湖南汩罗方言的持续体貌助词"徛"、"徛个"

湖南汨罗方言的"待[t ノ i21]""待个[tノi21kei33]"是使用频率很高的持续体貌助词,前者用法复杂、分布面广.两者关系密切,但在句法分布、语义组合等方面存在差别."待"的声母不送气,而汨罗四周方言及湖南境内诸多方言的持续体"起[□□i]"都是送气声母,显得颇不"合群".不过,虚成分"待"的多功能模式与汨罗邻近的长沙、宁乡等方言中对应的"起"大致平行,加上有用边省份方言作为旁证,可推测"待"读不送气应该是动词"起"在虚化过程中伴随了语音弱化的结果,"待"的语源极有可能就是趋向动词"起".     

现代汉语动词名化的有标无标

汉语中"动词名化"现象一直是语言学界关注的热点问题。已有研究认为汉语中的动词名化有"自指"和"转指"之分,其中动词转指名词有"有标记和无标记"两种情况。对构词层面的动词名化进行深入考察,并对其标记问题重新梳理。在现代汉语动词名化的系统中,动词转指名词是有标记的,可分为"形式标记"和"结构标记","自指"才是真正的无标记。     

《周易》名、动词的转指考察

"转指"是指名词或动词语义发生变化,转而指称与其相关的另一个名词或与该动作相关的各种对象.本文考察<周易>中名、动词的转指,由于名、动词转指内涵相包含,我们将名、动词的兼类也看作用名词的一种广义的转指.动词的转指分为动词后附加助词的转指和不加助词的转指,二者转指性质不变.     

复合被字句中的"所"与"给"及相关的焦点标记问题

根据标记理论,认为重音是"焦点的口头标记形式",通常所说的"焦点标记词"应该属于"焦点的书面标记形式";通过时70部现当代文学作品进行定量分析的方式,考察了"被+NP+给+VP"与"被+NP+所+VP"这两类格式中虚词"给"与"所"的隐现规律,得出复合被字句中"给"与"所"的语法功能;在"焦点标记"理论基础上,文章通过论证得出,"是"、"给"与"所"都是焦点的书面标记形式.     

"散(步)をしに行く"和"散(步)に行く"的区别

格助词"に"有一种用法,即接在动作性概念的名词、动词的连用形后,表示"目的".这在日语教育的初级阶段就会接触到,请看下面的例句,     

感观类话语标记语初探——以"你+感观动词"(看、听、说、讲、想、知道、认为等)为例

"你+感观动词"格式的话语标记语在语言中并不少见、这类格式在去范畴化的过程中已经语法化为一个语用标记.从修辞学的角度来看,这类格式也是一个修辞标记,具有特殊的修辞意图,即试图在语篇中建立起一个表"事实-确证"的立体交互模式.     

东北方言中的副词性语素和副词

在东北方言词汇中,副词是一个很重要的词类.本文试从语法功能和色彩两方面论述东北方言中的副词的特点和使用情况.     

论与格动词和直接宾语加间接宾语

与格动词属于结果动词和转移动词.与格动词+间接宾语+直接宾语这一形式转变成与格动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语的形式时,如果与格动词是隐含向外方向的转移动词,介词用to;如果与格动词不隐含方向或隐含向内的方向的转移动词,用介词for;如果与格动词是结果动词,介词用for.间接宾语加直接宾语与双宾语有区别,文章提供以英语为母语的外籍教师使用与格动词和直接宾语加间接宾语的调查报告.报告显示以英语为母语的人士习惯使用与格动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语的形式.     

汉语等同双宾句与等同范畴

等同双宾句是一种独立的双宾类型,在句法行为上跟动补结构以及与格结构非常相似,都是毗邻于动词的宾语"被动化"以及被"把"提前,动词后的符号串可以经受并列测试.移位测试表明等同双宾句的近宾语是复杂动词(动词十远宾语)的宾语,并列测试则表明近宾语与远宾语是个结构体.等同双宾句及其相应的舍"作、为、是"的句式都含有等同范畴,差异在于等同范畴有无语音实现.等同范畴实现与否以及实现作什么会对句法行为有影响.     

语言模因论与英语动词习得实证研究

报道一项旨在验证语言模因论对英语动词习得是否有促进作用的教学实验.受试者为64名英语专业2010级本科学.实验组在课内接受教师的讲解后,朗读和背诵102个动词类型的句子,同时做模仿造句练习,背诵检查合格后,参加第二次动词类型测试.两周之后参加第三次动词类型测试.与实验组唯一不同之处是,对照组只接受教师的讲解,未被刻意要求这样做.结果发现:在同等条件下受试者通过朗读、背诵和模仿等方法学习英语动词类型以及与之相对应的句子,与没有用过这些方法的受试者相比,效果完全不同,前者在动词类型运用方面的错误次数明显减少,语言知识被记住的可能性更大,且在大脑中保持的时间较长.这证实了语言模因论确能有效地促进英语动词的习得.     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness.

The constructs of intelligence and ego-resiliency are discussed. The personality implications of "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were identified. Intelligence (IQ) was indexed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS—R) and ego-resiliency by an inventory scale. Residual scores measuring "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were correlated with the items of the observer based California Q-sort, used to describe participants. Persons relatively high on ego-resilience tend to be more competent and comfortable in the "fuzzier" interpersonal world; persons defined primarily by raw IQ tend to be effective in the "clearer" world of structured work but tend also to be uneasy with affect and less able to realize satisfying human connections. Gender differences exist in the relations of ego-resilience and intelligence and in their adaptive relevance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conserving and retaining equalities and inequalities through observation and correction.

Investigated the effects of modeling and corrective feedback on the conservation of equalities and inequalities, with items spanning 3 stimulus dimensions (length, number, and 2-dimensional space). Ss were 48 kindergartners (24 boys, 24 girls). Brief observation of a model, briefer correction training (joining positive feedback with verbal rule provision), and the combination of observation and correction were all successful in producing learning and, without further training, transfer and retention of conservation. Unlike the controls (who also never correctly answered any equality items), the trained experimental Ss gave evidence of spontaneously generalizing their new learning to a task that required nonverbal behavior to manifest conservation. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reasoning and food and contamination.

Examines strategies that are used to reason about food and contamination. In Exp 1, Ss refrained from choosing a substance that had been given a "poison" label when the intent of the labeler was ambiguous or malicious but preferred this substance when a rationale was provided that dispelled the implication that there once might have been contaminants present. Exp 2 was designed to compare the effects of safety on conditional reasoning in food and food-irrelevant contexts. When the safety issue was relevant to food in the form of contamination, Ss were most likely to use formal logic in reasoning. A similar pattern of responses was found in Exp 3 on tasks for which Ss' ratings of their experience of contexts were matched for plausibility, experience, and danger. Results are discussed in terms of an adaptive constraint that facilitates rationality in reasoning within the food domain (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

深云立交桥梁检测及加固改造

根据深云立交桥梁的检测结果，对该桥目前的整体状况、工作状态，及其使用情况做出综合评价，对桥的病害原因进行了分析，并提出合理的加固方案。