过程的检验,密封效果较之砂封装置有所提高。结构如图2所示。硅酸铝纤维毡制作时切成规定的尺寸,经过预压缩用粘合剂粘合后作为密封条装入     

电加热台车式热处理炉的设计和应用

介绍了一种有效面积48 m2的台车式电加热热处理炉,该炉采用轻质纤维炉衬,简单实用的控制系统。该炉加热速度快,炉温均匀,易操作且运行稳定。     

L形拱脚梁的应用与设计

本文介绍了L形铸铁拱脚梁在台车式加热炉上的应用、设计.解决了锻造、台车式加热炉不拆除主拱的墙体修筑.     

L形拱脚梁的设计和应用

本文介绍了L形铸铁拱脚梁在台车式淬火炉上的应用与设计,解决了台车式淬火炉不拆除主拱侧墙的修筑问题.     

济钢120t转炉顶底复吹自动控制系统

济钢120t转炉采用顶底复吹技术，为提高其自动化控制水平，控制系统采用三级网络结构，L1为基础自动化级，其控制系统采用昆腾系列PLC，监控站采用C／S（Client／Server）结构；L2为过程控制级，运行炼钢控制模型，通过对炼钢基础自动化工艺数据的分析和计算，发送自动炼钢的各项指令。顶吹氧气流量采用两级自动化控制，无须人工干扰；底吹各支路流量控制采用底吹控制模型，从吹炼开始到出钢结束均为自动控制。应用结果表明，系统运行稳定可靠，较好地满足了顶底复吹工艺的自动化控制要求。     

改进的KF模型在SiO2-CaO-MnO熔渣体系中的应用

基于KF模型和Gaye模型,得到改进的KF模型,并推导出三元体系的表达式。把该模型应用到三元SiO2-CaO-MnO熔渣体系,通过对二元系研究得到模型参数,从而可计算三元系中组元的活度。结果表明计算结果与实验结果的相对偏差分别为：SM＊nO1 823K=19.3%,SM＊nO1 773K=28.1%。表明该理论在SiO2-CaO-MnO熔渣体系的应用是可行的。     

鞍钢平炉改转炉自动化系统

描述鞍钢“平炉改转炉”工程中的转炉自动化控制系统,介绍转炉倾动,氧枪,付原料配料,余热锅炉,水处理,风机除尘等系统的基础化与过程控制自动化的开发及两级间的通信,运行结果表明,该系统运行稳定,达到设计要求的水平,取得了明显的经济效益。     

Development and application of growth models for grain boundary allotriomorphs of a stoichiometric compound in ternary systems

A model for the isothermal growth of grain boundary allotriomorphs of a stoichiometric phase, (M, N)_aI_b, with a nonsingular interface in a ternary M-N-I matrix is developed. The element I is assumed to diffuse orders of magnitude faster than element N. The growth model assumes two initial no-partition growth stages and a subsequent partition growth stage with respect to element N. Both planar and spherical film geometries of allotriomorphs are considered. Strict mass balance conditions are taken into account so that the model can be used in rigorous computer simulations. A method to correct the allotriomorph thickness for the specific volume difference of the matrix and the precipitate is also shown. The growth of cementite allotriomorphs in Fe-Cr-C austenite is computer-simulated with the developed growth model. Interfacial concentration terms were calculated by programming the Sharma-Purdy-Kirkaldy regular solution model for the Fe-Cr-C system. Formerly Research Assistant at the Colorado School of Mines, is Senior Researcher, Toyo Kohan Ltd.     

基于炉气非灰辐射特性的钢坯表面热流研究

 基于加热炉内炉气的非灰辐射特性,指出三元辐射体系(炉气 炉壁 钢坯表面)中炉气存在2种发射率和6种吸收率。应用射线跟踪方法推导钢坯表面热流表达式,解除了Τимофеев公式中炉壁为零热流和炉气为灰体的限制。以某轧钢厂的一座步进梁式加热炉为例,对其钢坯表面热流进行了模拟计算。推导的钢坯表面热流表达式为加热炉在线控制数学模型中钢坯表面热流的简化算法提供了理论依据。此外,给出了炉气为非灰时的辐射全交换面积的一种计算方法,为准确求解加热炉炉膛内的辐射热交换创造了条件。     

Critical evaluation and optimization of the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the CaO-Al2O3, Al2O3-SiO2, and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems

All available thermodynamic and phase diagram data have been critically assessed for all phases in the CaO-Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃-SiO₂, and CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ systems at 1 bar pressure from 298 K to above the liquidus temperatures. All reliable data for the binary systems have been simultaneously optimized to obtain, for each system, one set of model equations for the Gibbs energy of the liquid slag and all solid phases as functions of composition and temperature. The modified quasichemical model was used for the slag. With these binary parameters and those from the optimization of the CaO-SiO₂ system reported previously, the quasichemical model was used to predict the thermodynamic properties of the ternary slag. Two additional small ternary parameters were required to reproduce the ternary phase diagram and ternary activity data to within experimental error limits. The calculated optimized phase diagram and thermodynamic properties are self-consistent and are the most reliable currently available estimates of the true values.     

武钢CSP厂150t转炉副枪自动炼钢控制系统

武钢薄板坯连铸连轧厂150 t转炉采用自动炼钢技术,为提高其自动化控制水平,控制系统采用三级网络结构,L1系统采用西门子S7-416系列PLC,工作站采用西门子组态软件WINCC6.2;L2为炼钢控制模型,通过对炼钢基础自动化工艺数据的分析和计算,发送自动炼钢的各项指令.应用结果表明,系统运行稳定可靠,能较好地满足自动...     

���ڽṹ���۵�SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3�����ȵ�Ԥ��ģ��

According to the structural features of silicate slag, the viscous activation energy was assumed to be inversely proportional to the total distance (bond length) among ions in molten slag. The model formulation for correlating the viscosity of molten silicate system with its composition was established where the mobility of an ion relative to pure SiO2 was considered. The rules for calculating the concentrations of various ions existing in different composition region of the melts were involved piecewise in the model. Experimental viscosity data for SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO system at different temperatures in literatures were used to fix the parameters in the present model. A reasonable agreement is reached between the model estimated results and experimental data for SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO system. The average relative deviation obtained is approximating 20%. The model also shows satisfactory prediction for the corresponding binary and ternary systems. These indicate the model??s good applicability to predict the viscosities of molten silicate slags.     

Solidification in the system Al-Ge-Si: The phase diagram,coring patterns,eutectic growth,and modification

In the ternary system Al-Ge-Si, the binary eutectic reactions, L (liquid) ⇔ (Al) + (Si) and L ⇔ (Al) + (Ge) are connected by a monovariant valley, L ⇔ (Al) + (SiGe), falling from 578 °C at 12.7 wt pct Si to 424 °C at 53 wt pct Ge. The binary, solid eutectic surface extends from the Al corner of the ternary phase diagram (1.65 wt pct Si to 5.2 wt pct Ge) across to the continuous (SiGe) solid solution which contains very little Al: several tie triangles, L-(A1)-(SiGe), have been determined using thermal analysis and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination reveals that coring in the normal (SiGe) phase is discontinuous, showing composition banding, which indicates that stationary 111 facets of the solid solution were exposed to the liquid for extended periods up to 500 seconds; details of this interrupted coring were quantified by EMPA. Similar, smaller, and more gradual variations could also be detected in the (Al) matrix, and these compositional fluctuations are considered to reflect discontinuities in the local eutectic growth rates. Modification and twin-ning, induced by Na, are observed in both Al-Si and Al-Ge but decrease progressively with Ge content; coring in the modified ternary alloys is more continuous.     

Thermodynamic evaluation and optimization of the Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca//F, Cl reciprocal system using the modified quasi-chemical model

A complete critical evaluation of all available ternary reciprocal phase diagram data has been performed for all condensed phases of the LiF-LiCl-NaF-NaCl-KF-KCl-MgF₂-MgCl₂-CaF₂-CaCl₂ system and optimized model parameters have been found. The model parameters obtained for ternary reciprocal subsystems can be used to predict thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria for the multicomponent reciprocal system. The modified quasi-chemical model in the quadruplet approximation was used for the molten salt phase. This model takes into account, simultaneously, both first-nearest-neighbor (FNN) and second-nearest-neighbor (SNN) short-range-ordering (SRO) and the coupling between them. The predictions are significantly better than those obtained with previous models.     

Simulation of macroscopic solidification with an incorporated one-dimensional microsegregation model coupled to thermodynamic software

In this article, a numerical model is presented which predicts phase distributions and dendrite arm spacings for a realistic casting within suitable CPU time. Three software components are coupled to perform calculations: (1) an FEM simulation package for the macroscopic temperature field, (2) an FDM code for the microstructure parameters, and (3) a thermodynamic software package for equilibrium calculations at the interfaces. The macrosoftware provides the micromodule with the present temperature at each node of a finite-element grid. At each such node, the micromodule calculates the dendrite arm spacings, the phase amounts, and the diffusion-controlled segregation profiles for the current time-step using equilibrium information from the thermodynamic software. A change of solid fraction and of the phase concentrations results in the release of latent heat and in the change of the heat capacity. These values are used as input parameters in the macrosoftware for the temperature calculation in the next time-step. Simulations have been performed for the ternary alloy AlCu4Mg1 and the results have been compared to “traditional” temperature calculations and to experimentally determined phase fractions and dendrite arm spacings. Measurements have been done by means of an interactive image analysis system over the entire breadth of an ingot casting at four different heights as well as at three different longitudinal cuts.