大型预焙电解槽内衬结构对内衬破损和寿命的影响

文章详细分析了不同类型的槽内衬结构对槽内衬破损和寿命的影响，并对造成槽内衬破损的各种因素进行了分析和探讨。     

铝电解槽早期破损与焙烧启动

通过对电解槽内衬早期破损的过程、表现形式及反应机理的分析，从理论上分析了槽内衬早期破损与焙烧启动方式的关系，阐明了其中的制约因素，并通过对铝液焙烧与焦粒焙烧的技术特征对比，论述了采用焦粒焙烧对减少电解槽内衬早期破损的有益之处。     

240kA预焙槽早期内衬破损的原因及对策

针对240kA预焙槽早期内衬破损的实际状况,对引起内衬破损的原因进行了分析归纳,并指出完好的焙烧启动过程、合理的启动后期管理及早期规整的高分子炉帮是避免预焙槽早期内衬破损的有效措施。     

预焙铝电解槽阴极破损检测定位、修补及运行维护

本文通过分析240kA预焙槽阴极炭块破损的现场特征与破损槽运行实例,提出了确定内衬破损点位的方法、修补程序及修补后槽的运行维护的工艺策略。     

大型预焙电解槽破损原因浅析

对大型预焙槽内衬破损的现象进行分析，寻求预防电解槽破损的方法，指出延长电解槽寿命的关键在于电解槽的平稳生产。     

铝电解槽焦粒焙烧法的缺陷分析及改进对策

大型预焙铝电解槽焦粒焙烧技术是目前的主流焙烧方法,但是该法依然有一定的缺陷,这些缺陷对电解槽槽寿命有直接影响。本文分析了焙烧期间阴极内衬破损的形式及其原因,举例说明了针对这些原因所实施的对策,对减弱阴极内衬在焙烧启动期间的破损现象,延长铝电解槽槽寿命具有积极的作用。     

大型预焙电解槽破损原因浅析

对大型预焙槽内衬破损的现象进行分析,寻求预防电解槽破损的方法,指出延长电解槽寿命的关键在于电解槽的平稳生产。     

80kA小型预焙槽早期破损原因初探

针对80kA小型预焙槽早期破损多、槽寿命短的问题，采用干刨试验槽的方法，通过对破损槽的槽壳、槽内衬侧部碳块、伸腿、底部碳块、耐火层等部位消耗破损状况的分析，认为造成电解槽早期破损的主要原因是摇篮架抗剪切强度差、铝液焙烧工艺存在缺陷以及电解行程的波动。采取增加补强筋板加强摇篮架抗剪切强度，采用焦粒焙烧启动工艺，优化平稳生产行程等措施，解决了电解槽早期破损问题，延长了电解槽寿命。     

影响铝电解槽阴极内衬寿命因素及其解决措施

讨论延长铝电解槽阴极内衬的使用寿命问题,揭示了阴极破损的十种现象,提出了延长槽寿命的若干措施,认为应用干防渗层具有重要的意义,是一项有力的措施。保持铝电解生产过程正常平稳是延长槽内衬寿命的保证。     

延长大型预焙槽寿命的生产实践

某公司3台200kA级大型预焙槽侧部内衬早期破损的主要原因是:铝电解槽热损失分布不合理,局部熔体冲刷严重,采取“侧部重造”补救办法对侧部内衬破损处进行修补。实践证明,该办法技术可行,经济合理。     

Precious little guidance: Jury instruction on damage awards.

Jury instructions on damage awards are notoriously vague and ambiguous. As a result, awards are sometimes unexpected and seemingly illogical. In this article, the authors argue that jury instructions regarding damages are vague because the law of damages itself is purposefully ambiguous—allowing particularized justice across a variety of different circumstances. The authors review research on comprehension and application of substantive jury instructions related to damages and on procedural variations at trial (e.g., use of preinstruction, bifurcation, blindfolding jurors to various issues, special verdict forms, caps on damages, and instruction revision) that impact the substantive instructions that jurors receive from the judge. They comment on attempts at reforming jury instructions regarding damages and conclude that jurors' decision making on this difficult and emotional issue could be made more predictable by careful reforms at the trial level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

电解铝企业应对长时间降负荷的经济运行方法

介绍了我国目前电力供应局势对电解铝企业的影响,详细分析了停槽对电解生产造成的各种损害,从理论和实际应用上对坐槽方法进行了详细介绍和简评,并得出坐槽是应对长时间降负荷的一种经济生产运行方法的结论.     

个别厂房砌体裂缝实例分析及加固方案

老厂房中砌体结构随处可见,不论是承重结构还是非承重结构,经过多年的使用均会出现不同程度的老化损伤。通过个别厂房砌体出现裂缝的情况,分析原因,并提出加固方案。     

The development of criteria of safe operation for groups.

Rejecting as inadequate accident rate data to describe the safe operation of military motor vehicle units, two evaluation devices were developed: a Safety Factors Rating calling for rating unit performance on 16 aspects of safety, and a Criterion Ranking Form requiring ranking units from "best" to "worst." Ratings and rankings were obtained for 93 units, the 16 high and 16 low units were identified, and the numbers and kinds of damages reported on Vehicle Damage Reports were compared. After adjustment for relative use, the percent damages were significantly different for all vehicle types combined, but for only one of the six vehicle categories considered. "… it is concluded that the subjective rating criterion has real validity." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Liquidated Damages: A Comparative Study of the Law in England, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore

The paper traces the development of the law relating to liquidated damages in Australia, New Zealand, England, and Singapore. The examination reveals that there is little difference because the courts in each jurisdiction have drawn on common precedents. The paper canvasses the distinction between a genuine pre-estimate of the likely damage and a penalty. Where a party has sought to guarantee compliance with a contract by use of a liquidated damages provision that coerces his or her contractual partner, there is a potential for the clause to be held to be void as a penalty. However, there is a developing reluctance on the part of the courts to interfere with the bargain made by the parties. The use of liquidated damages clauses adds to the predictability of the outcomes of construction contracts. The consequences of a liquidated damages provision being held to be void are discussed. The work concludes with an examination of situations where a party can elect to claim the damages assessed by common law principles in lieu of liquidated damages.     

The changes of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in plasma in ischemic stroke

Contents of lipids (cholesterol CS, triglycerides) as well as levels of CS of lipoproteins of different density and of apolipoproteins A1 and B were measured in blood serum of 31 patients in different periods after of ischemic stroke. The majority of the indices studied were significantly decreased in men in acute periods of the stroke, especially in 8-21 days after the stroke development. Meanwhile, the levels of lipids, CS lipoproteins of both low and very low densities were increased later. Contents of CS of antiatherogenic lipoproteins of high density (HDLP) was low in different periods after the development of disorders of cerebral circulation. This confirms the concept that low level of HDLP is one of the risk factors of ischemic stroke. Decrease of the levels of both lipids and CS of lipoproteins of different density was more pronounced in patients with more severe atherosclerotic damages of the main cerebral arteries. Disorders of metabolism of lipoproteins in ischemic disorders of cerebral circulation are discussed with reference to literary data taking into consideration their heterogeneity. Genetically determined pathology of certain apolipoproteins plays a key role factor in the development of early atherosclerosis and in the elucidation of biochemical markers of the primary damages of cerebral vessels.     

Punished, dead or alive: Empirical perspectives on awarding punitive damages against deceased defendants.

Punitive damages are a tool for punishing defendants who engage in reckless and wanton behaviors that cause injury to others. As with criminal punishment, goals of punitive damages include retribution, specific deterrence, and general deterrence. Unlike criminal punishment, however, some courts allow punitive damages to follow the death of defendants. To explore this issue, we first conducted a legal analysis of appellate court decisions concerning punitive damages against deceased defendants. While the majority of courts suggest that punitive damages against deceased individuals are not appropriate, some argue that favorable policy implications of allowing punitive damages to follow the defendant's death merit their survivability. Next, we conducted a simulation study to investigate the effects of defendant injury severity, including death, on juror decisions in a punitive damages case. Consistent with some judicial reasoning, mock jurors' liability and damage awards were not influenced by a defendant's injury severity, but defendant death did influence participants' self-reported goals of their punitive damage awards. We conclude with a discussion of policy and research implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Liquidated Damages: Review of Current State of the Practice

Liquidated damages (LDs) are contractually specified damages that provide restitution for additional owner costs incurred from contractor delayed completion. Established legal precedence requires owners to specify rates that are a good faith pre-estimate of actual anticipated damages. Additionally, the Federal Highway Administration provides guidance to state highway agencies (SHAs) in developing these rates. In reviewing current practices, SHAs were surveyed about individual LD practices utilized. Survey results are divided into three categories for discussion purposes: (1) contractual practices; (2) estimating practices; and (3) administrative practices. All SHAs chose to recover damages through a contractual LD clause although implementation varies. SHA estimating practices are generally not detailed and tend to place rates at the low end of actual damages. Few SHAs verify estimated rates with actual project cost experiences. Administrative practices have field personnel administering the primary element of the LD clause, contract time. These practices also reveal a high priority on contract closeout, sometimes sacrificing LD amounts due by contractors under contract. Few states have experienced legal challenges regarding their LDs provision.     

Effect of corrosion damages on the mechanical properties of zirconium alloy cladding tubes

The accumulation kinetics of corrosion-induced damages in zirconium alloy cladding tubes is studied during stress corrosion cracking tests. The effect of corrosion damages on the mechanical properties of the tubes in loading by internal pressure is analyzed.