Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives on the high temperature performance of nickel electrodes

Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives including Er2O3,Tm2O3,and Yb2O3,Lu2O3 on high temperature and high rate discharge performance of nickel electrodes were investigated.The discharge efficiency at 0.2C reached 96% at 60 oC for electrodes with 1 at.% flaky rare earth oxides.The high rate discharge performance for electrodes with flaky rare earth oxides were improved significantly,for example,discharge efficiency at 5C improved from 50% to 70%.The results showed that the end charging potential of the ...     

High Temperature Performances of Spherical Nickel Hydroxide with Additive Y2O3

The effect of Y2O3 as additive to the positive electrode on the high-temperature performances of the Ni-MH batteries was studied. The specific capacities of the positive electrode in Ni-MH battery at higher temperatures are much lower than usual. In order to improve high-temperature performances, charge/discharge curves of the Ni(OH)2 electrodes with different amounts of Y2O3 at different temperatures were studied. It is found that the specific capacities of the spherical Ni(OH)2 with Y2O3 as additive are much higher than those of the regular at higher temperatures. The specific capacity of Ni(OH)2 containing 1% Y2O3 at 0.2C C/D rate is 35% higher than that of the reguiar. The specific capacity of Ni(OH)2 containing 0.2% Y2O3 at 1C C/D rate is 15% higher than that of the regular. Mechanism of Y2O3 improving high temperature performances of Ni(OH)2 electrode was also discussed in detail.     

Degradation Behavior of Electrochemical Performance of Sealed-Type Nickel／Metal Hydride Batteries

The degradation mechanism of electrochemical performance of sealed-type nickel/metal hydride batteries was in-vestigated. The results indicate that the degradation behavior of Ni/MH battery is not only owing to the lack of electrolyte,but also the deterioration of the active materials on the positive and negative electrodes of Ni/MH batteries. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser granularity analyses are presented. The particle pulverization and oxidation during charge/discharge are identified as the main causes for deterioration of the negative and positive electrode in nickel/metal hydride batteries, as well as the cross-section cracking of both anode and cathode.     

Effect of Cobalt Phthalocyanine on Floating-Charge Performance ofNickel-Metal Hydride Battery

In Ni-MH battery, oxygen evolution causes a high inner pressure during charge and overdischarge, and an inappropriate eliminating way of the oxygen in the battery results in accumulation of heat. This is the main obstacle to develop and apply high capability and high power battery. In this paper, effect of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPe) on the floatingcharge performance of Ni-MH batteries are examined. Experimental results show that the battery with CoPc additive by appropriate adding way displayed a better capability of floating charge and discharge than the one without CoPe. The battery with CoPc added into electrolyte shows the best charging efficiency and cycleability and the slowest increasing speed of inner pressure after 2000th charge and discharge.     

Electrode Process of Y~(3 )Ion on Molybdenum and Nickel Electrodes in YCl_3-NaCl-KCl Melt

The electrode process of Y~(3 )ion on molybdenum and nickel electrodes has been studied by cyclicvoltammetry and chronopotentiometry in the YCl_3-NaCl-KCl melt.The overall charge transfer process is atwo-step reaction:Y~(3 ) e=Y~(2 );Y~(2 ) 2e=Y.Yttrium reduced on the nickel electrode can form a series of Ni-Yalloys.X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the alloy compositions formed under different con-ditions.     

Effect of electrolyte concentration on low-temperature electrochemical properties of LaNi5 alloy electrodes at 233 K

The effect of KOH electrolyte concentration on low-temperature electrochemical properties of LaNi5 alloy electrodes at 233 K was studied. The results indicated that the electrolyte concentration had great influence on discharge capacity and discharge voltage plateau of LaNi5 alloy electrode at 233 K, and the highest discharge capacity and discharge voltage plateau were both obtained at 6 mol/L KOH. When the KOH electrolyte concentration changed from 5 to 9 mol/L at 233 K, the high rate discharge ability （HRD） had the same change tendency as the diffusion coefficient, but the exchange current density did not change significantly, which implied that hydrogen diffusion was the control step at low temperature 233 K for discharge process of LaNi5 alloy electrode.     

Improved electrochemical kinetic performances of La-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys with lanthanum partially substituted by yttrium

Yttrium(Y) has been used as the partial substitution element for lanthanum(La) to improve the electrochemical kinetic performances of La-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys. La0.80–xYxMg0.20Ni2.85Mn0.10Co0.55Al0.10(x=0.00, 0.05 and 0.10) alloys were prepared by the inductive melting technique. The alloys were composed of La Ni5 and(La,Mg)2Ni7 phases, the introduction of Y promoted the formation of(La,Mg)2Ni7 phase, and thus the Y-substituted alloy electrodes exhibited higher discharge capacities. Y substitution was also found to be effective to improve the discharge kinetics of the alloy electrodes. When the Y content x increased from 0.00 to 0.10, the high-rate dischargeability of the alloy electrodes at a discharge current density of 1800 m A/g(HRD1800) increased from 23.6% to 39.7% at room temperature. In addition, the measured HRD1800 showed a linear dependence on both the exchange current density and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient at different temperatures, respectively.     

Micro-Crystalline Coatings of Co-Cr Dispersed with Y2O3 Deposited by Series Electro-Pulse Discharge

A new technique-series electro-pulse discharge (SEPD)-was developed as a kind of surface coating process. In this technique, both positive and negative poles of a pulse power were used as the depositing electrodes with the substrate alloy as an induction electrode. Micro-crystalline Co-Cr and Co-Cr dispersed with Y2O3 coatings were deposited on Fe-18Cr-SNi stainless steel surface by using Co30Cr alloy as the depositing electrodes. Oxidation at 950℃ in ambient air shows that these coatings greatly improve the oxidation resistance of the steel. The addition of dispersed Y2O3 nano-particles into the alloy coatings was found to further reduce the scaling rate and enhance the adhesion of oxide scales.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Desulfurization and Its Connection With Deoxidation and Temperature for SPHC in JISC During LF Refining Process

The thermodynamic characteristics of desulfurization reaction (CaO)+[S]=(CaS)+[O] is analyzed based on the detailed composition of liquid steel and slag of Steel Plate Hot Commercial (SPHC) in Jiuquan Iron & Steel Corporation(JISC), where the activities of CaO, CaS and Al2O3 in molten slag are calculated by thermodynamic software FactSage for a more accurate result. The critical values of [O%]/[S%] for desulfurization at different temperature is are obtained, typically 0.09 at 1873K, which shows directly that it should deoxidize adequately for obtaining a favorable desulfurization condition. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis indicates that the actual dissolved O is much higher than that of equilibrium calculation which shows Al-O reaction in LF is far away from equilibrium, but it is perfect agreement with the computing results when taking the activity of Al2O3 as 1 that due to the inclusion component in LF is mainly Al2O3. Besides, with the temperature rise, the sulfur partition ratio increases softly meanwhile the reaction between Al and O is limited to a great degree resulting in the increase a dissolved oxygen in liquid steel that decreases the sulfur partition ratio seriously. As a result, the sulfur partition ratio appears to decrease with temperature increase in Al killed steel.     

Reduction of 1-3 mm Iron Ore by CO on Fluidized Bed

 The reduction-degree of the sample increases and the utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time, which indicates that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction, while it becomes slower in subsequent process. The higher the reaction temperature, the higher the utilization ratio of gas and the reduction-degree are, but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time. The utilization ratio of gas can reach about 8% and the reduction-degree is 80% for 20 min reduction at 850 ℃, indicating that the reduction reaction by CO is very fast at high temperature. The higher the reaction temperature, the higher the apparent reaction rate constant is, but the difference of apparent reaction rate constant among the different temperatures becomes bigger. The apparent activation energy is about 5911 kJ/mol in the fluidized bed experiment. The increase of reduction-degree with gas velocity shows quite good linearity, indicating that at high temperature even higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of reactor when CO is used as reducing gas. With the increase of charge height, the metallization ratio and the reduction-degree decrease, but the utilization ratio of gas increases.     

复合添加Lu2O3和Er2O3对镍氢电池Ni(OH)2正极高温性能的影响

通过在镍氢电池NKOH）2正极中复合添加稀土氧化物Lu2O3和Er2O3，研究了稀土氧化物的复合添加对Ni（OH）2正极高温性能的影响。充放电循环实验表明复合添加不同含量的Lu2O3和Er2O3都能够不同程度地提高正极高温充电效率。在55，60，65℃下，添加2．5％Lu2O3＋1．5％Er2O3的正极充电效率最高。循环伏安测试表明，复合添加2．5％Lu2O3＋1．5％Er2O3能够较为明显的提高Ni（OH）2正极在高温环境下的析氧副反应电位，进而提高了电极在高温环境下的充电效率。     

3D打印锂离子电池正极的制备及性能

采用挤出式3D打印技术制备锂离子电池电极,选取三元镍钴锰酸锂（LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂）作为正极活性材料,以去离子水、羟乙基纤维素和其他添加剂为溶剂来制备性能稳定且适合3D打印技术的锂离子电池正极墨水,利用流变仪、X射线衍射仪、电池测试仪、ANSYS模拟等探究了增稠剂种类和含量、墨水黏度、打印工艺等对墨水流变性质和可打印性能的影响。结果表明:选取羟乙基纤维素/羟丙基纤维素质量比为1∶1混合且质量分数为3%时,所制备的墨水黏度为20.26 Pa·s,此时墨水具有较好的流变性,打印过程出墨均匀,打印电极光滑平整,满足后期墨水的可打印性要求,经模拟分析,墨水黏度对墨水流动性影响明显;电极材料经超声分散、打印、烧结等过程后未造成原有晶体结构的改变;电极首次充放电容量分别为226.5和119.4 mA·h·g?1,经过20次循环后,电池充放电容量的变化率减小并趋于稳定,3D打印电极表现出良好的循环稳定性。      

熔盐法合成LiMn_（1/3）Ni_（1/3）Co_（1/3）O_2及AA电池的电化学性能

以KCl为熔盐,采用熔盐法合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示此方法制备产物具有较好的晶形,颗粒较均匀.XRD表征结果显示产物为层状结构,充放电测试结果显示出材料在3.6 V平台附近有较大的可逆容量.在900℃时保温8 h时合成的LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2具有较好的电化学性能,制作成AA电池,在2.75～4.2 V之间进行充放电测试,在1 C倍率下放电,LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2的初始放电容量可达132.9 mAh/g,循环50多次后容量仍为124.6 mAh/g,容量保持率为93.75﹪.     

宽温型AB5储氢合金结构及其电化学性能研究

用高频感应熔炼法制备了Mm(NiCoAlMn)5储氢合金,采用模拟电池法测试了合金在238～323 K温度范围内的活化、放电容量和高倍率放电性能.结果表明:制备合金为典型AB5型储氢合金,303K温度条件下吸氢量达到1.38％(质量分数),氢化物生成焓为32.36 kJ ·mol-1H2.合金电极的活化性能、放电容量和高倍率性能受温度影响显著.室温预活化可有效改善电极的低温性能,经室温预活化后合金电极在238 K最大放电容量达到336 mAh·g -1,明显高于未经室温预活化的最大放电容量25 mAh·g-1.Mm(NiCoMn)5贮氢合金电极的高倍率性能随着温度的升高先升高后降低,273和303 K温度条件下合金保持高倍率性能良好,3C放电电流密度条件下容量保持率均高于80％;238 K温度条件下合金的大电流放电性能急剧降低,1C放电电流密度条件下容量保持率仅为10％; 273 K下合金电极的综合性能最佳,最大放电容量达到340 mAh·g-1,300 mA·g-1放电电流密度下的高倍率放电比率为86％.循环伏安法测试证实,在238～323 K范围内,电极的氧化峰峰值电流(Ip)与扫描速度的平方根(v1/2)之间均存在良好的线性关系,整个电极反应受氢原子扩散控制;随着温度的降低氢扩散系数急剧下降,从而导致该合金电极的低温高倍率放电性能变差.由Arrhenius公式计算出合金中的氢扩散活化能为10.56 kJ·mol -1.     

从废旧三元锂离子电池中回收有价金属的新工艺研究

废旧三元锂离子电池经过放电、焙烧、破碎、筛分等预处理方法分离出电池活性物质、集流体与钢壳,再采用H2SO4-Na2SO3对废电池粉料（活性物质）进行浸出,浸出液调节pH至4.5,过滤以除去铁和铝,滤液再调pH至11左右,将锂和镍钴锰分离,得到的锂液经过浓缩后加入Na2CO3得到工业级的LiCO3,在镍钴锰富集物中加入氨水将锰和镍钴分离,最后使用P507分离镍和钴,在相比O/A=1,平衡pH=4.5,有机相组成为25% P507 75%溶剂油,经二级逆流萃取后钴的萃取率为99.3%。使用200 g/L硫酸为反萃剂,相比为5时,钴的回收率达99.21%。反萃液使用草酸铵沉钴,萃余液中的镍采用氢氧化钠沉淀,整个工艺流程中钴的回收率为91.82%,镍的回收率为91.12%。     

硅/碳复合材料的高温热解法制备及其电化学性能

采用高温热解方法成功地合成了高容量硅/碳复合负极材料.通过X射线衍射分析、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜观察、透射电子显微镜观察、恒电流充放电测试、循环伏安法等手段研究了复合材料的性能.结果表明:硅/碳复合材料由Si、C以及少量SiO₂组成;硅/碳复合材料中碳的质量分数约在39%左右;经电化学性能测试,在电流0.2 m A下,该硅/碳复合材料首次充电容量768 m Ah·g-1,首次库仑效率75.6%,70次循环后可逆比容量仍为529 m Ah·g-1,平均容量衰减率为0.44%.这些性能改善归因于硅/碳复合材料中碳的引进,硅表面存在的碳涂层提供了一个快速锂运输通道,降低了电池的阻抗并且充放电过程中稳定了电极的组成.