粉末冶金制备原位自生钛基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能研究

利用Ti与B4C、C、LaB6之间的化学反应,采用粉末冶金工艺制备了原位自生钛基复合材料(TiB+TiC+La2O3)/Ti-6Al-4V;通过X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜,分析了材料的物相组成、显微组织及增强体的微观形貌;测试了材料的室温和高温力学性能,并分析了断裂机理.结果表明:增强体总体分布均匀,但局部有团聚现象,形状和尺寸多样;粉末冶金制备Ti-6Al-4V的抗拉强度高于铸造工艺制备的材料,增强体的原位合成使复合材料的室温和高温性能与基体相比明显提高;室温时,体积较大的增强体的断裂是复合材料失效的主要原因,高温下则主要是增强体和界面的脱粘导致材料失效.     

发动机用石墨烯表面镀Cu增强钛基复合材料的制备及力学性能

通过微波烧结法制备石墨烯(GNPs)表面镀Cu增强钛基(Ti6Al4V)复合材料,探讨石墨烯表面镀Cu后对钛基复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:石墨烯表面成功镀覆一层较均匀分布的Cu颗粒;石墨烯与基体Ti界面反应严重,容易生成粒径为2~5μm的TiC,石墨烯表面镀Cu后,界面反应产生的TiC含量更多,同时生成了Ti_2Cu相;相比于单纯外加石墨烯,石墨烯表面镀Cu后,提高了复合材料的力学性能,其相对密度、显微硬度、抗压强度分别达到95.48%、468 HV_(0.1)、1 406 MPa;室温磨损机制由基体(Ti6Al4V)的磨粒磨损转变为GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的黏着磨损。     

Cr对超重力场燃烧合成TiC-TiB_2复合陶瓷凝固行为的影响

采用超重力场燃烧合成技术,以Ti+B4C为主反应体系,同时辅以不同含量的CrO3+Al增强体系,制备出不同Cr含量的TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷。XRD、FESEM与EDS分析表明,所得TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷主要由大量细小的TiB2片晶、TiC球晶构成,富Cr金属相多与TiB2片晶交织在一起。随着CrO3+Al含量增加,体系绝热温度升高,TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷中富Cr金属相体积分数逐渐增加。分析认为,超重力场下燃烧反应完成后,得到Ti-Cr-C-B合金液相,在冷却凝固过程中,TiC率先形核析出,TiB2随后析出,Cr及少量未反应Ti最后析出,并对TiB2片晶形成的骨架结构进行补缩,从而提高了TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷的致密性。     

绝热燃烧温度对TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷物相及组织的影响

以B4C粉、Ti粉、CrO3粉以及Al粉为原料,采用超重力下自挤压辅助燃烧合成技术,以快速凝固方式制备出不同绝热燃烧温度的TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷.XRD、FESEM与EDS结果表明,TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷基体主要由片状的TiB2晶粒构成,同时在TiB2基体间还分布着少量不规则的TiC,(Ti,Cr,Al)C1-x及Al2O3残余夹杂物.随着绝热燃烧温度的升高,Al2O3的含量先减少后增加,(Ti,Cr,Al) C1-x的含量逐渐增加,TiB2与TiC的含量基本不变.     

金属钛表面Na2B4O7-Al熔盐渗硼

分别以熔融Na2B4O7和Na2B4O7+Al为渗硼剂,在钛金属表面渗硼,以期获得含TiB2和TiB双层结构的硼化层。通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析涂层表面的物相结构。结果表明,单独以Na2B4O7作为渗硼剂时基体表面没有生成硼化物,主要生成Na2Ti4O8。在Na2B4O7中添加10%Al(质量分数)后,钛表面有明显的TiB2和TiB生成。温度升高有利于TiB2的生成,但会抑制TiB的生成。热力学分析表明,与单独用Na2B4O7做渗硼剂相比,以Na2B4O7+Al为渗硼剂时生成活性B原子的反应趋势较大,因而活性B原子的浓度较高。动力学分析表明,低温时由于B原子在TiB相中的扩散速度大于其在TiB2相和Ti相中的扩散速度,因而有TiB和TiB2生成。高温时由于B原子在Ti相中的扩散速度大于其在TiB相中的扩散速度,因而主要生成TiB2。     

原位自生TiB+TiC增强Ti-Fe基复合材料微观组织和力学性能研究

以Ti粉、Fe粉和B_4C粉末为原料,采用冷等静压+高真空烧结方法制备了不同(TiB+TiC)增强相体积分数的Ti-Fe合金基复合材料(Fe元素质量分数为5%～15%),重点讨论了Fe含量和增强相对复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,在1 150～1 250℃烧结温度下制备出Ti-Fe合金基复合材料致密度随Fe含量与增强相体积分数升高而降低。Fe含量增加使基体中α相层片状结构细化,而B_4C粉末的添加生成原位自生TiC颗粒和TiB纤维增强相,基体结构由层片状转变为等轴状。材料力学性能随Fe含量和增强相体积分数增加而提高。在1 150℃烧结制备的Ti-15%Fe-10vol%(TiB+TiC)复合材料硬度(HV)达到334,抗压强度达到2 040 MPa。     

Al含量对Ti—B体系自蔓燃高温合成过程的影响

采用纯Ti粉、Al粉及B粉进行整体加热，使其发生自蔓燃高温反应，在Al基中合成TiB2粉末。研究了Al含量及合成温度对Ti-Al-B体系反应产物微观结构的影响，探讨了在Al基体中TiB2粒子的形成机理。研究结果表明，在Ti-Al-B体系中，800℃左右Ti－B就可反应合成TiB2，这与Ti－Al之间发生的放热反应有关，Al的存在缓和了TiB2的合成反应；在Al基中成功地制备出了细小、均匀的、粒度可控的TiB2粒子。TiB2的粒度约为0．5～5、0μm，主要取决于反应物中Al的含量。     

超重力下燃烧合成TiC(Ti,W)C1-x基细晶复合陶瓷研究

采用超重力下自挤压辅助燃烧合成技术,以快速凝固方式制备出TiC-(Ti,W)C1-x基细晶复合陶瓷.XRD、FESEM与EDS结果表明,TiC基复合陶瓷基体主要由球状的TiC细晶构成,同时在TiC-(Ti,W)C1-x基体问还分布着少量的TiB2片晶、(Cr,W,Ti)3B2及Al2O5残余夹杂物.由于超重力的引入,促...     

SHS法制备钛基复合材料用的TiC颗粒

研究了由Ti，C，Al元素粉末通过自蔓延高温合成(SHS)工艺制取TiC颗粒过程中体系物相组成的变化情况，以及合成产物的状态。采用燃烧波淬熄法制备了样品，用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微(SEM)技术分析、检测了所得样品的相组成和微结构。结果表明，在Ti—C—Al系的燃烧合成反应中，分别产生Ti—Al，Ti—C和Al—C间的多个反应，生成多种金属间化合物相，但最终产物以TiC和纯Al相为主。反应产物的形态为纯Al相分隔的符合化学计量比的等轴TiC颗粒多孔堆积体，颗粒大小均匀，尺寸多在2μm一8μm之间。     

原位反应制备Ag/TiB2复合材料

在Ti和B粉末原位反应生成TiB2条件热力学分析的基础上,采用机械合金化和粉末冶金原位合成工艺制备Ag/TiB2复合材料.采用Ag粉,Ti粉和B粉作为材料,按照Ti和B摩尔比1∶2占复合材料质量分数分别为0.5％,1.0％,3.0％和5.0％ TiB2进行配料,混合后在自制高能球磨机上球磨60h,转速为150 r·min-1,球料比为60∶1.球磨后的粉末在压力机上用模具冷压成型φ21 mm ×5 mm的块状试样,压力600 MPa,保压30 s.最后将混合粉末的压制体在900℃保温4h热压炉中进行原位反应,并通入Ar气作为保护气氛,制备了不同TiB2含量的新型Ag/TiB2复合材料,系统研究了TiB2含量对AgTiB2触头复合材料组织和性能的影响.通过X-ray衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)表征分析了Ag/TiB2复合材料的相组成及显微组织,并采用维式硬度计和涡流电导仪对硬度和导电率进行了测试.研究结果表明,采用机械合金化球磨和原位反应粉末冶金技术制备Ag/TiB2复合材料是可行的.随着TiB2含量的增加,Ag/TiB2复合材料出现明显的TiB2团聚现象,且Ag/TiB2复合材料的硬度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在硬度值为3％时,达到最大硬度值87.1 HV,但Ag/TiB2复合材料电导率随着TiB2含量的增加逐渐下降.     

不连续增强钛基复合材料的研究进展

不连续增强相能有效改善钛基体的力学性能，提高钛基体的耐磨性、高温强度和抗氧化性，拓宽了钛合金的应用领域。陶瓷增强相具有硬度高、耐磨性好、热稳定、成本低廉等优点，成为不连续增强钛基复合材料的首选增强相，其中使用最为广泛的是TiC颗粒和TiB纤维。纳米碳材料因具有高弹性模量以及高抗拉强度等优异性能，可有效改善复合材料的强度、塑性，被用来制备高比强度的钛基复合材料，近年来成为最具潜力增强体材料。本文从增强体材料的选择出发，归纳总结了近十年不连续增强钛基复合材料的研究进展，综述了不同增强体材料对钛基体组织与力学性能的影响以及强化机理，提出进一步的研究方向，为提高钛基复合材料的整体性能和扩大其应用范围提供一定的依据。     

Improvement of hardness and wear resistance of (TiC,TiB)/Ti-6Al-4V surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

The objective of this study is to investigate microstructure, hardness, and wear properties of three kinds of (TiC,TiB)/Ti-6Al-4V surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixtures of Ti+C, TiC+TiB₂, and Ti+B₄C powders and CaF₂ flux were deposited on a Ti-6A1-4V substrate, and then high-energy electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures. The surface-alloyed layers of 0.9 to 1.6 mm in thickness were homogeneously formed, and contained a large amount (30 to 44 vol. pct) of hard precipitates such as TiC and TiB in the martensitic matrix. This microstructural modification improved the hardness and wear resistance of the surface-alloyed layer 2 times and 6 to 9 times, respectively, greater than that of the substrate. Particularly, the surface-alloyed material fabricated with Ti+B₄C powders had a larger volume fraction of TiB and TiC homogeneously distributed in the martensitic matrix, and thus showed the best hardness and wear resistance. These findings suggested that the surface-alloying using high-energy electron-beam irradiation was economical and useful for the development of titanium-base surface-alloyed materials with improved hardness and wear properties.     

Correlation of microstructure with the hardness and wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

The correlation of microstructure with the hardness and wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation was investigated in this study. The mixtures of TiC, SiC, or TiC + SiC powders and CaF₂ flux were placed on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate, and then an electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures using an electron-beam accelerator. The surface composite layers of 1.2 to 2.1 mm in thickness were formed without defects and contained a large amount (up to 66 vol pct) of precipitates such as TiC and Ti₅Si₃ in the martensitic matrix. This microstructural modification, including the formation of hard precipitates and a hardened matrix in the surface composite layer, improved the hardness and wear resistance. Particularly in the surface composite fabricated with TiC + SiC powders, the wear resistance was greatly enhanced to a level 25 times higher than that of the Ti alloy substrate, because 66 vol pct of TiC and Ti₅Si₃ was precipitated homogeneously in the hardened martensitic matrix. These findings suggested that high-energy electron-beam irradiation was useful for the development of Ti-based surface composites with improved hardness and wear properties.     

Texture Evolution and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Hybrid-Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites: Enhanced Strength and Ductility

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - TiB, TiC and La2O3 hybrid-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V matrix composites were fabricated by common casting and processed by the following forging and isothermal...     

原位自生TiB2p/Al-18%Si复合材料的组织和性能

采用TiO2和KBF4粉体为反应物,适量Na3AlF6为覆盖剂,用熔体直接反应法制备了TiB2p/Al-18%Si复合材料,通过OM、SEM和EPMA对复合材料的相及微观组织进行研究,并测试了常温条件下复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度和干滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,原位反应生成的TiB2颗粒尺寸小于1μm,且大多数在Al-18%Si合金基体中均匀分布,粗大的α-Al枝晶和针状共晶Si组织得到细化;复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度、摩擦磨损性能高于无TiB2颗粒的Al-18%Si合金。     

Correlation of microstructure and abrasive and sliding wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

This study is concerned with the correlation of microstructure and abrasive and sliding wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixtures of TiC, SiC, Ti + SiC, or TiC+SiC powders and CaF₂ flux were deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate, and then an electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures. The surface composite layers of 1.2 to 2.1 mm in thickness were homogeneously formed without defects and contained a large amount (30 to 66 vol pct) of hard precipitates such as TiC and Ti₅Si₃ in the martensitic matrix. This microstructural modification, including the formation of hard precipitates in the surface composite layer, improved the hardness and abrasive wear resistance. Particularly in the surface composite fabricated with TiC + SiC powders, the abrasive wear resistance was greatly enhanced to a level 25 times higher than that of the Ti alloy substrate because of the precipitation of 66 vol pct of TiC and Ti₅Si₃ in the hardened martensitic matrix. During the sliding wear process, hard and coarse TiC and Ti₅Si₃ precipitates fell off from the matrix, and their wear debris worked as abrasive particles, thereby reducing the sliding wear resistance. On the other hand, needle-shaped Ti₅Si₃ particles, which did not play a significant role in enhancing abrasive wear resistance, lowered the friction coefficient and, accordingly, decelerated the sliding wear, because they played more of the role of solid lubricants than as abrasive particles after they fell off from the matrix. These findings indicated that high-energy electron-beam irradiation was useful for the development of Ti-based surface composites with improved abrasive and sliding wear resistance, although the abrasive and sliding-wear data should be interpreted by different wear mechanisms.     

Reaction Synthesis of Titanium Matrix Composites Through Powder Metallurgy Processing Technique

Titanium matrix composites reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol.% of in situ TiB–TiC reinforcements were fabricated using powder metallurgy method which offers economical solution for production of high performance materials. The in situ composites were produced by reaction of sintering of uniformly blended and compacted powders of titanium and boron carbide in required proportions. XRD analysis confirmed the completion of in situ reaction. SEM studies confirmed uniform distribution and the shape of the reinforcement, TiB as whiskers and TiC as equiaxed particles. The effect of morphology and reinforcement volume on properties of the composites were evaluated by measurement of modulus, hardness, three-point bend test and compression test at ambient temperature along with unreinforced titanium. The study has revealed that the composites with increasing percentage of the reinforcements exhibited improved properties due to the presence of TiB whiskers distributed uniformly. Fractography of the three-point bend tested samples revealed the plastic mode of fracture for unreinforced titanium and the composites exhibiting mixed mode of fracture.     

添加剂镍对原位合成TiB2-TiC复相陶瓷材料性能的影响

用TiH2，Ni和B4C作为原料，采用热等静压法制备了TiB2-TiC复相陶瓷材料，此方法工艺简单。成本较低。XRD研究表明在样品中只存在TiB2和TiC两相；TEM研究结果表明TiB2晶粒为规则的多边形和板条状，添加剂Ni位于TiB2/TiC交界处；显微硬度、断裂韧性和SEM断口形貌的研究结果表明添加剂Ni显著提高了TiB2-TiC复相陶瓷材料的综合性能。     

添加Nd元素对Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr合金组织细化的影响

采用冷等静压–真空烧结法制备Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-1Nd合金,然后进行固溶及时效热处理,通过实验与最小错配度理论计算,研究Nd元素对该合金组织细化的影响,并分析细化机理。结果表明,添加1%(质量分数)的稀土元素Nd后,析出相Nd2O3能有效促进晶粒细化。二维错配度的计算结果证明析出相Nd2O3是有效的形核剂,可促进非均匀形核,增加形核率,从而使晶粒细化。通过对合金试样薄区进行高分辨率观察,发现另一种絮状的、非常细小的、弥散分布的Nd2Ti4O11相,由于其界面错配度较低,也可作为非均匀形核的核心,促进形核,起到细化晶粒的作用。