Extractive Metallurgy of Beryllium

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the extractive metallurgy of beryllium is presented. Due to the strategic importance and element of secrecy surrounding the metal, any open literature on beryllium is rather limited. However, this review has been made to cover all important aspects of beryllium extraction technology namely, resources of the metal; processing of ores; reduction of fluoride and oxide to get metal and alloy; refining of the metal; post preparation processes to shape metal through powder metallurgical route and preparation of foils and ceramics. Special attention has been given to the topic of toxicology and pollution control. Recyclfng of beryllium will form the concluding section. Information on the removal of impurities during the preparation of intermediate products as well as during reduction to metal and its alloys are described with process principles. Thus this review, with the help of discussion on each unit process and at the same time emphasising on the problems faced in large scale handling of this toxic metal and its compounds, shall provide substantial information presently available on the extractive metallurgy of beryllium.     

国际铍粉末冶金新技术

本文综述了80年代国际铍粉末冶金新技术及其应用     

铍铜半连续自动控制系统

介绍铍铜半连续生产线自控系统的组成、功能以及对生产所产生的积极影响 ,并对系统的主要组成作了较详细的说明 ,阐述了先进的现场技术、组态软件和PLC在过程监控系统中的重要作用。     

铍的冷热等静压

论述了铍的冷热等静压工艺，介绍了冷热等静压工艺在异形铍件制造方面的技术应用。     

铍工业进展

本文在讨论国内外铍的资源、铍的发展与开发现状的基础上,提出了我国发展铍工业存在的问题与建议。     

Extractive Metallurgy of Tantalum

Abstract

This paper presents a brief review of extractive metallurgy of tantalum starting from processing of its ore to two pure intermediates K₂TaF₇ and Ta₂O₅ and their conversion to pure tantalum metal by various technically feasible processes. Though tantalum metal can be produced by several means only two processes - sodium reduction of K₂TaF₇ and fused salt electrolysis of K₂TaF₇ in the presence of oxide, have been successful on industrial scale. Besides providing salient features of these two processes, the paper presents brief accounts of studies carried out on the reduction of oxide by metallic reductants - calcium and aluminium as well as nonmetallic reductants - carbon and carbon-nitrogen. The crude metal obtained by various reduction techniques outlined are purified either by solid state pyrovacuum treatment or by melt refining in an electron beam furnace. Mechanism of refining processes taking place during these post reduction treatments are also included in the review.     

Extractive Metallurgy of Tantalum

This paper presents a brief review of extractive metallurgy of tantalum starting from processing of its ore to two pure intermediates K₂TaF₇ and Ta₂O₅ and their conversion to pure tantalum metal by various technically feasible processes. Though tantalum metal can be produced by several means only two processes – sodium reduction of K₂TaF₇ and fused salt electrolysis of K₂TaF₇ in the presence of oxide, have been successful on industrial scale. Besides providing salient features of these two processes, the paper presents brief accounts of studies carried out on the reduction of oxide by metallic reductants – calcium and aluminium as well as nonmetallic reductants – carbon and carbon–nitrogen. The crude metal obtained by various reduction techniques outlined are purified either by solid state pyrovacuum treatment or by melt refining in an electron beam furnace. Mechanism of refining processes taking place during these post reduction treatments are also included in the review.     

我国铍冶金工艺发展概况

对我国铍冶金工艺几十年来的发展概况作了评述，并介绍了铍合金的发展情况。     

金属及合金中铍的光度分析

介绍了近１０年来,金属及合金中铍的光度分析发展状况,讨论了测定体系及其条件,以及相应光度分析方法的检出限、干扰情况和测定范围。     

钪的应用及其提取冶金的进展

本文介绍了钪的应用领域，钪及其合金的制取，钪的高纯化技术，并对其发展趋势进行了评述。     

车削加工对铍组织与性能的损伤

报道了不同车加工工艺对铍表层的损伤以及机加工损伤对铍力学性能的影响,建立了消除机加工损伤的方法,随车加工吃刀深度和走刀量的增加,铍材表面损伤层在0.1～0.5mm范围内增加,机加损伤主要表现形式为形成表面孪晶,表层晶粒越粗大,孪晶密度越高,由于样品加工时采用了较小的吃刀深度和走刀量,在金相显微镜下未发现表面裂纹,机加工损伤使铍的抗拉强度和延伸率均有较大降低。化学蚀刻是消除机加工损伤的较好方法,750℃退火能部分消除机加工损伤,消除机加工损伤后,铍的力学性能又可得到恢复。     

铍铜合金市场与应用前景展望

介绍了世界几大超级铍铜生产公司的概况，包括各自的发展历程、运营机构及生产规模。阐述了目前铍铜合金在各个应用领域的消费份额及国际国内市场容量。并用详实的数据分别从六大领域全面地分析了铍铜合金的市场现状及各自的应用形态，同时展望了其未来市场与应用的发展趋势，总结提出了中国铍铜工业应当借鉴与努力的方向，具有一定的参考价值。     

磺基水杨酸光度法测定铍铜母合金中的铍

研究了铍与磺基水杨酸的显色反应条件。结果表明,铍在pH9.2~10.8的氨性缓冲溶液中,与磺基水杨酸作用形成稳定的无色络合物[Be(OH)2(C6H4OHCOO)2]2,方法的最大吸收波长316 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为7.2×103,在100 mL溶液中铍质量在0~100μg范围内符合比尔定律。方法简单、快速、准确、选择性好,用于铍铜母合金中铍的测定,结果满意。     

Physical Metallurgy of Beryllium and Its Alloys

Some of the physical metallurgy aspects of beryllium and its alloys have been briefly described and discussed in this paper. To start with, many of the attractive properties of beryllium and some of its major applications have been mentioned. This is followed by a short discussion pertaining to the polymorphism of the metal and the stability of the relevant phases. The solid solution behaviour of beryllium and the formation of beryllium rich intermetallic phases have been dealt with subsequently. Some of the broad characteristics of the phase diagrams of binary beryllium systems have then been mentioned. A short account of beryllium based as well as beryllium containing alloys and composites has been provided after this. The next topic to be discussed is the deformation behaviour of the metal, with particular reference to slip systems, stacking faults, twinning modes and fracture modes. This is followed by a brief account of grain size effects and of recrystallization and grain growth in beryllium. Finally, the brittleness problem in beryllium has been discussed.     

铍上铝镀层微观结构研究

采用磁控溅射离子镀和等离子喷涂方法在Be表面制备铝镀层，并分别用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射仪（XRD），俄歇电子能谱仪（AES）和X射线应力的分析仪分析了膜层微结构，表面形貌，膜与基体界面情况以及内应力等。研究表明，Be上磁控溅射离子镀Al时，在膜基界面形成宽度约为1μm的Be,Al原子共混区，膜层由柱状晶组成，膜层应力为微压应力。等离子喷涂涂层不如前者致密，界面存在微裂纹，膜层应力为拉应力。     

铍板材深冲压成形异形件探讨

冲压成形是金属板材加工异形件的最基本方式。金属材质不同,冲压成形异形件的难易程度不同,主要影响因素是冲压成形性能和冲压成形极限。文章结合铍板材的冲压成形性能和冲压成形极限,对铍板材冲压成形异形件的难易性作了探讨。     

等静压技术正在促进铍的应用和发展

评述了等静压技术对铍应用的促进和该技术在铍制造中的几种基本工艺，并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

双水相萃取光度法测定铍

研究了邻苯二酚紫(PV)作为萃取剂和显色剂在聚乙二醇-2000(PEG)-Na2SO4-PV体系中非有机溶剂萃取光度法测定铍。将PV-Be(Ⅱ)配合物从pH=3.5的溶液中萃取到PEG相,其最大吸收波长位于591 nm,ε=1.25×105。Be(Ⅱ)的线性范围为0.0~2.5μg.ml-1,Be(Ⅱ)与PV的配合比为1∶2。将所建立的高灵敏度测定Be(Ⅱ)的方法用于铜合金样品分析,准确度较高。     

惯性器件用铍材微屈服强度的研究

介绍了惯性器件用铍材微屈服强度（ＭＹＳ）的研究概况、测试方法,讨论了晶粒尺寸、杂质（主要是ＢｅＯ）、热处理与微合金化等对铍材ＭＹＳ的影响。结果表明,采用粒径细小低氧化铍的冲击研磨粉末和等静压固结工艺是获得高ＭＹＳ铍材的重要途径。     

等静压金属铍材热常数测试

介绍了用激光热导仪对等静压铍材的热导率，比热进行测试的方法及测试结果。得出结论：等静压铍材比热Cp在（20-600℃）区间内随温度t升高而呈直线增加；等静压铍材的热导率λ在（20-600℃）区间内随温度t升高而减小，300℃以前减小速度较大，300℃以后减小速度变缓。