等通道热挤压变形制备奥氏体不锈钢纳米级组织

 通过采用700 ℃等通道挤压法(ECAP法)对00Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢实施变形，制备出晶粒尺寸在200~300 nm的超细晶组织，由此可使其抗拉强度与屈服强度显著增加。同时探讨了ECAP细化机理，对试验钢在等通道挤压变形中的微观组织演变过程进行了分析，发现其组织演变与滑移、孪晶以及动态再结晶有关。     

等径弯曲通道变形对超低碳钢组织及性能的影响

 研究了室温下C方式等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)对超低碳钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明：第1道次ECAP变形后，组织细化效果最显著；随变形道次的增加，组织由取向差小的板条状亚晶演变成取向差大的等轴晶；第4道次ECAP变形后，晶粒平均尺寸约03 μm；变形道次继续增加，晶粒尺寸变化不显著，而晶粒取向差不断增大。这表明第4道次ECAP变形为超低碳钢细化极限；ECAP变形可大幅度提高超低碳钢的强度，并保持较高的塑性。     

镁及镁合金等通道转角挤压研究进展及发展趋势

镁及镁合金属于HCP结构,织构和晶粒尺寸是影响其性能的主要因素.本文对近年来镁及镁合金等通道转角挤压(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)的研究状况进行了综述,介绍了ECAP过程中影响镁及镁合金织构的主要因素.根据晶粒细化机制的不同,从两方面介绍了ECAP工艺制备镁及镁合金超细晶、纳...     

热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用锻造和等通道转角挤压(ECAP)等技术研究了热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响, 以改善该合金的力学性能.结果发现, ECAP对铸造AM50镁合金和锻造AM50镁合金两种显微结构的影响不同, 这是由于两种状态初始晶粒尺寸不同引起的.铸态AM50镁合金晶粒尺寸粗大, 经过ECAP工艺后, 晶界上出现大量平直滑移线;而锻态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后, 晶粒进一步细化, 滑移线痕迹不明显.铸态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从54.5提高到72.3, 锻造AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从60.3提高到81.9.铸造AM50镁合金经过锻造及ECAP工艺热加工后力学性能抗拉强度提高到320 Mpa, 同时延伸率保持在35%以上.     

ZK60合金多道次ECAP晶粒组织模拟和实验分析

采用刚粘塑性有限元软件对ZK60合金四道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)过程进行数值模拟。对一至四道次ECAP试样进行晶粒组织模拟,观察晶粒细化程度的分布和变化规律。通过多道次ECAP实验,利用金相显微观察试样头部和尾部的晶粒尺寸的变化以及动态再结晶形成机理。对比有限元数值模拟与实验组织分析结果,探索利用有限元模拟与实验分析相结合的方法,研究镁合金ECAP成形过程的晶粒组织变化规律。     

用等径角挤压变形法进行奥氏体不锈钢锭开坯的研究

对铸态奥氏体不锈钢的等径角挤压变形(ECAP)试样进行了高温固溶处理,并与锻造试样 固溶处理后的组织、性能进行了对比,研究表明:室、高温ECAP试样在1150℃固溶处理后均可得到完全再结晶组织;增加ECAP道次对完全再结晶后的晶粒尺寸影响不大,但略微增加晶粒尺寸的均匀性;铸态奥氏体不锈钢采用ECAP 固溶处理新工艺后,可以获得与锻造 固溶处理工艺类似的组织、力学性能,有可能实现铸锭的开坯.     

模具参数对纯钛等通道转角挤压工艺变形规律影响的有限元分析

等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)工艺能够通过材料的剧烈塑性变形,获得块状超细晶材料.等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺通过改变应变量大小及其均匀性对晶粒细化有着显著的效果.通过DEFORM-3D软件模拟纯钛等通道转角挤压过程,研究了不同模具参数对试样变形的影响规律,给出了不同模具转角、模具外转角和模具内转角半径对ECAP试样变形区等效应变的影响,为获得纯钛试样变形分布提供了有效的规律.     

等径弯角挤压制备超细晶亚稳Ti-25at.%Nb合金研究

在中温550℃对Ti-25 at.%Nb合金进行ECAP挤压4道次处理后,合金的微观组织为拉长晶粒,不能得到细小的等轴晶粒。挤压温度降低至400℃,ECAP挤压后合金的晶粒可得到明显细化,其中,经过2道次ECAP挤压后,微观组织以拉长态的晶粒为主,局部区域出现晶粒尺寸约为500 nm的细小等轴晶粒;在400℃经过ECAP挤压4道次,组织进一步细化为200~300 nm等轴细小晶粒。     

原始组织对304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢等径角挤压变形的影响

304L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢由25kg真空感应炉冶炼,用透射电镜(TEM)研究了该钢铸态组织200℃等径角挤压变形(ECAP)后组织演变和铸态组织1道次ECAP+1150℃1.5 h,AC处理(固溶组织)再进行ECAP后的组织。结果表明,304L钢铸态组织1道次ECAP变形过程中主要的变形机制为滑移变形,同时出现少量的孪晶变形;304L钢固溶组织在ECAP变形过程中孪晶变形数量急剧增加,孪晶和滑移共同进行,细化原始晶粒组织演变。     

工业纯钛等径弯曲通道变形过程中的孪生行为研究进展

室温下具有密排六方(hcp)晶体结构的钛,由于在晶体学上具有较低的对称性,只有4个独立滑移系,塑性变形能力差。工业纯钛的塑性变形机制主要为滑移和孪生,且孪生变形在塑性变形过程中起着重要的作用,显著地影响工业纯钛的显微组织及力学性能。等径弯曲通道变形(equal channel angular pressing, ECAP)是最具有工业应用前景的剧烈塑性变形技术之一,成功制备性能优异的超细晶(UFG)工业纯钛。本文综述了工业纯钛ECAP变形过程中的孪生行为及机制研究进展。重点从ECAP变形工艺:挤压温度、挤压道次、挤压速度、模具参数以及晶粒尺寸等方面详细论述了工业纯钛ECAP变形过程中的孪生行为,分析了工业纯钛ECAP变形过程中不同阶段的孪生机制,并指出工业纯钛ECAP变形过程中的孪生行为及机制研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

等通道转角挤压超细晶材料技术及其发展

通过金属的大塑性应变细化晶粒从而提高材料综合性能已在材料加工领域得到广泛应用。近年来为获得材料的亚晶组织已经出现了许多大变形技术。等通道转角挤压(ECAP)是块体材料得到超细晶粒的一种新的材料加工方法,因此受到材料研究者的广泛关注。介绍了等通道转角挤压的基本原理以及主要参数对变形的影响,分析了此加工方法对材料组织与性能的影响,讨论了其在材料加工研究中的应用。     

陕西省自然科学研究计划项目

 钢和铁基合金通过等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)可获得超细晶组织，从而改善材料的性能。成功实现了C方式650 ℃时珠光体65Mn钢的等径弯曲通道变形，累积等效真应变约为5。片层状珠光体组织演变成超细的渗碳体颗粒均匀分布于铁素体基体的组织，而且铁素体基体为均匀等轴晶粒，平均晶粒尺寸约为0 3 μm。     

Developing Processing Routes for the Equal-Channel Angular Pressing of Age-Hardenable Aluminum Alloys

The processing of age-hardenable aluminum alloys by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated using three different Al-Zn-Mg alloys. The results show that it is relatively easy to conduct the ECAP at an elevated temperature of 473 K, but this leads to a weakening of the alloy rather than a strengthening. The processing by ECAP may be performed successfully at room temperature provided it is conducted fairly quickly (within ~10 minutes) after quenching from the solution treatment. It is necessary also to optimize the solution treatment conditions for each alloy composition. Under optimum conditions, good strengthening is achieved even after a single pass in ECAP.     

Microstructure and Wear Performance of ECAP Processed Cast Al–Zn–Mg Alloys

In the present investigation, wear performance of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processed cast Al–Zn–Mg alloys under dry sliding wear conditions was studied against a steel disc. Initially, Al–Zn–Mg alloys (with 5, 10, 15% zinc and 2% magnesium) were ECAP processed. After ECAP, grain size was reduced and enhancement in the hardness was observed. Wear resistance of the alloys increased after ECAP processing. Wear resistance of the alloys also increased when the quantity of the zinc was increased in the alloys. But, wear resistance of all three alloys decreased with increase in the load and the sliding speed. Coefficient of friction of the alloys decreased after ECAP processing. Coefficient of friction of the alloys also decreased when the quantity of the zinc was increased in the alloys. Coefficient of friction of all three alloys increased with increase in the load and the sliding speed. Irrespective of the alloy composition and applied load, worn surfaces of the cast and homogenized samples were composed of plastic deformation, scratches and micro-ploughing. On the other hand, in ECAP processed samples, morphology of the worn surfaces depended on the applied load. Abrasive wear is the main wear mechanism perceived in cast and homogenized samples at all loads. While in ECAP processed samples, the wear mechanism shifted from adhesive and oxidation wear to abrasive wear with increase in the load. Formation of oxide layers on the surface of the sample increased with increase in the ECAP passes. In ECAP processed samples, transfer of iron content from the disc to the sample surface was identified.     

Microstructure and refining performance of an Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner before and after equal-channel angular pressing

Refining experiments were conducted to evaluate the grain refining performance of an Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner before and after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) with the use of a high-purity Al. The results show that the Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner has remarkable and stable grain refining performance when the holding times are within 5 to 30 minutes and the melt temperatures are within 1003 to 1073 K. Furthermore, some Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner samples were subjected to severe plastic deformation by using the ECAP technique at 298 K. It was found that Al₃Ti and TiC particles were significantly fragmented and their mean sizes were decreased to 10 and 1.08 μm, respectively, and the Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner appeared to have a double grain refining effect in comparison with that of before ECAP. It is also testified that the Vickers microhardness (Hv) value of the pure Al samples refined by the Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner after ECAP processing has a significant increment than that of before ECAP processing. It is concluded that the Al-5Ti-0.25C refiner with ECAP technique has a very useful practical application in refining industrial Al alloys.     

Microstructure and refining performance of an Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner before and after equal-channel angular pressing

Refining experiments were conducted to evaluate the grain refining performance of an Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner before and after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) with the use of a high-purity Al. The results show that the Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner has remarkable and stable grain refining performance when the holding times are within 5 to 30 minutes and the melt temperatures are within 1003 to 1073 K. Furthermore, some Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner samples were subjected to severe plastic deformation by using the ECAP technique at 298 K. It was found that Al₃Ti and TiC particles were significantly fragmented and their mean sizes were decreased to 10 and 1.08 μm, respectively, and the Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner appeared to have a double grain refining effect in comparison with that of before ECAP. It is also testified that the Vickers microhardness (Hv) value of the pure Al samples refined by the Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner after ECAP processing has a significant increment than that of before ECAP processing. It is concluded that the Al−5Ti−0.25C refiner with ECAP technique has a very useful practical application in refining industrial Al alloys. ZUOGUI ZHANG, formerly Master's Student, the Key Laboratory of Liquid Structure and Heredity of Material, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China     

Achieving enhanced ductility in a dilute magnesium alloy through severe plastic deformation

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the utility of a new processing procedure developed for Mg-based alloys in which samples are subjected to a two-step processing route of extrusion followed by equal-channel angular pressing (designated as EX-ECAP). The experiments were conducted using a Mg-0.6 wt pct Zr alloy and, for comparison purposes, samples of pure Mg. It is shown that the potential for successfully using ECAP increases in both materials when adopting the EX-ECAP procedure. For the Mg-Zr alloy, the use of EX-ECAP produces a grain size of ∼1.4 μm when the pressing is undertaken at 573 K. By contrast, using EX-ECAP with pure Mg at 573 K produces a grain size of ∼26 μm. Tensile testing of the Mg-Zr alloy at 523 and 573 K after processing by EX-ECAP revealed the occurrence of significantly enhanced ductilities with maximum elongations of ∼300 to 400 pct.     

Processing of Ultrafine-Grained Materials through the Application of Severe Plastic Deformation

Processing through the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) has become an absorbing tool because it provides the potential for refining the grain size of polycrystalline bulk metals to the submicrometer or even the nanometer level. Several SPD methods are now available, but the more promising procedures seem to be equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). This report examines these procedures with an emphasis on the principles of grain refinement and the mechanical properties developed at high temperatures in materials after processing by ECAP and the hardness homogeneity and microstructural evolution in materials processed by HPT. Moreover, recent observations on the ECAP and HPT processing also are discussed.     

Achieving Exceptional Grain Refinement through Severe Plastic Deformation: New Approaches for Improving the Processing Technology

The processes of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT) are now established for the fabrication of ultrafine-grained metals having superior properties by comparison with their coarse-grained counterparts. This article examines the recent developments designed to improve the processing technology of ECAP and HPT and to establish these techniques as viable procedures for use in industrial applications. Based on these developments, it is reasonable to anticipate these processing procedures will experience increasing use in the fabrication of commercial products.     

Mechanical Behavior of Commercial Purity Titanium Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing Followed by Cold Rolling

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) has been widely shown to be able to produce ultrafine grained microstructures in a variety of metals and alloys. In this study, the ECAP process has been used as an intermediate processing step prior to cold rolling to achieve superior mechanical properties. Commercial purity (CP) titanium was processed by ECAP at 400 °C and subsequently the ECAPed specimens were subjected to a post deformation process by conventional cold rolling. Microstructure and mechanical property characterization of CP titanium billets subjected to ECAP alone and ECAP plus cold rolling were carried out. 98 % reduction in thickness (from 15 to 0.2 mm thickness) was possible by cold rolling. Post-deformation by cold rolling significantly increased the strength of CP titanium while retaining considerable ductility. TEM images after ECAP show deformation induced dislocation networks and the disintegration of the initial coarse grained microstructure giving rise to lamellar structures 0.3–0.5 μm in width.