水闸大孔口淹没堰流泄流能力的探讨

根据牛顿阻力公式和能量方程，初步研究了胸墙流速系数和大孔口淹没堰流流量的计算方法，所得结果得到水槽模型试验资料的检验，并与按孔流方法计算的结果做了比较，获得一些有益的认识．     

明渠均匀流的摩阻流速及流速分布

在水槽系统上对明渠恒定均匀流进行了系列实验，利用实测流速资料，对明渠均匀流摩阻流速的各种方法（雷诺应力法、对数流速分布法、阻力平衡法等）的计算结果进行了对比，并分析了流速分布。结果表明：（1）利用阻力平衡法计算摩阻流速时应考虑边壁影响；（2）包含尾流函数的对数-尾流公式比单一对数公式可以更好的符合实测数据。用单一对数公式描述垂线流速分布时，应采用较小的Karman常数；（3）现有大量明渠均匀流实测资料中，用常用的Karman常数（x=0．4）时单一对数公式仍可以较好的表示全水深流速分布是因为采用了较大的摩阻流速。     

射流水下扩散运动初步分析

针对某工程的泄洪冲砂中孔进行体形优化,通过多个工况下的冲刷试验,获得冲刷深度及冲刷位置,根据质量守恒、能量守恒原理对射流入水断面流速进行计算,同时采用目前应用较多的罗铭公式、指数型公式以及三元流公式对射流沿程流速进行了计算。计算结果表明,流速随着射流轴线沿程递减,递减幅度比较明显,其中安芸周一的三元流公式在冲刷相应位置的流速和试验值与基岩抗冲流速最为接近。通过理论与试验的相互印证,认为安芸周一的三元流公式对射流水下轴线流速计算较为符合实际,对于消能井、水垫塘等的冲刷设计具有参考与借鉴意义。     

以淹没射流的观点估算窄缝挑坎外缘射流抛射距离

流速系数的大小直接反映了溢流面上的能量损失,决定了反弧鼻坎上平均流速的大小,从而影响着水舌挑距的计算结果。以淹没射流的观点估算窄缝挑坎理论挑距,其结果和实际运行情况基本吻合,说明所得公式有一定的精度。     

波浪对蘑菇头式取水口吸气漩涡流态影响的试验研究

滨海蘑菇头式取水口进口流态受波浪影响明显,但波浪作用下的取水口吸气漩涡规律尚缺乏系统研究,如何防止进水口前产生有害吸气漩涡是进水口设计中急需解决的问题。以某滨海电厂取水口为例,采用物理模型试验方法,研究了波浪作用下的取水蘑菇头进水流态和吸气漩涡特征,分析了波浪影响下取水口防进气所需的最小淹没深度。试验结果表明,波浪会抑制取水口周缘形成稳定的吸气漩涡。取水蘑菇头在淹没深度不足时会随着波浪周期产生间歇式吸气,但进气量要比持续波谷水位时小。在预防有害吸气漩涡方面,波浪的存在可降低临界淹没深度值,设计实践中可对淹没深度规范公式(Gordon公式)加以修正使用,而修正系数的取值应根据波浪要素和取水口结构形式确定。研究结果可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

对数型流速分布公式的参数敏感性及取值

对数型流速分布公式是描述河渠垂向流速分布的常用方法,但是公式中卡门常数K、积分常数B和尾流强度系数Π的取值一直没有确定.本文研究了对数型流速分布公式中上述3个参数的取值范围及其变化对流速计算结果的影响,以及摩阻流速u*不同计算方法的精度和优缺点.对比分析了877个测点的流速计算值和实测值,结果表明:在浅宽和窄深渠道中,K取0.395,B取5.419时,不含尾流修正函数的对数型流速分布公式在计算流速分布上仍然具有较高的精度,可满足实际工程的需要.     

平底水闸设计中闸孔总净宽计算的几个问题初探

通过对廉江市一些规划及建成的水闸工程的设计实践中发现,文献[1]中所给出按宽顶堰淹没出流计算平底闸闸孔总净宽2个计算公式中,其计算结果相差较大,对究竟选用哪一个公式计算更经济合理进行了分析,并对闸孔总净宽计算有较大影响的上下游水位落差及行近流速水头进行了讨论。     

输沙管流流速分布及浓度分布的研究

本文提出了管道紊流有效动量传递系数的概念、分布模式及数学表达式，得到了清水管流、含沙管流情况的统一流速分布公式和含沙浓度沿垂直管轴线的分布公式。本文所给出的公式不仅在理论上克服了以往公式所存在的不足，且其计算值与实验值符合较好。     

挑射水流对岩基河床冲刷的探讨

 在分析水垫塘中射流特征的基础上，综合了消能和射流的观点，提出一个估算冲坑深度的新公式。该公式结构简单、包括因素较全面，并通过分析计算实测资料，给出岩石冲刷系数的推荐值。利用该公式，对三峡大坝冲刷深度进行了预报，其预报值与各家的实验值符合较好。     

射流坡度控制结构的下游冲刷

建立在二维射流扩散和泥沙颗粒稳定基础上的坡度控制结构下游局部冲刷的理论研究已由试验得到验证。紊动射流的扩散将会降低接近河床泥沙颗粒的水流流速。当冲坑中的无粘性泥沙颗粒不能被冲走时,便达到了冲刷平衡状态。平衡冲刷深度可认为是流速、水深及泥沙粒径的函数。从理论上推导出来的公式与文献中所报道的回归方程极其吻合。试验采用了大型物理模型,其单宽流量达2.5平方米每秒。冲刷深度超过1.4米。结合以前小型试验组的数据,得到了包括从附壁射流到垂直射流,从小淹没射流到大淹没射流,以及各种控制射流坡度情况下的总计231个试验冲深数据。考虑了所研究的种种射流型式,冲深的理论计算结果与试验测定结果的吻合程度是令人满意的。     

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL VORTEX AT HYDRAULIC INTAKES

The trace of vertical vortex flow at hydraulic intakes is of the shape of spiral lines,which was observed in the presented experiments with the tracer technique. It represents the fluid particles flow spirally from the water surface to the underwater and rotate around the vortex-axis multi-cycle. This process is similar to the movement of screw. To describe the multi-circle spiral characteristics under the axisymmetric condition,the vertical vortex would change not only in the radial direction but also in the axial direction. The improved formulae for three velocity components for the vertical vortex flow were deduced by using the method of separation of variables in this article. In the improved formulae,the velocity components are the functions of the radial and axial coordinates,so the multi-circle spiral flow of vertical vortex could be simulated. The calculated and measured results for the vertical vortex flow were compared and the causes of errors were analyzed.     

水工建筑物进水口三维漩涡流场的实验研究

本文利用激光多普勒测速仪对进水口三维漩涡流场进行了量测,给出了切向速度V_0、径向速度V_1、轴向速度V_2及其紊动特性的分布特征。并比较了相同淹没水深、相同进口半径水力条件下与无涡流场的差别。可供科研设计人员参考。     

透空潜坝附近水流特性的数值模拟

透空式潜坝是一种兼顾生态和环境的新型整治建筑物。为深入了解透空潜坝附近水流特性,基于N-S方程和不可压缩气液两相流理论建立三维数值水槽,对梯形透空式潜坝附近水流特性进行数值模拟,研究了透空率、水深和流速对潜坝附近流场、紊动能和涡量等水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同水流条件下,随着透空率的增大,坝后回流流速减小,坝后根部紊动强度逐渐增大,而坝后1~4倍坝高范围内紊动强度逐渐减小,涡量先增大后减小。透空率不变情况下,在相同断面平均流速条件下随着水深增大,透水率逐渐减小,潜坝附近紊动强度整体减小,但紊动范围变化不大,坝顶强涡量区面积减小。在相同水深条件下随着断面平均流速增大,涡旋回流强度逐渐增大,潜坝附近高紊动区紊动强度整体也增大, 坝体顶侧和透水圆孔附近正负涡量间隔分布,强度逐渐增大。     

桥墩水流特性大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟（LES）数学模型对河道中单个桥墩及3个桥墩条件下的水流运动进行数值模拟。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。对计算得到的墩前及墩后流速变化、水位变化、剪应力分布、涡量变化及频谱进行分析,基于以上分析发现:桥墩间距较窄时（s/D=2）,墩前不同位置（0＞x/D＞-5）处的垂向流速绝对值|Uz|大于其他工况条件下相同位置处的流速,而在墩前x/D5）,中心桥墩两侧的桥墩对中心桥墩尾流区的干扰减弱,叠加效应可以忽略。桥墩间距较窄时（s/D=2）墩后x=0.5D处计算得到的涡漩特征长度与桥墩直径基本相同,该处涡漩主要由单个桥墩的尾流产生,而桥墩后x=5D处的涡漩特征长度与3倍的桥墩直径一致,中心桥墩后x=5D处的涡漩由3个桥墩叠加产生。     

TRANSITION TO TAYLOR VORTEX FLOW BETWEEN ROTATING CONICAL CYLINDERS

Transition to Taylor vortex flow between two conical cylinders, with the inner one rotating and the outer one stationary, is studied by the numerical method in this article. It is found that the basic flow becomes unstable with increasing of Reynolds number (Re) above a certain critical value Rec=117 and with the further increase of Re to about Re=300, the first stable vortex is formed near the top of the flow system. The annulus is filled with six pairs of vortices at about Re=800. These are confirmed by experimental observations. Moreover, the local extreme values of pressure and velocity are reached at the adjacent lines between neighboring vortices or at the medium lines of large vortices. The local minimum values of velocity and the local maximum values of pressure are reached at the same point, whereas the local maximum values of velocity of the flow are assumed at the point of inflection for pressure.     

高抗碳化性混凝土的配制研究

碳化是混凝土结构耐久性的不利方面,故提高混凝土的抗碳化性具有重要意义。在普通混凝土配合比的基础上,分别掺入胶凝材料质量0.01%、0.015%、0.02%的引气剂和0.8%、1%的减水剂及20%的粉煤灰,组合得到了多种配合比的混凝土。在室内快速碳化法的条件下,研究了上述混凝土碳化7 d和28 d时的碳化深度变化规律,为配制具有高抗碳化性能的混凝土提供了技术参考。     

Formation of air-entraining vortices at horizontal intakes without approach flow induced circulation

The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effects of hydraulic parameters on the formation of air-entraining vortices at horizontal intake structures without approach flow induced circulation. Six intake pipes of different diameters were tested in the study. The intake pipe to be tested was horizontally mounted to the front side of a large reservoir and then for a wide range of discharges experiments were conducted and critical submergences were detected with adjustable approach channel sidewalls. Empirical equations were derived for the dimensionless critical submergence as a function of the relevant dimensionless parameters. Available data is also checked for the possible scale effect. Then, these obtained equations were compared with the similar ones in the literature which showed a quite good agreement.     

引气剂对混凝土性能的影响

通过对引气剂作用机理的分析，就引气剂对新拌混凝土性能和混凝土抗冻性、抗压强度、抗折强度的影响给予评述。试验表明：在相同水泥用量和坍落度的条件下，引气剂掺量越大，混凝土含气量就越大。抗压强度损失率就越大；在含气量小于6%时，随着含气量的增加，混凝土的韧性增加；引气剂掺量一定时，随着混凝土拌合物坍落度增大．混凝土含气量的变化呈抛物线形状。混凝土用水量一定时，引气剂掺量越大，混凝土坍落度就越大；同萘系减水剂复合使用时，将引起混凝土含气量一定程度的下降。     

Particle image velocimetry measurements of vortex structures in stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets

Measurements of turbulent flow fields in a stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets were made with the singlecamera Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The particle images were captured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the flow in terms of the 2-D velocity and vorticity distributions. This study shows that the maximum close-to-bed velocity in the stilling basin is approximately reduced by 60%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. The jet velocity is distributed evenly at the latter half of the stilling basin and the time-averaged velocity of the cross section is reduced by 77%-85%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. These results show that the vortices with horizontal axes are continuously repeated during the form-merge-split-disappear process. The vertical vortices are continuously formed and disappeared, they appear randomly near the slab and intermittently reach the slab of the stilling basin. The range of these vortices is small. Vortices with horizontal axes and vertical vortices do not coincide in space and the vortices with horizontal axes only affect the position of the tail of the vertical vortices attached to the slab of the stilling basin.     

垂向平均含沙量计算方法初探

从2种悬沙垂向分布公式出发,结合对数流速分布公式,导出2种常见垂向平均含沙量计算方法的比值关系表达式。讨论了2种方法的区别与联系:两者不一定相等,比值可以大于1,也可以小于1,当近底相对水深稍大(如大于0.01)时加权平均含沙量小于算术平均含沙量,与实际相符;2种垂向平均含沙量的差异主要由悬沙及流速垂向分布不均匀性引起。对2种方法的实际应用情况进行了初步分析。