Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对Cu-Cr-Zr合金进行了压缩变形实验,分析了在变形温度为25~700℃、应变速率为0.0001~0.1000s-1的条件下流变应力的变化规律,利用扫描电镜及透射电镜分析合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明:Cu-Cr-Zr合金在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,且变形温度和应变速率均对流变应力有显著的影响,流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的增加而升高,说明该合金属于正应变速率敏感材料;当变形温度为400~500℃时,低应变速率(0.0001~0.0010 s-1)的真应力-真应变曲线呈现动态再结晶曲线特征,高应变速率(0.01~0.10 s-1)的真应力-真应变曲线呈现动态回复特征;在真应力-真应变曲线的基础上,采用双曲正弦模型能较好地描述Cu-Cr-Zr合金高温变形时的流变行为,建立了完整描述合金热变形过程中流变应力与应变速率和变形温度关系的本构方程,确定了合金的变形激活能为311.43 kJ·mol-1。     

反向凝固平整轧制过程的高温力学模拟

通过高温力学模拟实验,得出了反向凝固平整轧制过程中温度、应变和应变速率对变形抗力的影响规律,确立了其应力－应变模型,并对该模型进行了检验。结果表明,该模型适用于反向凝固的平整轧制过程。     

SA-335P91耐热钢轧制过程变形抗力模型

利用热模拟试验机,在850~1 150℃、应变量为0.1~0.7和应变速率为1~50 s~(-1)的条件下对耐热钢P91进行高温单道次压缩试验,分析压缩变形温度、压缩变形量和变形速率对材料变形抗力的影响。结果表明,压缩变形温度对材料变形抗力的影响最大,变形温度与变形抗力对数间呈近似线性关系,变形速率和变形量对材料变形抗力也产生较大影响,材料压缩变形抗力受三者共同作用的影响。且在较高变形速率和较低应变速率时,动态再结晶过程都会受到抑制,低应变速率下金属畸变能较低,而高应变速率下金属来不及发生动态再结晶过程。利用多元非线性拟合回归建立了P91变形抗力模型,拟合结果与实测结果吻合程度较好。     

金属拉伸试验引起的应变速率脆性

弹性变形会引起杂质元素在晶界处浓度的改变,这将导致晶界脆性的发生。基于多晶金属弹性变形的微观理论,研究了拉伸试验弹性变形过程中金属材料的脆性,探讨了应变速率对材料力学性能的影响,提出了临界应变速率和应变速率脆性的概念。应变速率脆性是一种应变速率改变引起的晶界脆性,在临界应变速率下,应变速率脆性达到极大值。随着测试温度的降低,临界应变速率向低应变速率移动,这是应变速率脆性的一个基本特征。临界应变速率的存在及应变速率脆性的特征已从大量文献的试验结果得到证实。     

HGH3126镍基合金热变形行为及组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了HGH3126镍基合金（/%:≤0.005C,17.20Cr,4.21W,16.25Mo,5.49Fe,0.46Mn,0.20V）在变形温度为950～1200℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1的热变形行为。基于Arrhenius方程和Zener-Hollomon参数模型,建立了HGH3126合金高温热变形的流变应力本构方程。通过对高温热变形后的HGH3126合金显微组织进行观察,分析了变形温度和应变速率对HGH3126合金动态再结晶行为的影响。结果表明,变形温度越高,合金动态再结晶越容易形核;应变速率越小,合金动态再结晶过程进行得越充分。当应变速率0.1 s^-1,变形温度1100℃时,该合金基本发生完全动态再结晶。     

低成本耐候钢的高温热变形行为

 通过在MMS100 SIMULATOR热/力模拟实验机上的热压缩实验，研究了不同热变形条件下耐候钢的变形抗力，考察了变形温度、应变速率及变形程度与变形抗力之间的关系。结果表明：变形温度和应变速率对耐候钢变形抗力的影响最强烈；耐候钢的变形抗力随变形温度的升高而下降，随应变速率的提高而增大。用实测值回归出了耐候钢的新型变形抗力模型，而且该模型具有较高的拟合精度。     

5A01铝合金热变形行为和加工图

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上,对5A01铝合金进行等温热压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为350~450℃、应变速率为0.01~1s-1条件下的热变形行为,建立其热加工图。结果表明:5A01铝合金是温度、正应变速率敏感材料,其流变应力随变形温度降低和应变速率升高而增大,利用峰值应力获得的该合金热加工图表明合金热变形存在两个失稳区域,即变形温度为350~390℃,应变速率为0.01~0.2s-1的区域和变形温度为405~450℃,应变速率为0.2~1s-1的区域;本实验条件下最佳加工参数为变形温度450℃,应变速率0.01s-1。     

6069铝合金的热变形行为和加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为300～450℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s?1条件下对6069铝合金进行热压缩实验,研究该合金的热变形行为及热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,6069铝合金热变形过程中的流变行为可用双曲正弦模型来描述,在实验条件下的平均变形激活能为289.36 kJ/mol。真应变为0.7的加工图表明合金在高温变形时存在2个安全加工区域,即变形温度为300～350℃、应变速率为1～10 s?1的区域和变形温度为380～450℃、应变速率为0.01～0.3 s?1的区域。适合加工的条件是变形温度为350℃,应变速率0.01 s?1。     

汽车薄板钢应变速率敏感性影响有新论

日前，德国学者研究了汽车薄板钢在碰撞条件下，应变速率、温度、应变和显微组织对其应变速率敏感性的影响。 该研究通过液力伺服动态拉伸实验阐述了各参数对汽车薄板用钢应变速率敏感指数m值的影响。研究主要结论如下：汽车碰撞实验中，在应变速率为10^-3s^-1～200s^-1、温度在233K～373K范围内，汽车薄板用钢的动态变形行为是一个热激活过程，流动应力随着应变速率的增加或者是温度的降低而增加。     

GH4169合金高温变形显微组织演变及热加工图

在Gleeble-3500D热模拟机上采用单道次等温压缩试验,系统研究了GH4169合金在变形温度为900～1 150℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1)、变形量为10%～70%条件下的动态再结晶行为,确定了合金在不同变形条件下的完全再结晶条件,绘制了再结晶图,给出了该合金变形的热加工图。研究结果表明:GH4169合金随变形过程温度的升高而再结晶程度增大,变形量越大、应变速率越慢,发生完全动态再结晶的温度区间越宽;在应变速率为0.01 s~(-1)时变形过程中经历了变形-回复-再结晶-晶粒长大的完整过程;而应变速率为10 s~(-1)条件时,仅发生了变形-回复-(完全/部分)再结晶的过程,晶粒还未有充分长大的动力学条件;随着变形量增加,GH4169合金的易加工区间(η)和稳定加工区间(■)越宽,在变形量为70%时温度为965～1 134℃,应变速率0.02～10 s~(-1)范围内,(■)大于0,处于加工稳定区。     

Effect of hot working on structure and strength of type 304L austenitic stainless steel

The development of microstructure and strength during forging in a single-phase austenitic stainless steel, 304L, was investigated by means of forward extrusion of cylindrical specimens. The temperature, strain, and strain rate of deformation were varied. A low strain rate was imparted by press forging (PF), and a high strain rate by high-energy-rate forging (HERF). Low forging temperatures produced dynamically recovered microstructures and monotonic increases in strength with increasing strain for low and high strain rates. At higher forging temperatures, the high-energy-rate-forged material exhibited softening, after the application of a critical amount of strain, as a result of static recrystallization which occurred within a few seconds after cessation of deformation. Analysis of isothermal compression test data, specifically the strain-to-peak stress associated with the onset of dynamic recrystallization, confirmed that dynamic recrystallization would not be expected for the deformation conditions imposed during forward extrusion in this study. Recrystallized grain size was found to vary uniquely with strain, initial grain size, and the Zener-Hollomon parameter. Recrystallization was much less prevalent in press-forged material and may have been affected by die chilling as well as the predominance of dynamic recovery. The variation of strength, recrystallized grain size, and extent of recrystallization with the deformation parameters, temperature and strain, are presented as a set of processing-property maps for each forging technique (έ). The findings are discussed in the context of developing process design criteria for forging alloy 304L.     

等温锻造工艺对GH4720Li合金盘锻件组织的影响

采用物理模拟得到了GH4720Li合金的热变形特征，同时利用数值模拟研究了不同锻造工艺对GH4720Li盘锻件温度场、应力场、设备载荷等参数的影响规律，并通过实际锻造Ф150mm的GH4720Li合金盘锻件进行了验证。结果表明，GH4720Li合金变形组织对温度、应变等参数非常敏感，采用普通锻造会造成温度应力分布不均，...     

Microstructure and properties of Ti-17 powder compact prepared through powder sintering and isothermal forging

Abstract

Powder sintering and dual isothermal forging were utilised to prepare titanium alloy. Owing to the disturbance effect of residual pores during sintering, the microstructures of two sintered Ti-17 powder compacts prepared with about 80–150 and ?150 mesh powders were composed of large residual pores and low aspect ratio of α platelets and small residual pores and high aspect ratio of α platelets respectively. Residual pores can be closed during the first isothermal forging above the β transus due to the excellent plastic deformation capability of the β phase. The microstructure can be effectively broken during the second isothermal forging below the β transus. Isothermal forging with 10^?2 and 10^?4 s^?1 strain rates can obtain uniform microstructure, whereas isothermal forging with 1 s^?1 strain rate just refined the microstructure non-uniformly. Closure of the residual pore and change of the microstructure’s morphology during dual isothermal forging effectively improved the ductility of the compact even though the oxygen and nitrogen contents exceeded the standard requirements.     

The occurrence of shear bands in nonisothermal,hot forging of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si

The occurrence of shear bands in nonisothermal, hot forging of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. ISi (Ti-6242) was investigated in order to establish the material properties and process parameters which generally lead to shear bands and shear cracks in conventional hot forging of metals. Upset compression tests on cylindrical samples and lateral sidepressing tests on long, round bars were performed to determine the modes by which flow localizes in deformation states ranging from axisymmetric to plane strain. In axisymmetric deformation, it was found that nonisothermal, hot compression leads to chill zones and bands of intense deformation separating the chill zones from the deforming bulk. For plane strain deformation, shear bands were found to initiate along zero extension directions and subsequently localize flow in a manner analogous to the formation and propagation of shear bands in isothermal, hot forging. For both deformation states, it was found that material properties, such as the flow stress dependence on temperature, and process parameters, such as forging speed and die temperature which strongly influence the amount of heat transfer, play critical roles in the flow localization process. A simple model quantifying these effects was developed to predict the occurrence and severity of the shear bands observed in the Ti-6242 alloy hot forged at various temperatures and rates. In addition, the occurrence of shear cracking under certain forging conditions was rationalized in terms of the chilling brought about by nonisothermal, hot forging conditions and the inferior workability of Ti-6242 at temperatures far below the transus temperature.     

Design for Isothermal Forging of Ti-46.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.3Ni Alloy

 Abstract: The three-dimensional finite element code was utilized to investigate the isothermal forging of Ti-46.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.3Ni (at.%). The partition of height reduction, effective strain and damage during the forging were analyzed. And the experiment was employed to verify the simulation results. The results show that severe plastic deformation can improve the homogeneity of the deformed microstructure and the higher accumulative height reduction can be achieved through two-step forging. With the isothermal forging of 60%+62.5% (total 85%), the entire forged pancake can acquire refined microstructure and expand the uniform flow zone to almost the entire volume without generating strain-induced defects or cracking.     

Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的热变形行为及模锻工艺的有限元模拟

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上进行大变形等温压缩试验,研究Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的高温热变形行为和显微组织,分析材料流变应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系,建立热变形过程的本构方程和热加工图.该材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而下降,随应变速率的增加而增加;用双曲正弦函数式可描述其在热变形过程中的流变应力,热变形活化能为487.21k J·mol-1;热加工图显示的适宜加工区间为温度1000-1100℃,应变速率0.1-1 s-1.在热模拟试验基础上进行该钢种锻造工艺的有限元模拟,并结合热加工图分析初锻温度和加工道次对于锻件温度和应变速率的影响,得出适宜的模锻工艺参数为初锻温度1000-1100℃,锻造道次15次.      

高Nb--TiAl合金叶片锻造模拟

采用Deform-3D有限元软件模拟β-γ高Nb-Ti Al合金叶片等温锻造,分析等效应变场、等效应力场与温度场的分布.叶片等温锻造中叶身与榫头的等效应变分布均匀,随着上模具压下速度的增大和预热温度的升高,变形过程中等效应力降低,有利于动态再结晶的发生;上模具压下速度在1.0~1.5 mm·s-1、预热温度在1250~1300℃有利于提高β-γ高Nb-Ti Al合金叶片锻件的质量.      

TC17钛合金热变形过程中片状组织演变规律

通过等温锻造试验和有限元模拟,研究了TC17钛合金在α+β两相区变形过程中热加工工艺参数对显微组织演变的影响规律。通过组织观察分析发现:随着变形程度和变形温度的增加,TC17钛合金中的片层组织逐渐向球化组织转变。变形量对片状组织的球化起决定作用,当变形量为小于20%时,仅有少数片状α相发生了弯折或扭曲,球化现象不明显;随着变形量的增加,片状组织被不同程度的弯曲、破碎,球化程度随着变形量的增加逐渐变大。变形温度对球化过程也起一定的作用,随着变形温度的升高,球化效果越来越明显,这与较高的变形温度会提高位错或原子的迁移能力使片状组织有足够的能量通过界面迁移实现断裂、球化有关。     

Microstructural Changes during Isothermal Forging of a Co-Cr-Mo Alloy

Interest has evolved recently in thermomechanical processing of the cast Co-Cr-Mo surgical implant alloys such as Vitallium and Vinertia. Work has shown that the wrought forms of these alloys exhibit much improved properties over their as-cast counterparts. In this paper, the response of as-cast Vinertia to isothermal forging is examined by means of isothermal and isostrain-rate compression testing. The effects of temperature, strain rate, and strain on the breakdown of the as-cast micro-structure are examined in detail. The effects of prior heat treatment on plastic flow and microstructure achieved are also considered. It is shown that the interaction between the carbide phase and the recrystallization induced during hot working governs the degree of homogeneity that can be achieved in the forged product. Control of carbide volume fraction, size, and distribution by appropriate prior processing can lead to a fine grain equiaxed structure with uniformly distributed carbides. The potential offered by isothermal forging for control of the microstructure in this type of alloy is discussed, as well as the limits imposed on the process by the starting material and by the strain gradients expected during the forging of implants.     

Plastic Flow and Microstructure Evolution during Thermomechanical Processing of a PM Nickel-Base Superalloy

Plastic flow and microstructure evolution during sub- and supersolvus forging and subsequent supersolvus heat treatment of the powder-metallurgy superalloy LSHR (low-solvus, high-refractory) were investigated to develop an understanding of methods that can be used to obtain a moderately coarse gamma grain size under well-controlled conditions. To this end, isothermal, hot compression tests were conducted over broad ranges of temperature [(1144 K to 1450 K) 871 °C to 1177 °C] and constant true strain rate (0.0005 to 10 s^?1). At low temperatures, deformation was generally characterized by flow softening and dynamic recrystallization that led to a decrease in grain size. At high subsolvus temperatures and low strain rates, steady-state flow or flow hardening was observed. These latter behaviors were ascribed to superplastic deformation and microstructure evolution characterized by a constant grain size or concomitant dynamic grain growth, respectively. During supersolvus heat treatment following subsolvus deformation, increases in grain size whose magnitude was a function of the prior deformation conditions were noted. A transition in flow behavior from superplastic to nonsuperplastic and the development during forging at a high subsolvus temperature of a wide (possibly bi- or multimodal) gamma-grain-size distribution having some large grains led to a substantially coarser grain size during supersolvus annealing in comparison to that produced under all other forging conditions.