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系统地总结了目前国内外金属钛的制取方法,按照提取工艺和含钛原料的不同,将提取钛的方法分为热还原法和熔盐电解法。热还原法包括以TiCl4为原料的Kroll法、Hunter法、Armstrong法及EMR法,以TiO2为原料的OS法、PRP工艺和MHR法以及以钛酸盐为原料的热还原法,所采用的还原剂主要是液态或气态的活泼金属镁、钙、钠及其氢化物等。熔盐电解法包括TiCl4熔盐电解法,钛酸盐熔盐电解法以及以TiO2,TiO·mTiC或钛渣为原料的熔盐电解法,如FFC剑桥法、MER工艺、USTB法、QIT工艺、SOM法及离子液体电解法等;熔盐电解法所采用的电解质主要有NaCl,KCl,CaCl2以及这几种盐的混合物等。目前钛的工业化生产只有Kroll法和Hunter法,其他的热还原法由于产品不能满足要求且不能实现连续化等原因尚处于实验室研发阶段。FFC剑桥法直接以TiO2为原料进行熔盐电解获得金属钛,省去了TiCl4的生产步骤,缩短了提取钛的工艺流程,降低了能耗和成本,已成功开展了千克级的扩大化实验;离子液体电解法将二氧化钛的熔盐电解温度从近千度的高温降低至近室温,但因其较低的还原率和电流效率,该方法还有待进一步研究。因此,熔盐电解法将可能成为未来钛制取的发展方向而取代热还原法并由高温向低温方向发展。 相似文献
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金属铪的制备方法研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
铪因其优异的性能而具有非常重要的应用价值。总结了国内外金属铪的制备方法和研究现状,主要介绍了热还原法(包括镁还原、钙还原、铝还原)和熔盐电解法(包括传统的熔盐电解及直接熔盐电脱氧)制备铪的工艺流程及研究进展,并对各种方法的优劣进行了分析。热还原法利用金属镁、钙等为还原剂还原金属的氯化物或氧化物制备铪,其中,镁还原法因工艺成熟、产品质量稳定,目前是工业上生产铪的主要方法,存在的问题是工序复杂且为间歇性生产;钙还原法虽然有着过程简单,回收率高的优点,但对原料的纯度要求很高,产品纯度一般也较差;铝还原法因易生成铝铪合金不利于工业应用。熔盐电解法是在熔盐电解质中电解铪的化合物制备铪,其中,传统的熔盐电解法具有工艺流程短、操作简单、成本低的优点,存在的问题是电流效率较低;新型的熔盐电脱氧法为铪的制备提供了新思路,进一步缩短了工艺流程,存在的问题是电流效率低,脱氧不完全会导致产品中含氧量较高,这将在一定程度上限制其工业应用。除镁还原法外,目前这些制备方法多限于实验室规模的研究,今后最有希望在工业上应用的是传统的熔盐电解法,但距离产业化应用尚需进行深入研究和扩大实验验证。 相似文献
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伴随时代发展,制备钛及其合金的工艺愈发绿色环保。目前,熔盐电解法因其低能耗、污染小等特点在钛及其合金制备工艺中备受关注。本文就近些年来熔盐电解法中作为研究热点的FFC剑桥工艺、OS钙热还原法、固体透氧膜法(SOM)以及USTB法四种方法的还原机制进行详细的介绍,对其最近研究进展进行概述,对比分析其优缺点并以研究现状作为基础展望未来熔盐电解法的发展方向。 相似文献
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《稀土》2017,(2)
稀土镁合金在保留镁合金诸多优点的基础上,进一步强化了高温力学性能,有效改善了抗蠕变、耐热、耐腐蚀等性能,是高性能镁合金的典型代表。与传统熔铸法相比,熔盐电解法制备稀土镁合金具有合金成分均匀,收得率高,成本低,易实现大规模、连续化生产等优势。综述了熔盐电解法制备稀土镁合金的研究进展,重点介绍了Mg-Y,Mg-Nd,Mg-Li-RE等合金的电解制备工艺;讨论了氯化物体系和氟化物体系电解制备稀土镁合金的优缺点;指出了高电能消耗、低电流效率、高尾气排放是当前熔盐电解法用于制备稀土镁合金存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的解决措施;最后展望了未来可能的发展趋势,认为电解直接制备多元系应用合金及开发环境友好型的电解工艺是今后熔盐电解生产稀土镁合金的重要研究方向。 相似文献
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四氯化钛熔盐电解法制取金属钛 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前钛工业生产方法主要是镁热还原法。此法所用还原剂金属镁是由熔盐电解法生产的。如果采用四氯化钛直接熔盐电解法生产金属钛,显然有它的优越性。美国钛金属公司蒂梅特分公司多年来一直从事这方面的研究。它们采用篮筐式电解槽进行试验,目前已发展到42000安培的规模。电解钛 相似文献
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G Steinbach 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,110(7-8):247-250
Totally negative results of epidemiological investigation of random samples do not prove the absence of the infection as the pathogen may be restricted to only a few animals in the herd for a long time. The statement "absence of infection" is critical for such situations. The question is raised, whether the statement "absence of infection" should be generally avoided. Classification of herds and flocks according to the prevalence of the pathogen would be more valid for the implementation of control measures. 相似文献
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显微维氏硬度测量不确定度评定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对显微维氏硬度测量不确定度进行评定,建立了不确定度计算的数学模型,确定了影响实验结果的各项因素,计算出了各因素的标准不确定度,得出结果的扩展不确定度,并给出最终测量结果的表达式。 相似文献
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Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies. 相似文献
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鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美". 相似文献
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针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。 相似文献
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B Amy de la Bretèque 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1995,116(4):271-272
The adolescent's breaking of the voice is the result of the substitution of the chest voice (or heavy mechanism) for the head voice (or light mechanism). In cases of late breaking, the voice is abnormally high-pitched and feeble, often with a distorted timbre, while the larynx is normal and pubescent. Such people are generally not fully aware of their voices' real nature. Therapy classically resorts to laryngeal manipulations, of which a new technique is put forward. Another therapeutic approach is based, on the one hand, on critical listening compared with a control male voice, thus enabling the subject to become aware of his own voice, and, on the other hand, on high intensity work which helps passing from head to chest voice. 相似文献