钛及钛合金壳形件冲压成形影响因素及其应用现状

钛及钛合金力学性能优良,被称为"第三金属",相关产品广泛应用于航空航天、航海、医疗、冶金等众多领域,但由于钛属于难冲压成形类金属,其冲压成形壳形件的应用相对较少,针对钛及钛合金的冲压成形技术有待开发与提高。为此,系统阐述了影响钛及钛合金板材冲压成形的因素,主要包括板材力学性能、成形模具、冲压工艺参数及润滑剂等,并简单介绍了钛制冲压成形壳形件在航空航天、航海、日常生活等领域的应用现状,最后对钛及钛合金冲压成形技术的研究和应用进行了展望。     

钛及钛合金粉末近净成形技术研究进展

钛及钛合金因具有优良的综合性能,在航空航天、能源化工、医疗等领域得到了日益广泛的应用。采用粉末冶金方法生产钛制品材料利用率高,是低成本制备高质量钛合金件的实用技术。综述了热等静压成形、金属注射成形、激光快速成形、温压成形、高速压制等钛及钛合金粉末冶金近净成形技术的研究进展,通过对比各项成形工艺的优缺点,提出了未来的发展趋势;并根据攀枝花地区钛资源的特点,提出了发展粉末冶金钛及钛合金材料的优势。     

钛合金在航空航天及武器装备领域的应用与发展

新型轻质结构材料对发展航空航天及国防高新技术武器装备有重要作用。作为新型轻质金属结构材料的钛合金,凭借其优异的综合性能,已在航空航天及武器装备领域获得普遍应用。介绍了钛合金的综合材料特性,重点分析了钛合金在航空航天及武器装备领域的应用现状,依次列举了钛合金在飞机、太空、武器装备领域的应用状况。针对近期国内外钛合金研发的现状,对钛合金的发展趋势进行了深入探讨,并预测未来钛合金在航空航天及武器装备领域的应用必然呈稳步增长态势。     

粉末注射成形钛合金粘结剂体系的研究进展

钛及钛合金具有低比重、高比强度、优异的生物相容性以及良好的耐腐蚀性等特点,在航空航天、生物医疗、化工、船舶、汽车等领域极具应用潜力。钛合金粉末注射成形技术（powder injection molding,PIM）提高了材料的利用率,实现了中小型复杂形状钛产品的大批量、低成本制备,显著地推动了钛及钛合金产品的生产及应用。目前关于粉末注射成形钛合金粘结剂体系的相关文献报道十分有限,新型粉末注射成形钛合金粘结剂体系的开发处于停滞不前的状态。本文分析总结了不同粉末注射成形钛合金粘结剂体系的研究现状,并针对目前存在的问题提出改进措施。     

钛合金文献综述（续）

钛合金以其比强度高、耐腐蚀性好等特点在航空航天、医药和化工领域得到了广泛的应用。本文对金属钛和生产钛合金的原料及其热处理等方面的基本知识进行了简要介绍,主要介绍了钛合金在航空航天、医药和其他领域的应用。其中,着重对航空航天中应用最广泛的高强、高温、阻燃和损伤容限四个种类的钛合金的研究和应用现状进行了分析,并提出了钛合金的发展方向。     

低成本高性能钛合金研究进展

基于钛合金材料在新一代航空航天飞行器上大量使用,以满足减重、延长寿命的设计和使用要求,因此钛合金低成本化以及钛合金材料成形的低成本化已成为国内外钛工业领域研究的重要方向。发展具有我国自主知识产权的航空用高性能低成本钛合金材料及其加工技术,是提高我国钛合金材料在航空领域用量和应用水平的重要途径。介绍了国内外主要钛合金生产国一些低成本钛合金的研发背景、典型力学性能以及实际应用情况,指出了降低航空用高性能钛合金材料的发展思路。     

钛合金在飞机上的应用

钛合金以其比强度高、 耐腐蚀性好等特点在航空航天领域得到了广泛的应用.本文综述了钛合金在世界航空业应用的发展过程及现状,介绍了几种典型的钛合金(α型合金、 β型合金和α+β型合金),评述了钛合金在机身和发动机上的应用情况,并对钛合金未来的发展作了展望.     

钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术的研究进展

钛及钛合金兼具低比重、高比强度、优异的生物相容性和良好的耐腐蚀性,在航空航天、生物医疗、化工、汽车等领域有极大的应用潜力。钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术(metal injection molding,MIM)能够实现中小型复杂形状钛产品的大批量、低成本制备,对于推动钛及钛合金产品的生产及应用具有重要意义。本文介绍了金属粉末注射成形钛及钛合金的特点及优势,从粉末原料、黏结剂体系、粉末注射成形、脱黏和烧结等方面综述了钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术的研究进展,并针对目前存在的主要问题,分析了金属粉末注射成形钛及钛合金的研究方向及发展前景。     

制备钛合金件的粉末冶金新技术

钛及钛合金具有优良的综合性能 ,在航空航天、军工、民用等领域得到日益广泛的应用。粉末冶金方法生产钛制品不仅成本低 ,而且性能好 ,因而成为低成本高质量制备钛合金件的实用技术。本文介绍了近年来开发的几种制备钛及钛合金件的粉末冶金新技术及其应用动向。     

航空用钛合金的研究与应用进展

钛合金以其比强度高、耐腐蚀性好等特点在航空航天领域得到了广泛的应用。从高强钛合金（Ti-1023，Ti-15-3，（-21S，BT22，TB10）、高温钛合金（Ti-6242S，Ti-1100，IM1834，B136，Ti-60）、阻燃钛合金（Alloy C，BTT-1，BTT-3，Ti-40）和损伤容限钛合金（Ti-6Al-4VELI，Ti-6-22-22S，TC21）4个研究领域重点介绍了国内外航空用钛合金的研究和应用现状，分析了各领域典型航空用钛合金的成分、组织性能等特点，并提供了钛合金发展的方向。     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

材料科学技术转型发展与钢铁创新基础设施的建设

摘要：在第4次工业革命浪潮的推动下,钢铁科学与技术正在经历数字化、智能化转型。钢铁行业全流程各工序均为“黑箱”,为多场、多相、多变的巨系统,具有复杂相关关系和遗传效应等。这些不确定性带来了巨大的挑战。挑战和机遇并存。这些不确定性提供了智能化和数字化技术的应用场景资源;钢铁行业极为丰富的大数据提供了挖掘其中蕴含客观规律的数据资源;现代的数据科学、智能技术为解决不确定性问题提供了强大的手段。以数据为中心,以工业互联网为载体,以实验工具、数字数据、计算工具为支撑,建设钢铁企业材料创新基础设施,将可以大幅度提高研发效率,降低研发成本,有力地支撑钢铁材料科学与技术的转型发展。实验工具平台除了传统的实验室仪器装备和中试装备之外,实际生产线被作为主要的实验工具。这些实验工具提供丰富、精准、写实的历史数据和现实生产数据,特别是生产线装备提供实际生产大数据,蕴含着生产过程中的全部规律,是极宝贵的数据资源。利用机器学习、深度学习等现代数据挖掘技术为计算工具,对这些数据资源进行处理、分析、计算,将数据转换为高保真度模型,可以得到具有“原位分析能力”的数字孪生。在工业互联网的总体架构下,以数字孪生为核心,组成信息物理系统,构建起基于数据自动流动的状态感知、实时分析、科学决策、精准执行的闭环赋能体系,解决生产制造、应用服务过程中的复杂性和不确定性问题,提高资源配置效率,实现资源优化,对材料行业转型发展提供关键技术支撑。虚实映射、实时交互、精准控制的信息物理系统与材料创新基础设施合二为一,以材料创新基础设施为基盘,形成具有“原位分析能力”的数字孪生,建设钢铁生产全流程、一体化的信息物理系统,必将推进钢铁行业智能制造蓬勃开展和数字化、智能化转型。     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

矿山地质灾害防治与地质环境保护治理

在我国可持续发展的政策要求下,最近几年国家在发展政治、经济等方面越来越把生态保护放在重要地位。矿山受到过多的人类活动影响而出现地质层的损害,各种地质灾害也在不断发生,因此国家和社会相关人员都要密切关注这其中可能发生的状况,并把矿区地质灾害的防护和整治以及地质环境的保护和治理放在一个重要位置上。这篇文章通过对其多方面的分析,来唤起更多人对矿山的地质环境的珍惜。     

Plug and Chug, Cram and Flush

Productivity has become a norm in modern society. It is used to judge the worth of individuals, programs, institutions, and whole societies. To challenge this norm is a modern heresy. This paper makes such a heretical challenge. The problem is that linear presumptions have become so embedded in our language and practices that we take them for granted. Linearity presumes that wholes can be broken down into parts. The Good, the worth of a whole, is presumed to be the sum of its goods, the worth of its parts. If the world were linear, the humor of a joke, the whole, could be determined by adding up the humor content of its parts, the words. Clearly, this is absurd. This paper reasons that this linear absurdity applies to much of what we do in the name of productivity. A nonmathematical way of describing nonlinear behaviors in human affairs is presented. Engineering education is examined as an illustration of general phenomena in human affairs that are hidden by linear presumptions. If such phenomena are common in human affairs, then our linear habits of thought and practice are seriously deficient, productivity as a norm is too often misguided, and common notions of responsibility are insufficient to meet our ethical ideals.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

铷及其化合物的制备技术研究与应用展望

从世界铷资源及利用状况人手，综述了铷及其化合物采用分级结晶法、沉淀法、离子交换法及溶剂萃取法等提取工艺技术的研究进展；分析了铷在国防工业、航天航空工业、生物工程技术、医学、能源和环境科学等领域的应用现状，如用作铷原子频标、热离子发电、含铷特种玻璃、光电池及放射性示踪等。     

Moderating effects and differential reliability and validity.

Classic psychometric theory holds that errors of measurement and of prediction are of the same magnitude for all individuals. Interactive effects are not recognized, and the psychological structure of all individuals is taken to be the same. To increase reliability and validity of measurement, then, attention is entirely focused on improvement of measuring devices. However, a substantial body of evidence indicates there are systematic individual differences in error, and in the importance a given trait has in determining a particular performance. Reliability and validity of measurement can be increased by the use of moderator variables which predict individual differences in error and in the importance of traits. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Legal and social contexts and mental health among lesbian and heterosexual mothers.

This study examines the role of legal and social context (the level of legal and social support offered by one's country of residence) and sexual orientation in the mental health of lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Participants were sampled from the United States and Canada because the two countries have many similarities (North American location, reliance on English language, and democratic structures) but provide different legal and social rights to their lesbian citizens. The study included 52 lesbian mothers and 153 heterosexual mothers in the United States and 35 lesbian mothers and 42 heterosexual mothers in Canada. Although there were no differences between heterosexual mothers as a function of legal and social context, lesbian mothers from the United States reported more family worries about legal status and discrimination (but not more general family worries) and more depressive symptoms than did lesbian mothers in Canada. Results indicate that legal and social context moderates the role of sexual orientation in maternal mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高炉定量化精细化开封炉技术及其应用

基于高炉物料及热平衡,结合炼铁工序相关基础理论、生产要求,建立了高炉开、封炉综合计算模型,该模型多次在昆钢公司不同容积、不同原燃料条件下的开、封炉生产实践中得到应用。实践结果表明:该技术在开、封炉等重大操作中易于实现定量化、精细化,大大缩短了开炉或封炉复产达产进程,显著降低了开、封炉成本。