基于电压与电流微分比值原理的新型变压器保护

为解决变压器差动保护由于励磁涌流而经常误动的问题，从变压器磁特性出发，先阐述了利用磁通特性原理区分励磁涌流的不足，然后提出了利用电源侧电压和电流微分的比值来判别变压器是否含有励磁涌流的新方法。此方法原理简单，易于实现，无需任何先验参数，具有数据采样方便，计算量小，动作可靠、迅速等特点。对变压器各种运行状态进行ATP仿真试验，初步证实了该方法的正确性。最后通过对动模试验数据的分析表明，该方法能够迅速、可靠地切除变压器内部故障,具有很高的实用价值。     

基于EMTP/ATP的双馈式风力发电系统的模型与实现

以电力系统电磁暂态分析软件EMTP/ATP为平台，采用电机矢量控制技术以及比例-积分调节器串联校正等方法建立了双馈风力发电系统的电磁暂态仿真模型，该模型包括风速模型、风力机模型、双馈发电机模型，以及有功、无功解耦控制系统的模型。依据变速风电机组的运行特性对该模型进行了仿真研究，仿真结果验证了该模型的有效性。     

同步发电机失磁保护的改进方案

在电力系统继电保护中，同步发电机失磁保护是最为重要的保护之一。励磁故障涉及发电机的大干扰稳定性，也是一个较为复杂并难以解决的问题。目前所用的励磁保护的动作效果并不理想，尚需进一步改进。分析了目前所用的3种励磁保护判据存在的不足，指出这些保护判据或基于小干扰稳定性原理而未考虑发电机动态功角特性的严重变形，或未考虑发电机完全失磁后的测量阻抗与正常励磁下扰动后的测量阻抗具有较大的公共区间，从而可能使保护误动或拒动。基于对同步发电机失磁后动态行为的仿真分析，提出了同步发电机失磁保护的改进方案，通过直接测量功率角判断同步发电机的失磁故障，提出了其整定条件和计算方法。仿真计算证明该方案能可靠、快速地反映各种励磁故障，动作稳定且整定灵活、方便。     

基于可扩展对象库的变电站三维仿真平台

变电站三维仿真目前仍然存在建模周期长、模型难以复用等困难。文中介绍一种基于可扩展对象库建立三维仿真平台的方法。该对象库由三维模型类、动作特性类、电气特性类和数据接口类等不同类型的元素构成，变电站的各种仿真对象都能通过复用对象库中的元素完成建模。以Access数据库为桥梁，实现了三维仿真平台与培训系统的二维仿真平台交互。基于该变电站三维仿真平台，可以在对象层级通过灵活地增减设备或修改设备功能，仅做较小改动就能满足新的需求，从而大大缩短了三维建模周期。     

超高压长线相量差动保护的研究

针对超高压长线电容电流对差动保护的影响，使用EMTP分析、比较了普通相量差动保护和故障分量相量差动保护的动作特性。仿真结果表明，对于两端供电超高压长线，带电容补偿的故障分量相量差动保护具有明显地高灵敏度和选择性；仿真结果还显示，在单侧电源和空投于故障线路情况下，相量差动保护的各种方案均无法满足实际电力系统继电保护的要求。     

一种多端继电保护暂态测试方法

介绍了一种基于离线电力系统电磁暂态程序（EMTP）的多端继电保护暂态测试方法。该方法利用EMTP作为测试数据源，在保护实时测试前，根据预计的保护可能动作的情况，用EMTP事先准备好相应的数据；在保护实时测试中，根据保护的实际动作情况，送出相应的事先准备好的保护动作后的电流、电压波形，实现多端保护的闭环测试。整个系统结构简单、对硬件要求低、模拟准确，试验验证是一种有效的继电保护暂态试验方法。     

电力系统动态仿真中的继电保护模型

针对仿真程序中继电保护模型的研究现状进行了综述，提出了继电保护模型的建模方法，进而构建了一个用于电网稳定计算的继电保护模型接口仿真平台。在PSASP中引入了距离保护模型，进行了暂态稳定仿真计算，仿真结果如实描述了线路后备保护的动作特性，表明引入继电保护模型能更真实地反映实际电力系统受扰动后的动态行为。     

直流馈入下的工频变化量方向纵联保护动作特性分析（一）直流系统等值工频变化量阻抗模型

直流馈入将造成交流电网工频变化量方向保护动作特性发生变化。结合交直流互联电网相 互作用机理，针对工频变化量方向保护原理的分析特点，建立了适用于工频变化量方向保护动作特 性分析的直流系统等值工频变化量阻抗模型，并在不同短路容量及故障条件下，对其特性进行了理 论分析。基于PSCAD/EMTDC对各种直流换相失败进行仿真，验证了所建模型的有效性和准确 性。该模型为进一步分析直流馈入下的工频变化量方向保护动作特性提供了依据。     

自适应接地距离继电器

基于单相接地模型，推导得到由故障点两侧零序阻抗角差异引起测量电抗的综合误差，根据综合误差的具体情况对测量电抗进行补偿，从而得到自适应接地距离继电器动作判据。新判据的多边形阻抗特性用纯电抗线来代替传统的电抗下倾线，不再像传统距离保护那样盲目地缩小动作范围。在可靠防止距离保护超越误动作的前提下，扩大了距离保护的动作范围。用EMTP进行了大量的数字仿真实验，结果表明，自适应阻抗动作判据能有效防止保护超越误动作，也提高了区内故障的动作灵敏度。     

方向高频保护负序功率方向元件的非全相运行性能分析

着重分析了负序方向元件在超高压线路中非全相运行时的工作情况，比较了各种电容电流补偿方法对负序方向高频保护元件的影响。EMTP仿真结果表明，线路两侧断线又发生故障时，基于故障分量的负序方向元件可以正确动作。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.