Nd,Dy含量对高磁能积烧结NdFeB磁性能和耐蚀性影响

稀土Nd、Dy成分含量变化对高能积磁体磁性能和耐腐蚀性有重要影响.结果表明:当Nd含量小于12.77%(体积分数,下同)时,磁体中富Nd相过少,不能很好地去磁交换耦合作用,并导致合金烧结时收缩量少,密度过低.当Nd含量超过12.77%时,形成较多的富Nd相,能很好地隔离主相晶粒起去磁交换耦合作用,促进矫顽力提高,同时磁能积也有比较大的提高,但形成的过量晶间相增加了易腐蚀阳极含量,加剧了晶间腐蚀.添加Dy提高了主相的磁晶各向异性场,细化了主相晶粒,使磁体矫顽力增大,并且添加Dy能提高阳极过电位,有利于磁体性磁能和耐蚀性能的提高.     

成形压力对烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体微观组织与磁性能的影响

在于法制备烧结钕铁硼生产线上,研究了11.54 MPa和9.23 MPa两种成形压力对φ9.5mm烧结钕铁硼磁体(/%:31.00Pr+Nd、1.20B、0.20Al、余Fe)微观组织与磁性能的影响。结果表明,成形压力增大可以改善晶粒分布的不均匀性,提高取向度,从而提高剩磁与磁能积;但成形压力增大易使晶粒尺寸增大,从而使矫顽力降低。     

烧结钕铁硼磁体边界相的调控技术机制

采用传统的粉末冶金方法制备了名义成分为Nd_(28)Dy_2Fe_(68.6)B_1Ga_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)的烧结钕铁硼磁体,并研究了烧结钕铁硼磁体Nd_(28)Dy_2Fe_(68.6)B_1Ga_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)晶粒的细化和磁体晶界相演化之间的关系。通过细化磁粉粒度,制备出了平均晶粒尺寸分别是8.22,4.69,3.60和3.12μm的4种磁体。结果表明,磁体平均晶粒尺寸为3.60μm时对应的磁体的磁性能最好:最大磁能积(BH)m=389.93 k J·m~(-3),内禀矫顽力Hcj=1282.79 k A·m~(-1)。从磁体的微观形貌观察发现,随着磁体平均晶粒尺寸的减小,磁体中角隅晶界相的尺寸减小,条带状晶界相的比例增大,使更多的富Nd相参与到隔断主相晶粒之间的磁交换耦合中来,磁体矫顽力提高。磁粉粒径细化之后,磁粉颗粒的形貌更加规则、均一,取向时受到的摩擦力减小,提高了磁体的剩磁和取向度。但是随着平均晶粒尺寸从3.60到3.12μm的进一步减小,富Nd相发生了团聚,且分布不均匀,导致磁体矫顽力降低;磁体中的富Nd相增多并团聚,导致了磁体在烧结过程中由于液相较多而使主相晶粒发生了偏转,而且导致了磁体取向度降低,进而导致剩磁的减小。     

磁控溅射法渗镝对烧结钕铁硼性能及显微结构的影响

采用磁控溅射法在钕铁硼表面沉积一层金属Dy,高温扩散后,Dy扩散进入磁体内部,与磁体中Nd发生置换,形成均匀连续的富Nd相,并在主相晶粒表层区域形成(Nd,Dy)2Fe14B相,扩散深度约为350μm。其中,厚度为10 mm的无Dy磁体和低Dy含量磁体添加1%Dy(质量分数)后,经扩散处理,矫顽力分别提高了52.1%和32.2%。结果表明,经磁控溅射法渗镝,钕铁硼矫顽力显著提高,剩磁无明显降低。     

DyAl合金薄膜在NdFeB基体上真空热扩渗行为的研究

采用直流(DC)磁控溅射的方法,在烧结NdFeB磁体表面制备了DyAl合金薄膜,镀膜样品经真空热扩渗(800℃×6h)和时效处理(900℃×2.5h+490℃×5h),研究了样品的微观结构组织与磁性,并对Dy、Al元素在基体中的真空热扩渗行为进行了探讨。结果表明,随着DyAl合金薄膜厚度的增加,磁体的内禀矫顽力Hcj相应提高,内禀矫顽力Hcj提高176kA/m(2.2kOe)。通过对样品微观组织结构观察发现,Dy和Al元素沿晶界富Nd相优先扩散,大量集中分布在主相晶粒表层和富Nd相交界处,不仅改善了晶界表面浸润性,也改变了主相晶粒表层合金成分和微结构,这种晶粒表面与晶界相的改性导致烧结NdFeB磁体的内禀矫顽力Hcj提高。     

含Ce烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的腐蚀行为

采用双主相合金技术制备了含Ce烧结钕铁硼磁体.Ce元素替代传统Nd/Dy元素总量的15%时,含Ce磁体具有良好的失重率,明显优于商业用N33和N45磁体.通过测量磁体在Na OH溶液中的极化曲线表明,含Ce磁体的腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度均好于商业用N33和N45磁体.SEM分析显示,含Ce磁体的晶粒尺寸明显小于其他商业用磁体,并且富钕相更加细小,分布均匀.含Ce磁体具有良好耐蚀性的主要原因是:Ce的加入,细化的晶粒,减小了富钕相尺寸,进而提高了磁体的腐蚀电位.     

Pr—Nd混合金属制备快淬磁粉

采用Pr—Nd混合金属制备(Pr,Nd)—Fe—B的快淬薄带。经700C晶化处理后制成粘结磁体。其性能与三元Nd—Fe—B快淬粉粘结磁体相当。(Pr,Nd)_(12.5)Fe_(81)B_(6.5)的粘结磁体的最大磁能积达66.1kJ/m~3(8.3MGOe)。     

Al对(Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-B稀土永磁体磁性能和显微组织的影响

Al可显著提高(Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-B稀土永磁体的矫顽力,降低不可逆损失,δirr<5%的最高温度可达230C。显微组织分析表明,Al对显微组织的影响主要发生在富Nd相内。烧结时,富Nd液相内溶有一定量的Al。冷却时,Al在富Nd相内形成富Al区和含Al量较高的粒子。富Nd液相内的Al可改善其与φ相的湿润性,从而提高磁体的矫顽力。     

Nd_(21)Pr_7Gd_4Fe_(66.02)Cu_(0.2)Al_(0.7)B_(1.08)磁体添加纳米粉MgO研究

研究了添加纳米粉Mg O对Nd21Pr7Gd4Fe66.02Cu0.2Al0.7B1.08磁体的影响。通过扫描电镜能谱研究分析可知,纳米粉Mg O主要分布于磁体的晶界相当中。通过XRD分析可知:添加w(Mg O)=0.2%的纳米粉Mg O,磁体主晶粒(006)晶向晶粒发育良好,晶粒取向度较好;添加w(Mg O)=0.2%的纳米粉Mg O,磁体Nd21Pr7Gd4Fe66.02Cu0.2Al0.7B1.08有最高的剩磁(1.204 T);添加w(Mg O)=0.4%纳米粉Mg O,磁体Nd21Pr7Gd4Fe66.02Cu0.2Al0.7B1.08有最高的矫顽力(11.70 k A/m);添加Mg O的磁体比未添加Mg O的磁体耐腐蚀性要好。     

液相扩散对钕铁硼磁体性能和组织结构的影响

用双合金工艺在Nd13.05Dy0.23Fe80.12B6.5铸片主合金中分别添加质量分数为3％～20％的富稀土铸锭辅合金Nd38.2Cc11.8Fe44.88Al4.12B,研究在钕铁硼永磁体中用Ce部分地取代Nd时对永磁体的磁性能的变化规律.实验结果表明,在一定的烧结及热处理工艺条件下,辅合金加入量介于8％ ～ 12％(质量分数)时,磁体的内禀矫顽力和磁能积相对较高,对剩磁的影响不大.显微成分分析表明,采用双合金法,使组织中细小的颗粒状富稀土相增多,形成了更多的对矫顽力有贡献的富稀土相,并且富稀土相分布于晶界上.     

Characterization of Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NdFeB Magnet with Dy, Al and Cu Additions

A new alloy of Nd33.5Dy0.99Febal.Al0.52Cu0.1B1.15 (%, mass fraction) was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effects of Dy, Al and Cu additions on the microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnet were investigated. The additions of Dy, Al and Cu are effective to refine grains and improve coercivity. Moreover, suitable amounts of Dy, Al and Cu lead to a demagnetization curve with good rectangularity. It is found that the sintered NdFeB magnet has relatively high magnetic performance of Br=12.17kGs, jHc=13.52kOe and (BH)max=34.71MGOe. The sintered NdFeB sample was examined by magnetic force microscope which revealed the domain structures at the surface. It is revealed that the mean Nd2Fe14B grain size is significantly larger than the average scale of the magnetic contrast. An explanation about this is that most Nd2Fe14B grains in sintered NdFeB alloy are dominated with the muhidomain structures when the magnet is in thermally demagnetization state.     

Effects of grain boundary ternary alloy doping on corrosion resistance of(Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B permanent magnets

To satisfy the application of different environments,grain boundary doping is commonly used in the preparation of sintered magnets to improve the coercivity and the corrosion resistance.In this paper,the alloys were prepared by mixing different ratios of the master alloy(Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B and the sintering aid(Pr,Nd)-Al.The coercivity of sintered(Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B magnet is substantially enhanced by doping 2 wt%of(Pr,Nd)-Al,while the maximum energy product decreases slightly.We systematically investigated the corrosion behavior and micro structure of the sintered magnets in order to determine the mechanism of the degradation.The sintered(Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B magnets with 2 wt% of(Pr,Nd)-Al addition exhibit the decreasing corrosion rate compared with others,due to the distribution of intergranular phases.The electrode potential difference between the main phase and the RE-rich phase is reduced by the addition of Al,improving the potential and stability of RE-rich phase due to the higher electrode potential of Al than that of Nd,Pr or Ce.In addition,the element distribution of the magnets doped by(Pr,Nd)-Al indicates that the Al-rich shell formed at the marginal area of the Ce-rich phase improves its stability.Therefo re,intergranular adding te rnary(Pr,Nd)-Al alloy powders results in both high coe rcivity and good corrosion resistance synchronously.     

Preparation of Sintered (Ce1-xNdx) 30FebalCU0.1B1 Magnets by Blending Powder Method

Magnets with nominal compositions of(Nd1-xCex)30FebalCu0.1B1(x=0,0.15,0.3and 0.4,mass%)have been fabricated by blending powder method.The remanence(Br),intrinsic coercivity(Hc)and maximum energy product(BH)maxof the RE2Fe14 B type magnets deteriorated when Nd was replaced by Ce.The chemical composition and crystal structure of magnet were investigated systemically.Backscattered electron(BSE)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)results revealed that Ce-rich and Ce-lean matrix grains coexisted in the magnets.The magnetic coupling mechanism among the double hard magnetic phases was discussed.Low melting point RE-Cu phase was in favor of the formation of uniform continuous grain boundary.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)investigation showed the presence of fcc(Nd,Ce)Oxphase in the grain boundary.When the Ce content was 15% of the total amounts of all the rare earth,the maximum energy product of the sintered magnet was 359.8kJ/m3.     

Enhanced magnetic properties in chemically inhomogeneous Nd-Dy-Fe-B sintered magnets by multi-main-phase process

Homogeneous substitution of Dy for Nd in the hard magnetic 2:14:1 phase can effectively enhance coercivity to ensure the high temperature operation,however,inevitably deteriorate remanence at expense.In this work,we performed a comparative investigation of the two magnets prepared by multimain-phase(co-sintering Nd_2 Fe_(14)B and(Nd,Dy)_2 Fe_(14)B powders) and single-main-phase(sintering(Nd,Dy)_2 Fe_(14)B powders) approaches.The comparative investigation reveals that at the same Dy substitution level(2.16 wt%),such chemically inhomogeneous multi-main-phase magnet possesses better roomtemperature magnetic properties as well as thermal stability than those of the single-main-phase one with homogenous Dy distribution in the matrix grains.Room-temperature magnetic properties H_(Cj)=1664 kA/m,B_r=1.33 T and(BH)_(max)=350.4 kJ/m~3 for the multi-main-phase magnet are all better than those for the single-main-phase magnet with H_(Cj)=1536 kA/m,B_r=1.29 T and(BH)_(max)=318.4 kj/m3.In addition,over the temperature range from 295 to 423 K,both the temperature coefficients of coercivity and remanence for the multi-main-phase magnet are also lower than that for the single-main-phase magnet.Such superior magnetic performance is attributed to the short-range magnetic interactions inside individual 2:14:1 phase grains and the long-range magnetostatic interactions between adjacent grains with inhomogeneous Dy distribution.Our work provides a feasible approach of enhancing coercivity and retaining energy product simultaneously in the Nd-Dy-Fe-B permanent magnets.     

微量添加晶界合金对烧结Nd-Fe-B力学性能及微观结构的影响

采用双合金法制备系列烧结Nd—Fe—B磁体(保持其主合金成分不变：Ndl4．1Dy0．5Fe79.0B6.4(原子分数)，所添加的晶界合金中的B含量从0．95％(原子分数)逐步增加到6．95％(原子分数))，研究了微量添加晶界合金对烧结Nd—Fe—B力学性能及微观结构的影响。研究结果表明：微量添加晶界合金所制备的磁体，其抗弯强度值普遍高于单合金法制得的磁体；前者的抗弯强度最高可达397MPa，高于铸造，热压磁体的抗弯值，而后者的抗弯强度仅为309MPa。由相结构分析可知，当添加的晶界合金中的B含量为O．95(原子分数)，主相晶格的四方度减小，这时磁体具有最高的抗弯强度。另外，微量添加晶界合金，可使磁体中晶界相的分布更加均匀，从而基本上消除了主相晶粒直接接触的现象，使晶粒的不规则长大得到抑制。这也是微量添加晶界合金后磁体具有较高抗弯强度的原因之一。对磁性能的研究结果表明，微量添加晶界合金几乎不影响烧结Nd—Fe—B磁体的磁性能。     

Multilayer Magnets

After experimental evidence of intergrain exchange coupling was reported, nanocomposite magnets with high remanence and large energy products were predicted. However, the experimental values of the maximum magnetic energy product of nanocomposite bulk magnets have been much less than the theoretically predicted ones. We gave a brief review on advances in multilayer magnets. The exchange coupling and remanence enhancement were realized in nanocomposite (Nd,Dy)(Fe,Co,Nb,B)_5,5/α-Fe thin films prepared by sputtering and heat treatments. Well-designed multilayer films consist of magnetically hard Nd₂Fe₁₄B-type phase with the grain size of 40 nm and magnetically soft α-Fe phase existing in the form of the continuous layers. Furthermore, we reported the structural and magnetic properties of anisotropic Nd-Fe-B thin films. The effects of thickness, deposition rates, substrate temperature, annealing temperature were studied. A high maximum energy product of (BH)_max = 270 kJ/m³ was obtained for anisotropic Nd-Fe-B thin films.     

Influence of Al/Cu content on grain boundary diffusion in Nd-Fe-B magnet via in-situ observation

The influence of aluminum and copper content in the starting Nd-Fe-B magnet on grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) was studied by observing the phase transformation behaviors of the magnets in-situ at high temperature. A higher coercivity increment is discovered in the sample with higher AI/Cu despite the fact that its Dy diffusion amount is the same as the other. DSC analysis shows an evident melting behavior in the higher Al/Cu sample. Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) in-situ characterization shows a large amount of melted intergranular phase spills out to the surface simultaneously at around 600 ℃ in the high Al/Cu sample, while the phase spills out gradually one after another in the range between 623 and680 ℃ in the other sample, which indicates that the intergranular phase can be more easily melted in the sample containing more AI/Cu. The area fraction of matrix phase remarkably shrinks while that of intergranular phase enlarges after LSCM heating, which demonstrates the outer region of the Nd_2 Fe_(14)B grains melt at the temperature of 900 ℃. Electron probe microanalyzer result(EPMA) shows that the Nd and Dy concentrate in edge regions and subsequently mix into the intergranular phase with the melting of the grain edge, while a large amount of AI and Cu in the intergranular phase spill out. Nevertheless, the sample with higher starting AI/Cu still remains higher residual contents after LSCM experiments, and that could probably be the main reason why the high AI/Cu magnet shows smaller coercivity decrement after LSCM experiment. Overall, the increase of AI/Cu in the starting magnet optimizes the Dy distribution and the wettability of intergranular phase, enhancing coercivity increment effect further.     

Computer Simulation of Effect of Intergrain Exchange Interaction on Magnetic Properties of Nanocomposite Magnets

Nanocompositemagnetsareoneofcandidatesformagnetsinthenextgeneration .Inananocompositemagnet,theexistenceofmagneticallysoftgrainswithahighsaturationmagnetizationenhancestherema nence,andconsequentlyahigh (BH ) max valueisachieved[1] .Asthemagnetizationinthesoftgrainsispreventedfromtheirreversalbytheintergrainex changeinteractionbetweensoftandhardgrains ,theintergrainexchangeinteractionplaysanimportantroleindeterminingmagneticproperties .Therefore ,itscontrolisconsideredtobeakeytechnologyforobt…