切削不同铸铁材料的PCBN超硬材料刀具磨损研究现状

基于聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)超硬材料刀具的高硬度、良好的耐磨性及化学稳定性,其在汽车制造领域的应用变得越来越广泛。对国内外学者们使用PCBN超硬材料刀具加工灰铸铁、球墨铸铁和蠕墨铸铁的研究现状进行总结分析,主要从刀具材料、工艺参数、工件材料、切削环境及加工方式等几个方面对PCBN超硬材料刀具切削加工3种铸铁时的磨损机制进行讨论,最后总结了切削不同种类铸铁材料时刀具的磨损情况。     

钛合金热粘塑性本构关系的子程序开发及有限元验证

目前大型有限元商业软件中包含一些常见的金属热粘塑性本构模型有限元程序,但由于不同的具体工程应用问题,这些软件中的模型通常无法满足对高速冲击或切削等条件下材料性能的描述。针对这一问题,本研究引入一种显式积分算法,并通过ABAQUS用户子程序接口将用户自定义的金属热粘塑性本构模型进行了数值程序实现。对比实验数据可见,VUMAT子程序可较准确地描述TC4钛合金的应变率强化与温度软化效应。此外,通过与ABAQUS软件自带的Johnson-Cook本构模型数值模拟结果对比发现,两者吻合良好,且子程序在计算效率方面明显优于前者,为金属材料在高速冲击或切削加工等条件下的数值模拟提供了技术支撑。     

钛二维机加工的切削力预测

<正>对材料进行切削加工时,除要考虑被切削材料和刀具这两个重要因素,也要考虑夹具、切削参数和冷却液等其他因素。在切削加工过程中,被切削材料上不需要的部分在刀具边缘变成切屑,切屑形成区的压应力和摩擦力会对切削力产生影响。金属切削是一种塑性变形过程。为观察和预测钛及钛合金切削过程中的切削力,开发了DEFORM2D软件来模拟切削过程。该软件使用有限元方法模     

炭/炭复合材料切削加工试验研究

C/C复合材料是飞机刹车副的新型摩擦结构材料,作者探讨了其结构和机械物理性能的特殊性及机械切削加工的特点,用SEM观察了不同切削条件下切屑的断口形貌,用5种不同的刀具材料、刀具角度及几何形状相同的刀具,在一定的切削工艺参数条件下,对该材料进行切削试验.以刀具的前刀面和,或后刀面的磨损率为判据,最佳刀具材料为YG8.C/C复合材料的切削过程中,刀具的磨损极为严重,刀具磨损的主要机理是粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

Ti75合金加工技术研究

从切削刀具和切削方式等方面对Ti75合金的铣削加工进行了探索与研究,着重分析了刀具磨损的原因和机理,并提出了减少磨损的方法和措施.     

SiCp/Al复合材料切削加工性的影响机理研究

针对SiCp/Al复合材料,探究了颗粒尺寸对其切削加工性的影响机理.基于ABAQUS有限元仿真软件建立了不同颗粒尺寸的SiCp/Al复合材料仿真模型,并通过单因素实验,探明了颗粒尺寸在不同切削参数下对切削力、切削温度以及切屑形态的影响规律,得到了刀具-颗粒相对位置对已加工表面的影响规律.研究结果表明:当颗粒尺寸从10μ...     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料切削加工工艺的新进展

颗粒增强金属基复合材料有着优良的物理力学性能,在国防、电子、航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用前景.但由于加工困难.限制了其推广使用.切削加工是颗粒增强金属基复合材料的精密和超精密加工主要手段,切削技术的进一步研究和发展是促进颗粒增强金属基复合材料应用的关键之一.据此,从复合材料切削加工的切削机理、切削刀具和表面完整性三个方面,介绍了国内外最新的研究成果,并指出了存在的问题和研究方向.     

PCBN刀具及其高速切削性能研究进展

简要介绍了我国PCNB刀具发展现状及其切削性能,详细介绍了国内外PCBN刀具高速切削的研究进展,主要包括:PCBN刀具高速切削淬硬钢的研究,高速切削各种铸铁的研究,高速切削钛合金的研究,高速切削钨及其合金、喷涂材料的研究。分析了我国PCBN刀具发展存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。     

PCBN刀具高速精密切削W-Ni-Fe合金的性能研究

采用PCBN刀具对W-Ni-Fe合金进行高速精密切削试验,通过观测PCBN刀具前、后刀面的磨损形貌,分析了刀具的失效磨损机理;从CBN含量、刀具参数以及已加工表面粗糙度方面研究了PCBN刀具加工W-Ni-Fe合金的切削性能。结果表明,CBN含量高且刀尖圆弧半径大的PCBN刀具具有更长的使用寿命,在高速、低进给、小切深条件下可获得良好的表面质量。SEM和EDS分析结果表明,PCBN刀具高速精密切削W-Ni-Fe合金的磨损机理为粘结磨损、扩散磨损、局部剥落、氧化磨损以及崩刃磨损等多重磨损机理共同作用的结果。     

硬脆材料加工技术的研究

对硬脆材料的各种用途和加工现状进行了综述,根据硬脆材料抗拉强度低的特点,建立了切削模型。介绍了切削、磨削等主要的几种加工方法的原理、适用范围及最新研究成果,硬脆材料切削和磨削的机理和实验对比,并对特种加工做了简单介绍。     

Preliminary investigations on the utility of an erbium, chromium YSGG laser

A variety of laser systems are under investigation as potential tools in dentistry. Most of these systems have been shown to be efficacious for soft tissue surgery of the mucous membranes; however, cutting bone and dental hard tissues has only recently been possible. In this report from the University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry, a review of laser applications in dentistry is discussed. The utility of a new laser system using an erbium YSGG medium with air water spray to cut soft tissues, bone, enamel and dentin is under investigation and preliminary research findings are presented.     

超声波对金属相与陶瓷相间润湿角的影响

金属相与陶瓷相间的润湿性对陶瓷刀具的性能起着重要作用,为了改善固?液界面结构,提高陶瓷材料的综合性能,研究了烧结过程中超声作用产生的能量对金属相与陶瓷相间润湿角的影响。根据粉末液相烧结理论,构建了固?液双球冠润湿模型。依据润湿模型和最小能量原理,建立了润湿角与表面能、超声能、几何参数之间的关系。研究表明:在超声波作用下,固?液、液?气间的表面能增大,有利于液相烧结的进行,有助于减小润湿角;部分声能转化为热能,影响润湿角的变化;当超声波频率和振幅增大时,有利于润湿角的减小,提高金属相与陶瓷相间的润湿性。     

Properties of a Tool Produced by Powder Metallurgy

To minimize the manufacturing costs of parts with specified operational properties, the machining processes must be optimized. Cutting accounts for at least 70% of such processes. To that end, tool materials with distinctive properties may be developed and utilized. Analysis of manufacturing components—in particular, power components in gas-turbine engines—shows the need for higher quality of the machined surfaces and more efficient use of expensive equipment with numerical and adaptive control systems, so as to ensure a wide range of cutting conditions, including high-speed cutting. To obtain products that are domestically and internationally competitive, we need to optimize cutting processes, in which the tool is the weakest link in the technological chain. Defects of the cutting tool impair the productivity and product quality. In the present work, the wear of cutting tools produced by the sintering of high-speed steel powder is studied. Tool materials based on high-speed steel with additional alloying by titanium carbide (carbide steel) are shown to be highly wear-resistant. They may be classified as a new category of self-organizing tool materials. The results indicate the expediency of additional alloying by two methods to modify the tool friction and wear: (1) alloying with compounds that considerably reduce the self-organization by decreasing the frictional coefficient at working temperatures; (2) alloying to expand the range of self-organization. Both methods result in lower frictional forces and temperatures, as confirmed by the change in wear resistance and frictional characteristics. The wear resistance of such tools is found to be 2–3.5 times that of regular high-speed steel tools.     

Concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II in iliac crest bone matrix from pre- and postmenopausal women: relationship to age, menopause, bone turnover, bone volume, and circulating IGFs

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and -II are important local regulators of bone metabolism, but their role as determinants of human bone mass is still unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the concentration of IGF-I and -II in the bone matrix of 533 human biopsies from the iliac crest that were obtained during surgery for early breast cancer. There was an inverse association of bone matrix IGF-I concentration with age that was unaffected by menopause. Bone matrix IGF-I was positively associated with histomorphometric and biochemical parameters of bone formation and bone resorption and with cancellous bone volume. Based on the estimates of the linear regression analysis, women with a bone matrix IGF-I concentration 2 SD above the mean had a 20% higher bone volume than women with a bone matrix IGF-I concentration 2 SD below the mean. In contrast, serum IGF-I was neither correlated with bone turnover nor with bone volume and was only weakly associated with bone matrix IGF-I when adjusted for the serum concentration of IGF binding protein-3. Bone matrix IGF-II was positively associated with the osteoblast surface, but in contrast to IGF-I, tended to be positively associated with age and was unrelated to cancellous bone volume. In summary, our study suggests the following. 1) The concentration of IGF-I in cancellous bone undergoes age-related decreases that are similar to those of circulating IGF-I. 2) Menopause has no effect on this age-related decline. 3) Physiological differences in bone matrix IGF-I are associated with differences in iliac crest cancellous bone volume. 4) Bone matrix IGF-I is a better predictor of cancellous bone volume than circulating IGF-I. 5) The role of IGF-II in human bone tissue is clearly distinct from that of IGF-I.     

Utstein style cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation registry for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests between 1991 and 1993. The Belgian CPCR Study Group

The authors compared the use of the power saw with bone-cutting forceps for excision of bone. A total of 44 digits were studied in 12 patients. The study was performed on patients requiring bilateral digital arthroplasties of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. The authors examined the differences in healing: pain, inflammation, and fibrosis. Digits on which the power cuts were made showed a slight advantage with regard to inflammation and pain, until 1 week after surgery. By week 12, neither technique demonstrated superiority. Overall results demonstrated no significant digit (p > 0.2) or treatment effect (p = 0.11). The authors believe that the study showed that the technique used for bone excision may have little effect on inflammation and healing in the long-term management of a surgical patient.     

高速切削铝合金用硬质合金刀具磨损机理研究

在高速切削加工铝合金涡轮过程中,硬质合金刀具的磨损会直接影响刀具的使用寿命和加工精度,导致加工精度无法满足设计要求,在磨损严重时还会引起刀具和零件的损伤。本文以高效切削铝合金涡轮用硬质合金刀具为研究对象,通过四因素三水平正交试验对刀具磨损行为进行研究,观测和分析不同切削参数下硬质合金刀具的磨损状态及微观形貌,讨论并提出有效控制刀具磨损的措施。结果表明,该控制刀具磨损的措施在保证零件加工精度的同时具有一定的实际推广价值。     

Effects of various laser types and beam transmission methods on female organ tissue in the pig: an in vitro study

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate and compare effects of various laser types (CO2, Argon, Erbium:YAG, Erbium:YSGG, and Holmium:YAG) and laser beam transmission methods (optical lens and flexible fiber) on ovarian and uterine tissue of the pig. The Erbium laser radiation was transmitted through Zirconium fluoride fibers (ZrF4). To circumvent the low mechanical stability of these fibers, we developed a special microlens system, which refocuses the radiation and protects the distal end from damage. Tissue lesions were performed with 1 and 5 joule. Histologic analysis of acute Er:YAG laser lesions reveal precise cutting effects with a minimal thermal damage zone of 40 microns and a high damage resistance of the fiber microlens systems. The extent of thermal damage caused by the Erbium:YSGG and CO2 laser is about two times larger, whereas the Argon and Holmium laser tissue lesions show a damage of the surrounding tissue of 200-300 microns. This study suggests that for precise cutting and coagulation, Erbium and Holmium lasers transmitted via our modified fiber tip may render the use of these lasers possible in a wide range of laparoscopic surgery applications.     

Finite element analysis of the end cutting process for U-section parts with high-strength steel

This paper presents a constitutive framework for finite element analysis of the truck beam end cutting process.For this purpose,a finite strain anisotropic elasto-plastic model,which takes nonlinear kinematic and isotropic hardening into account,is presented.Three factors are investigated to determine the effect on cutting quality:radius of cutting tools,strength of materials and relative clearance in cutting.The recommendations made herein are based on the simulation results.     

Clinical use of bone allografts

Modern techniques of bone allograft surgery provide a treatment modality for management of difficult skeletal defects. In oncological limb-salvage surgery, allograft reconstructions permit re-establishment of skeletal continuity and function after a wide resection of bone tumour. Bone allografts are increasingly used in salvage of difficult bone stock deficiencies following failed total joint replacements. Union between the allograft and the host bone takes place slowly and the use of autogenous bone graft at the graft-host junction is recommended for induction of repair. Internal repair (revascularization and substitution of the original graft bone with new host bone) also progresses slowly and seems to be confined only to the superficial surface and the ends of the graft. Biomechanically, a massive allograft may serve a structural function in the absence of advanced revascularization and creeping substitution processes. Infection of an allograft is a disastrous complication, whereas non-union of the graft-host junction and fracture of the graft are amenable to surgical treatment. Osteochondral allografts tend to show gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with time, necessitating occasionally late resurfacing arthroplasty. It is evident that there is more active immune response to osteochondral grafts than was thought previously. Bone allografts induce cell-mediated and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity specific for donor antigens similar to that seen after organ transplantations. Not only the basic mechanisms of bone allograft rejection but also the clinical features of bone allograft rejection are poorly characterized. Clinically, new non-invasive imaging techniques should be applied in determining the metabolic activity of bone in order to find the optimal loading of healing allografts. Although the clinical results of massive bone allografts are still not completely predictable, the method has proved to be a technically and biologically feasible alternative for non-biological skeletal reconstructions.     

Development of New Combined Manufacturing Technologies ‐ Influence of the Cutting Process on Workpiece Properties

Properties of materials for high‐strength structure components are influenced by production processes. These influences can be augmented by a combination of two presently consecutively executed process steps. The presented work shows first results in the development of novel combined manufacturing technologies, which along with prospective tools use this effect to adjust the material properties locally, adapted to the requirements. The combination consists of a merging of the process steps ‘material separation’ (metal cutting) and ‘changing properties’ (rubbing, rolling) to one single process step. For this purpose novel combined tools have to be developed. For the estimation of the possibilities of properties changes by combined processes at first the influences of single processes have to be determined. This contribution presents results of a “material separation” process. The investigated material is the industrially important aluminium wrought alloy AI7075‐T6, the applied process is orthogonal turning, the process parameters varied are cutting speed and feed as well as the tool geometry. Cutting force and feed force are measured, and the process influences on surface and subsurface properties are determined.