轧制差厚板纵向弯曲回弹分析与预测

将轧制差厚板应用于梁类零件的制造能够实现汽车轻量化，但同时也带来了更为复杂的回弹问题。为了掌握差厚板梁类零件的回弹机理并获取各种工艺参数对回弹的影响规律，通过仿真与试验手段研究差厚板U型件纵向弯曲回弹问题。首先，建立差厚板U型件纵向弯曲成形与回弹有限元模型，完成成形与回弹过程仿真，并通过冲压试验对仿真结果进行验证，讨论差厚板回弹分布情况及其原因，分析退火工艺对差厚板回弹的影响规律及内在机理。接着，基于差厚板U型件回弹仿真结果，进行正交试验设计，在此基础上完成回弹影响因素的灰色关联分析，获取各因素的影响水平以及优化的参数组合。最后，完成BP神经网络模型的构建，实现差厚板U型件的回弹预测。研究结果表明，双斜率退火工艺能够减小差厚板的回弹，并且使得回弹分布更加均匀。灰色关联分析获取的最优工艺参数组合为过渡区位置-20 mm、过渡区长度50 mm、板料厚度1.6/2.0 mm、板料尺寸80 mm×230 mm,采用最优工艺参数组合成形的差厚板U型件可以获取更低水平的回弹量。不同工艺参数对差厚板U型件弯曲回弹的影响程度按降序排列为板料尺寸、过渡区位置、过渡区长度、板料厚度。建立的神经网络模型具有...     

板厚对冷弯成型过程及回弹影响的有限元模拟

采用ANSYS／LS-DYNA有限元软件的显式求解功能对厚度分别为4mm、5mm、6mm、7mm、8mm的板料进行有限元弹塑性分析，得到板料成型过程中厚度因素对轧件应力、应变的影响规律。接着利用ANSYS的隐式求解功能分析厚度因素对板料回弹的影响规律，并将回弹量的模拟数值与工作现场的回弹数值进行比较，表明计算结果具有一定的可信度。     

稀土元素Gd、Ce对AZ31镁合金的硬化行为

将变形AZ31镁合金作为研究对象,研究了将不同含量的元素Gd和Ce加入该合金模型之后形成的AZ31-8Re镁合金的力学性能和铸态组织等特性以及镁合金的金相微观组织和力学性能,系统地比较了不同含量的稀土元素对镁合金力学性能的影响,探讨了稀土元素Gd和Ce对AZ31变形镁合金的金相组织的影响以及对其的时效硬化行为。     

厚壁冷成型钢构件残余应力分析

从理论上将厚壁冷弯残余应力形成过程模拟成大变形加载(弯曲)和弹性卸载(回弹)过程,对不同厚度、不同相对弯曲半径下的冷成型厚钢板进行了大变形弯曲和回弹分析,得到了弯曲应力场和回弹应力场,将这两种应力场相叠加,得到了残余应力场,并分析了其分布规律,最后以国外的实测结果为基础进行了比较分析,证实了该理论分析方法的正确性,从而为进一步研究残余应力对厚壁冷成型钢构件性能的影响奠定了理论基础。     

双线性应变路径下St14-T冷轧薄板成形极限研究

在多轴加载试验机上开展了St14-T冷轧薄板单拉和双拉预变形试验，在此基础上采用CAMSYS自动网络分析仪测量了板料的极限应变，分析了预变形对板料成形极限的影响，试验结果表明：加载应变路径的变化会蚊蝇乱形极限曲线的高低。单拉预应变路径将显著提高正应变比区的成形极限，而对负应变比区的成形极限影响不大。等双拉预应变将明显降低正应变比区的成形极限，对负应变比区的成形极限有所提高，随着等双拉预应变量的增加，整条成形极限曲线将降低。     

汽车覆盖件拉延筋的单元模拟试验研究

通过拉延筋基本单元模拟试验，对板料在筋内变形机理、压边力和筋的几何参数对拉延筋束力的影响规律、拉延筋约束力随模具包角变化的规律及板料拉过筋时的变形情况进行了研究，建立了柱延筋约束力计算模型。     

预拉伸对7075铝合金中厚板几何精度 和力学性能的影响

以厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金中厚板为对象，开展预拉伸对板材几何精度和力学性能的影响研究.试验表明，当预拉伸量相同时，板材宽厚比越大，回弹后的纵向永久变形率越小；预拉伸对板材的宽向尺寸影响很小，其预拉伸过程近似于纵向延伸、厚向减薄的平面应变状态；通过数据拟合，建立了3种宽厚比中厚板的预拉伸量与其纵向和厚向回弹后永久变形率之间的关系方程；随着纵向永久变形率的增加，预拉伸板时效后的屈服强度和抗拉强度均呈先增加后减少的趋势；在纵向永久变形率为2.0%~2.5%时，预拉伸板的强度性能达到最大值.      

AG700L动态再结晶热变形本构方程的测算

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对AG700L试样进行单道次压缩变形试验,记录材料在不同变形温度(900 ℃、950 ℃、1 000 ℃、1 050 ℃、1 100 ℃、1 150 ℃)、不同的应变速率(0.01 s^-1、0.1 s^-1、1 s^-1、5 s^-1)压缩变形70%时的真应力应变曲线。试验完成后对各工艺下的真应力应变曲线进行整理,同时结合奥氏体晶粒结果进行综合分析,摸清了变形温度、应变速率对汽车大梁钢AG700L的动态再结晶的影响规律,通过数据处理计算得到AG700L钢动态再结晶激活能为354.364 6 kJ/mol,并建立了动态再结晶热变形本构方程。     

5083铝-镁合金薄壁管材工艺制度研究

研究了变形程度、不完全退火温度及保温时间对5083铝-镁合金薄壁管材组织与性能的影响,运用回归分析方法,制定了在批量生产条件下5083铝一镁合金达到H22硬化状态合格产品的工艺参数.本项试验研究对5083铝-镁合金薄壁管材的生产工艺有参考意义.     

基于FEM分析轧制预变形对AZ31B镁合金热轧板材边部损伤的影响规律

基于FEM(finite element method)研究了轧制预变形对AZ31B镁合金热轧板材边部损伤的影响规律。选用Normalized Cockcroft&Latham损伤模型,在轧制温度为400℃、轧制速度为0.5 m·s^-1的条件下,对规格为50 mm×20 mm×15 mm的AZ31B镁合金板材预先使用凸度轧辊制备不同形状的板坯,使板坯中部的变形量一致,边部比中部分别高出2,4和6 mm,然后分别进行多道次、小压下率和单道次、大压下率平辊轧制模拟仿真。结果表明,轧制预变形能够显著降低镁合金板材边部的损伤,经多道次轧后板材边部的拉应力减小,应力三轴度降低,边部与中部的应变差值减小,边部金属与中部金属流动趋于同步,且在预设仿真方案范围内边部凸度越大,轧后板材边部的损伤值越小,最小损伤值为0.729。对镁合金板材预变形后可实现单道次、大压下率轧制,板材的边部温度和应变速率均有所增加,有利于降低轧制过程中的边部损伤。研究结果可为少或无边裂镁合金板材轧制工艺制定提供理论依据。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy added with cerium

The AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet added with 0.5 wt.% Ce was welded with friction stir welding(FSW).The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were investigated.The results showed that the microstructures in the weld nugget zone were uniform and with small equiaxed grains.The grains in the heat-affected zone and the thermo-mechanical affected zone were coarser than those in the base metal zone and the weld nugget zone.The ultimate tensile strength of AZ31B magnesium alloy added with 0.5...     

镁合金的超塑性与损伤定量分析

研究了轧制AZ31B镁合金板材的超塑性与空洞损伤，对拉伸试样在超塑性变形各阶段轴剖面的空洞进行了观察，通过对空洞演化的分析建立了空洞体积分数与变形程度的定量关系。研究结果表明：AZ31B镁合金板材在一定的变形条件下具有良好的超塑性；变形伴随着空洞的形核、长大，继而发生空洞的连接，导致材料断裂；空洞体积分数随着变形程度的增加呈指数规律变化。     

Experimental and Numerical Study of Electromagnetic Forming of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheet

Wrought magnesium alloys are interesting materials for automotive and aeronautical industries due to their low density in comparison to steel and aluminium alloys, making them ideal candidates when designing a lower weight vehicle. However, due to their hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) crystal structure, magnesium alloys exhibit low formability at room temperature. For that reason, in this study a high velocity forming process, electromagnetic forming (EMF), was used to study the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet at high strain rates. In the first stage of this work, specimens of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet have been characterised by uniaxial tensile tests at quasi‐static and dynamic strain rates at room temperature. The influence of the strain rate is outlined and the parameters of Johnson‐Cook constitutive material model were fit to experimental results. In the second stage, sheets of AZ31B magnesium alloy have been biaxially deformed by electromagnetic forming process using different coil and die configurations. Deformation values measured from electromagnetically formed parts are compared to the ones achieved by conventional forming technologies. Finally, numerical study using an alternative method for computing the electromagnetic fields in the EMF process simulation, a combination of Finite Element Method (FEM) for conductor parts and Boundary Element Method (BEM) for insulators, is shown.     

Friction Stir Lap Welding of Magnesium Alloy to Steel: A Preliminary Investigation

An initial study was made to evaluate the feasibility of joining magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet to galvanized steel sheet in a lap configuration using friction stir welding (FSW). Two different automotive sheet steels were used for comparative evaluation of the dissimilar joining potential: a 0.8 mm thick, electrogalvanized (EG) mild steel, and a 1.5 mm thick hot-dipped galvanized (HDG) high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steel. These steels were joined to 2.33 mm thick AZ31B magnesium sheet. A single FSW tool design was used for both dissimilar welds, and the process parameters were kept the same. The average peak load for the AZ31-1.5 mm steel weld joint in lap shear mode was found to be 6.3 ± 1.0 kN. For the AZ31-0.8 mm steel weld, joint strength was 5.1 ± 1.5 kN. Microstructural investigation indicates melting of the Zn coating present on the steel sheets, and subsequent alloying with the Mg sheet resulted in the formation of a solidified Zn-Mg alloy layer.     

Constitutive Behavior of Commercial Grade ZEK100 Magnesium Alloy Sheet over a Wide Range of Strain Rates

The constitutive behavior of a rare-earth magnesium alloy ZEK100 rolled sheet is studied at room temperature over a wide range of strain rates. This alloy displays a weakened basal texture compared to conventional AZ31B sheet which leads to increased ductility; however, a strong orientation dependency persists. An interesting feature of the ZEK100 behavior is twinning at first yield under transverse direction (TD) tensile loading that is not seen in AZ31B. The subsequent work hardening behavior is shown to be stronger in the TD when compared to the rolling and 45 deg directions. One particularly striking feature of this alloy is a significant dependency of the strain rate sensitivity on orientation. The yield strength under compressive loading in all directions and under tensile loading in the TD direction is controlled by twinning and is rate insensitive. In contrast, the yield strength under rolling direction tensile loading is controlled by non-basal slip and is strongly rate sensitive. The cause of the in-plane anisotropy in terms of both strength and strain rate sensitivity is attributed to the initial crystallographic texture and operative deformation mechanisms as confirmed by measurements of deformed texture. Rate-sensitive constitutive fits are provided of the tensile stress–strain curves to the Zerilli–Armstrong[1] hcp material model and of the compressive response to a new constitutive equation due to Kurukuri et al.[2]     

Relationships between process parameters and temperature field of roll casting for wide sheet made of AZ61 magnesium alloy: Finite element method

In recent years, wide sheet made of AZ61 wrought magnesium alloys has been widely studied and applied in industry. Thin roll-casting technology for the new wrought magnesium alloy can provide acceptable quality wide and thin sheet made of AZ61 magnesium alloy. To study the influences of roll-casting process parameters on temperature field for wide and thin sheet made of AZ61 magnesium alloy plates, some simplification and assumptions have been done by characteristics of magnesium alloy. Two-dimensional FEM model for roll-casting has been established along casting direction. Simulations of temperature fields of the plates have been done by using finite element analysis ANSYS software. A series of researches on the temperature distributions under different process parameters (pouring temperature, heat-transfer coefficients and casting speeds) have been done. The simulation results and the literature about the casting process of the relevant theory are the same. The simulation results show that the process parameters of rapid-casting process for AZ61 magnesium alloy are mutual influenced on the temperature fields of wide sheet made of AZ61 magnesium alloy.     

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on plastic deformation of AZ31 during the tensile process

An investigation on the plastic behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under ultrasonic vibration(with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW)during the process of tension at room temperature was conducted to reveal the volume effect of the vibrated plastic deformation of AZ31.The characteristics of mechanical properties and microstructures of AZ31 under routine and vibrated tensile processes with different amplitudes were compared.It is found that ultrasonic vibration has a remarkable influence on the plastic behavior of AZ31 which can be summarized into two opposite aspects: the softening effect which reduces the flow resistance and improves the plasticity,and the hardening effect which decreases the formability.When a lower amplitude or vibration energy is applied to the tensile sample,the softening effect dominates,leading to a decrease of AZ31 deformation resistance with an increase of formability.Under the application of a high-vibrating amplitude,the hardening effect dominates,resulting in the decline of plasticity and brittle fracture of the samples.     

Thermochemical Analysis of Phases Formed at the Interface of a Mg alloy-Ni-plated Steel Joint during Laser Brazing

The thermodynamic stability of precipitated phases at the steel-Ni-Mg alloy interface during laser brazing of Ni-plated steel to AZ31B magnesium sheet using AZ92 magnesium alloy filler wire has been evaluated using FactSage thermochemical software. Assuming local chemical equilibrium at the interface, the chemical activity–temperature–composition relationships of intermetallic compounds that might form in the steel-Ni interlayer-AZ92 magnesium alloy system in the temperature range of 873 K to 1373 K (600 °C to 1100 °C) were estimated using the Equilib module of FactSage. The results provided better understanding of the phases that might form at the interface of the dissimilar metal joints during the laser brazing process. The addition of a Ni interlayer between the steel and the Mg brazing alloy was predicted to result in the formation of the AlNi, Mg₂Ni, and Al₃Ni₂ intermetallic compounds at the interface, depending on the local maximum temperature. This was confirmed experimentally by laser brazing of Ni electro-plated steel to AZ31B-H24 magnesium alloy using AZ92 magnesium alloy filler wire. As predicted, the formation of just AlNi and Mg₂Ni from a monotectic and eutectic reaction, respectively, was observed near the interface.     

基于Gurson模型的镁合金板材温热冲压成形研究

在Gurson损伤模型的基础上,采用有限元数值模拟与温热冲压实验相结合的方法,对镁合金板材温热冲压成形过程中的材料损伤过程进行了预测.考虑了板材的塑性各向异性行为,通过用户自定义材料子程序VUMAT将损伤模型嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit中.采用单轴拉伸试验数据与有限元数值模拟结果进行迭代,确定了Gurson模型所需要的材料参数.使用ABAQUS模拟得到了镁合金板材温热冲压过程中微孔洞的演变及分布规律.通过扫描电子显微镜,对不同温度下的AZ31镁合金板材由孔洞增长和聚合引起的内部损伤演化进行了观察分析.研究结果表明,板材中微孔洞的分布与实验数据相吻合,说明本文所提出的方法可以应用于金属板材温热冲压成形性能预测.      

Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict Corrosion Rate of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy under Sodium Chloride Environment

Magnesium alloys have gained considerable interest as a structural material for automotive and aerospace applications due to their low-density, high specific strength and good castability. As a consequence, these light alloys have a promising future. The limitation of low corrosion resistance restricts their practical applications. Corrosion behaviour of the AZ31B magnesium alloy was evaluated by conducting immersion corrosion test in NaCl solution at different chloride ion concentrations, pH value and immersion time. An attempt was also made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. Response surface methodology was used to develop the relationship. The developed relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy at 95 % confidence level.