浅谈对外汉语教学中的语法教学技巧

本文针对对外汉语教学中容易遇到的语法教学问题,提出几种语法教学与训练的方法,比如句型记忆与替换练习法、造句与翻译练习法、交际会话练习法等,这些方法可以使学生对抽象的语法概念有一个具体的认识,快速提高学生的语言运用能力.     

浅析歌唱呼吸的训练方法

本文通过古今中外的声乐工作者的言论指出正确的呼吸在歌唱中的重要地位从而点出自己经过若干年的演唱和教学实践总结出的歌唱中正确呼吸方法是：＂胸腹式联合呼吸法＂。并通过采用几种切实可行的方法训练它。（一）体育锻炼法。＂仰卧起坐的慢动作练习＂或用＂仰卧缓慢举腿练习＂。（二）纯呼吸练习法。胸腹式联合呼吸在歌唱中有四个环节：吸气、控制、流动、换气,我们从歌唱呼吸的这四个环节中详细阐述了每个环节如何训练,大部分是无声呼吸练习,即纯呼吸练习。（三）有声呼吸练习法。从四个方面训练了学生的胸腹式联合呼吸。     

作文中的"烘云托月"法

烘托是中国传统的画技名称.如画月亮,往往用云彩加以衬托,使之突现出来.这便是"烘云托月法".烘云托月法"用在写作上又叫侧面描写法.是从侧面着意刻画渲染,使所要表现的对象鲜明突出.许多名家高手多侧笔为文,写出了许多名篇佳作.     

浅析海德格尔语言观发展的基本历程

海德格尔的语言观经历了一个历史发展的垃程:从"话语"、"道说"到"思".通过对"话语"、"道说"和"思"的详尽描述,海德格尔表明了自己与众不周的话言观.凭借这种别具一格的语言观,海德格尔使得他的哲学思想很好的诠释了诗化哲学的那一片"林中空地".     

她们真的是魔鬼吗?——《夜色温柔》和《了不起的盖茨比》的女性解读

菲茨杰拉德被誉为"爵士时代的代言人".其代表作<夜色温柔>和<了不起的盖茨比>均对女性形象进行了生动的描绘.其中的女主人公经常被人们认为是"魔鬼".我们如果从女性主义批评的角度来看,就会发现作者强烈的父权思想以及"魔鬼"们即是当时"新女性"的代言人.     

足球技术练习法的要素分析及作用探析

足球的教学与训练主要包括技术训练和战术训练,两者中技术训练又是基础,是战术训练的前提.因此,搞好技术训练是提高足球水平的关键.练习法在足球技术教学与训练中常常被采用,而一些教师和教练员不去研究和探讨构成技术练习要素的关系和作用,以及学生和队员的特点而生搬硬套他人的做法,自然练习的效果不明显,其执教水平自然也无法提高.因此深刻认识和掌握技术练习法的构成要素及其作用是提高和改进执教水平的根本出路.     

毛泽东实践教育法在知识分子群体中的应用

毛泽东立足于马克思主义哲学认知与实践的关系,对知识分子改造中引入实践教育法.即社会调查法,与工农群众相结合,劳动教育法,知识分子"上山下乡".在具体的实践教育中也存在一定的偏差,但党对之进行了纠正并使之得到发展.     

试析小说《岁除》中的时间艺术

时间结构作为一种艺术表达的有效策略,常为小说叙事采用.白先勇在<岁除>中机智地设计时间刻度,巧妙地运用"时间倒错"法,表达了较强的时间意识,体现了他独特的生命哲学,即向悲而生.本文以叙事时间为着眼点,通过分析具体文本中的时间艺术,以充分呈现白先勇小说叙事中渗透的强烈的"生命悲感".     

小学语文课堂教学四法

<语文课程标准>强调:学生是语文学习的主人,是学习和发展的主体.即要求学生从"学会"到"会学".在学习活动中.学生不是被动的、消极的,不是被灌输的器皿,更不是书本的奴隶,教师的"应声虫".而是要体现出"个性的、生动活泼的、充满生命活力的"学生.而教师不再是课堂的"主角",其主要任务是如何调动学生的积极性,让学生在课堂教学中充当语文学习的"主人".这也就决定了教师这个既是"主体"又是"客体"的工作的复杂性与艰巨性.     

关于拓展县级党校培训功能的思考

在新的历史起点上,县级党校必须转变办学观念,立足自身实际,通过多渠道务实拓展培训功能的基础,做到"三个转变".进而主动作为,积极拓展培训空间,实行"三个着力".为切实保障拓展培训功能的实现,具体提出"三个突出".     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness.

The constructs of intelligence and ego-resiliency are discussed. The personality implications of "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were identified. Intelligence (IQ) was indexed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS—R) and ego-resiliency by an inventory scale. Residual scores measuring "pure intelligence" and "pure ego-resilience" were correlated with the items of the observer based California Q-sort, used to describe participants. Persons relatively high on ego-resilience tend to be more competent and comfortable in the "fuzzier" interpersonal world; persons defined primarily by raw IQ tend to be effective in the "clearer" world of structured work but tend also to be uneasy with affect and less able to realize satisfying human connections. Gender differences exist in the relations of ego-resilience and intelligence and in their adaptive relevance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conserving and retaining equalities and inequalities through observation and correction.

Investigated the effects of modeling and corrective feedback on the conservation of equalities and inequalities, with items spanning 3 stimulus dimensions (length, number, and 2-dimensional space). Ss were 48 kindergartners (24 boys, 24 girls). Brief observation of a model, briefer correction training (joining positive feedback with verbal rule provision), and the combination of observation and correction were all successful in producing learning and, without further training, transfer and retention of conservation. Unlike the controls (who also never correctly answered any equality items), the trained experimental Ss gave evidence of spontaneously generalizing their new learning to a task that required nonverbal behavior to manifest conservation. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reasoning and food and contamination.

Examines strategies that are used to reason about food and contamination. In Exp 1, Ss refrained from choosing a substance that had been given a "poison" label when the intent of the labeler was ambiguous or malicious but preferred this substance when a rationale was provided that dispelled the implication that there once might have been contaminants present. Exp 2 was designed to compare the effects of safety on conditional reasoning in food and food-irrelevant contexts. When the safety issue was relevant to food in the form of contamination, Ss were most likely to use formal logic in reasoning. A similar pattern of responses was found in Exp 3 on tasks for which Ss' ratings of their experience of contexts were matched for plausibility, experience, and danger. Results are discussed in terms of an adaptive constraint that facilitates rationality in reasoning within the food domain (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Craniometaphyseal and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, head and neck manifestations and management

Mechanical allodynia (MA) following hand injury is a well-documented clinical problem. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between hand MA and the upper limb tension test (ULTT). The ULTT mechanically stresses the neural structures from the C5/6/7 neural foramina to the median nerve distally. This study examined 29 subjects with unilateral hand MA before and after a 2-week neural self-mobilization programme. There was a significant difference between the subjects' affected and unaffected sides when tested using the ULTT, both in reproduction of symptoms and in reduced range of motion of the ULTT. Following the self-mobilization program, there was an improvement in the range of the ULTT, and subjects reported a reduction in their symptoms. Complete recovery was not obtained in all cases. The results of this study suggest that the ULTT is a useful tool both in assessment and treatment of subjects with hand MA.