Geochemical characteristics of arid shallow aquifers in Chott Djerid,south-western Tunisia

A geochemical study using hydrochemical techniques and multivariate statistical analysis were undertaken to characterize shallow waters in southwestern Tunisia.Hydrogeochemical investigations demonstrated that groundwater can be classified into different water facies either for the oasis or the Saharan shallow aquifers. The Kebili oasis shallow aquifers showed a Ca–SO₄ water type. The Douz and Djerid oasis shallow aquifers indicated a Na–Ca–Cl water type, whereas the Saharan shallow aquifers showed a Ca–HCO₃–NO₃ water type representative of the shallow waters in the piedmont of Dahar chain and a Na–Ca–SO₄–Cl water type representative of Saharan shallow waters with a TDS >2.2 g/l.Compared to 2.2 g/l TDS limit, Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 52 groundwater samples in two main groups: (1) the relatively less saline water (Group 1) and (2) the highly mineralized water (Group 2). The application of factor analysis to the datasets resulted in two factors, explaining 61.89% and 15.65% of the total variance. Those factors indicated that groundwater quality depended mainly on the dissolution of some evaporite minerals in the oasis shallow aquifers and the Saharan shallow aquifers with TDS >2.2 g/l. In addition, nitrate contamination (natural or anthropogenic) appeared to be a secondary process controlling the mineralization of the shallow aquifers located in the piedmont of Dahar chain. This pollution is local and related to the infiltration of livestock wastes and/or nitrification under reduced aquifer conditions. These waters were also characterized by the dissolution of carbonates and the cation exchange. The suitability of waters indicates that waters situated in the piedmont of Dahar could be used for drinking after precautions on nitrate contents. These waters associated with waters of the south west of Douz region could be used for the irrigation of date palms.     

Assessment and Management of a Desert Basin in Kuwait

ABSTRACT

The study area, Umm Gudair, is located in the southwest corner of Kuwait. It occupies an area of ≈ 4.84 × 10⁹ ft². The brackish ground water is derived from the two main aquifers within the Cenozoic sequence. These are: the Kuwait Group aquifer (Miopleistocene) and the Dammam aquifer (Eocene). In the study area, the two aquifers are treated as a single reservoir Forty-one production wells, locally called “dual completion wells” were finished in the aquifers. This research identifies the hydrogeologic properties and the water quality of the aquifers. In addition, the article discusses the application of the surface electrical method Schlumberger configuration to correlate and delineate the areal distribution of the apparent resistivity with the aquifer salinity, and the occurrence of a water-bearing formation. The results will be use for assessment and management of the groundwater reservoir The water quality of the two aquifers is relatively poor The T.D.S. ranges between 3,130-4,740 mg/L. The hydrochemical facies are calcium-sodium cation facies and chloride-sulphate anion facies. The ground water is classified as a NaCl water type, however two genetic water types are identified: the MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ are of marine origin and are old marine formations. The aquifer is semiconfined to confined The average transmissivity, which increases toward the N and N-E, is 20,965 Igpd/ft. The geophysical studies conducted along seven profiles with 19 vertical electrical soundings reveal three distinct layers. The first layer is composed of dry gravel and has a resistivity of 80–220 m. For the second layer, the resistivity ranges between 5–9 Ωm. It is assumed to be a clayey layer saturated with brackish water; whereas the third layer corresponding to a limestone formation, has a resistivity of 25–700Ωm. The apparent resistivity decreases in the direction of the increasing salinity From the flow-net analysis, the amount of ground water entering the aquifer along the border with the Saudi Arabia is 2.3 × 10⁶ Igpd, while the average daily production from the Umm Gudair field is 13.5 × 10⁶ Igpd, It is obvious that the daily abstraction rate is higher than the daily flow toward the aquifer Therefore, in the future, if the daily abstractions continue to exceed the daily water flow through the aquifer a serious decline in the water level will result.     

银北平原浅层地下水的水化学特征及成因分析

结合银北平原已有的地质、水文地质资料,基于水化学数据、室内释放试验,分析了浅层地下水的水文地球化学分布特征及成因。结果表明:银北平原浅层地下水水化学类型具有一定的分带性,从山前至平原,阴离子由西南向东北从HCO3型过渡到HCO3.SO4(SO4.HCO3)型,再逐渐向HCO3.SO4.Cl、HCO3.Cl(Cl.HCO3)型转化,阳离子则由Ca(Ca.Na、Ca.Mg)型向Na.Mg(Na)型转化;山前洪积倾斜平原地处边山地带,受地形地貌、地层岩性等因素影响,溶滤作用是控制地下水水化学变化的主要形式;冲洪积和河湖积平原则受气候、灌溉活动等作用,蒸发浓缩、蒸发浓缩-混合作用控制着平原内水化学的变化;地层岩性为地下水质的基本组成提供重要的物源。     

内蒙古河套平原高矿化咸水分布规律及成因分析

河套平原地下高矿化咸水分布广泛,使得河套地区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化等环境问题突出。因此针对河套平原高矿化咸水水化学类型、分布特征、成因机理进行了调查研究。研究表明:河套平原受地质、氧化、还原因子影响,表现出21种水化学类型,主要以Na+Ca+Mg-HCO_3+SO_4+Cl和Na+Mg-HCO_3+SO_4+Cl型水为主;河套平原地下水呈现出明显的水平分带规律,自西向东由北向南可分出5条高矿化水分布带;高矿化带离子成分主要来源于蒸发-浓缩作用,主要受气候、沉积环境、水文地质条件等因素的影响,而后套平原扇前洼地、黄河北岸和西山嘴高矿化水分布带的地下水则受深层海相沉积地下水的影响。研究结果可为区域水资源合理配置,促进水资源开发利用提供科学依据。     

渭河平原地下水质演化规律及评价研究

在分析渭河平原地质和水文地质条件的基础上,利用近20年地下水质监测数据,探讨了地下水水质随时间的变化规律并进行了地下水质综合评价,对其主要影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:渭河平原区域地下水质量总体尚好,秦岭山前和渭河上游局部地区水质综合评价为优良等级,渭北黄土塬部分地区及渭河下游卤泊滩地区水质综合评价为较差或极差等级;不同地区超标物质各有不同,主要超标项归纳总硬度、硫酸盐、氯化物、三氮、氟化物等;主要城市集中开采区地下水质受开采量影响较大,水位埋深与硫酸根、硝酸根、总硬度等污染物质含量高度正相关。地下水水质变化的主要影响因素为人工开采、天然背景值、局部污染、大气降水等。研究结果对渭河平原地下水水质保护及其合理开发利用有重要的意义。     

河西走廊浅层地下水主离子特征及水质评价

为查明河西走廊浅层地下水的主离子特征及浅层地下水水质状况,运用数理统计法、Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比例系数等手段,对研究区75个水样点的水化学指标进行了全面研究。在此基础上,采用了模糊综合评价法与内梅罗指数法对该地区浅层地下水进行了水质评价。结果表明:河西走廊浅层地下水整体偏碱性;Cl~-、Na~+、K~+、NO~-_3和SO_4~(2-)在空间上存在较强的变异性;水化学类型整体上为重碳酸硫酸型水;研究区内浅层地下水中的Na~+、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-很可能有相同的来源;水化学组分主要受蒸发-结晶作用,硅酸盐矿物、蒸发岩盐及硫酸盐溶解的控制。水质评价结果表明人类聚集地浅层地下水水质较差。     

Resident perceptions of urban stream restoration and water quality in South Korea

This research explores if individual preferences for the major functions of stream restoration processes correlate water quality variations in an urban watershed of South Korea. We use a set of results from an analytical hierarchy process model to rank the major stream restoration functions and compare citizens' preferences for “water quality” improvement during stream restoration based on the water quality index (WQI) and ordinary least square regression. This study identifies the correlation between the WQI and individual perceptions regarding stream restoration. Regional context and individual characteristics also influence the demands and awareness of citizens pertaining to stream restoration. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding residents' perceptions and demographic information, including education, marriage status, gender, and residence period in different subwatersheds. The largest change (28.29) in the WQI score of one subwatershed was correlated with the participants' perception of water quality changes and water pollution (analytical hierarchy process index: 66.8%). On the basis of the survey results, we recommend that a human–ecological interdependent and adaptive consultative body is established in each subwatershed to successfully implement stream restoration projects.     

Groundwater Resources and Human Impacts in a Quaternary Intramontane Basin (L'Aquila Plain,Central Italy)

Abstract

An aquifer vulnerability study was carried out in the L'Aquila Plain of Central Italy for evaluating changes in groundwater quantity and quality induced by human activities. The L'Aquila Plain, filled with Quaternary clastic deposits, is an intramontane basin encircled by karst massifs characterized by regional groundwater, which is connected with the porous multilayer aquifer of L'Aquila Plain. The study was organized into different steps: (1) geo-lithological characterization; (2) sampling of hydrogeological data and water budget evaluation; and (3) hydrochemical and microbiological monitoring of springs and wells. The latter step made it possible to identify water-rock interaction, groundwater mixing and recharge, and to recognize the different sources of groundwater pollution. The plain aquifer, mainly recharged by the surrounding carbonate massifs, shows centripetal groundwater flowpaths. The hydrochemical features show two groundwater end-members, coming from carbonate aquifers or circulating only in the plain, with intermediate mixed groundwater. The observed ground-water pollution is negligible, but it will probably increase if the strong development of the human activities continues without groundwater protection planning.     

天山北坡经济带东段浅层地下水固有脆弱性评价

基于改进的DRASTIC方法,选择地下水埋深、含水层净补给量、含水层岩性、土壤介质类型、地面坡度、浅层地下水水质、包气带介质类型、含水层渗透系数和潜水蒸发量9项评价指标,分别确定其评分体系和权重体系,并利用Arc Gis 10.2中的图层空间叠加分析功能,对天山北坡经济带东段地区的浅层地下水固有脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:脆弱性较高区和中等区占研究区总面积的80.17%,地下水整体脆弱性偏高,而导致研究区浅层地下水脆弱性偏高的主要因素为地下水埋深较小、含水层渗透性较强、浅层地下水水质差。     

库计水源地地下水水化学特征分析

以库计水源地地下水为研究对象,在分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上,系统研究了研究区地下水的水化学时空变化特征：从外围分水岭向内以及由内部分水岭向周边,地下水水化学类型总体上沿地下水流向,呈HCO₃型→HCO₃•Cl型→HCO₃•SO₄•Cl型→SO₄•Cl型逐步过渡变化规律;在垂向上,中、浅层地下水水力联系较为密切,分带规律不明显,深部地下水水质略差;在时间上,由于白垩系含水层厚度巨大,垂向水力联系密切,且水位埋藏普遍较深,季节性变化对地下水水质影响有限,地下水水质相对稳定。     

Potential hydraulic connectivity of coal mine aquifers based on statistical analysis of hydrogeochemistry

Mining activities interfere with the natural groundwater chemical environment, which may lead to hydrogeochemical changes of aquifers and mine water inrush disasters. This study analyzed the hydrochemical compositions of 80 water samples in three aquifers and developed a water source identification model to explore the control factors and potential hydraulic connection of groundwater chemistry in a coal mine. The results showed that the hydrochemical types of the three aquifers were different. The main hydrochemical compositions of the loose-layer, coal-bearing, and limestone aquifers were HCO₃·Cl–Na, SO₄·HCO₃–Na, and SO₄–Na·Ca, respectively. The correlation, Unmix, and factor analyses showed that the hydrochemical composition of groundwater was controlled by the dissolution of soluble minerals (such as calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and halite) and the weathering of silicate minerals. The factor score plot combined with Q-mode cluster analysis demonstrated no remarkable hydraulic connection among the three aquifers in the study area. The water source identification model effectively identified the source of inrush water. Moreover, the mixing ratio model rationally quantified the contributions of the three aquifers to inrush water.     

Assessment of the Impact of Municipal Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality near the Sangamner City using GIS Approach

The present work aims at assessing the impact of MSW on the groundwater quality around dumping yard site, located near the Sangamner city by water quality index (WQI) and its integration in geographical information system (GIS). Groundwater samples (n?=?15) around the dumping yard were collected using Garmin GPS device in October 2013 and October 2014. Physico-chemical analysis of same samples was carried out for pH, EC, TDS, Na⁺, K⁺,Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, TH, Cl^?, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? along with the heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr by using standard methods. Similarly, SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP were also calculated to know the groundwater quality into irrigation perspective. WQI for 15 samples were calculated using physico-chemical results/data of 12 parameters and its desirable limit of BIS standard. Generated WQI (z) for October 2013 and October 2014 were integrated with latitude (y) and longitude (x) values, collected using GPS during the field work. Integrated xyz data were then interpolated in Surfer-10 GIS software using inverse distance weight (IDW) method to estimate the groundwater quality of the study area. Study revealed that the groundwater quality around the dumping yard area does not confirm to drinking and domestic purposes as per the WQI and BIS standard. However, the groundwater quality is marginally suitable for irrigation as per SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP. The influence of leachate from MSW dumping site to surrounding groundwater is creating a serious concern and susceptible to potential health hazards. Thus, continuous monitoring of groundwater is desperately required in order to minimize the groundwater pollution for control the pollution-caused MSW.     

Palaeohydrogeology and Water Quality Control of the Tertiary Aquifer,Kuwait

Abstract

The State of Kuwait is located at the northwestern corner of the Arabian Gulf and covers an area of about ≈18,000 km2. The aquifer under investigation is the Eocene Dammam limestone aquifer. This paper discusses the hydrochemistry of the aquifer through the period 1972–2002 in order to identify the chemical and genetic types of groundwater, and to reveal the prevailing geochemical processes in the aquifer. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the brackish-brine groundwater is encountered to provide an overview of the regional scale hydrochemistry and to assess the possible factors controlling the aquifer quality. Accordingly, WATEQ4F program is used to compute the saturation indices of the minerals with respect to a state water composition. The Z- MAP and the STRATWORKS programs are used to construct the structural contour map and the subsurface geophysical logs of the Dammam Formation, respectively.

The hydrochemical and geological investigations revealed that the Dammam limestone aquifer is occupied by a brackish-brine groundwater, with TDS values ranging from 2500 to 150,000 mg/l, which gradually increases towards the N—NE in the flow direction. The main recognized groundwater chemical types are: Na2SO4, CaSO4 and NaCl. Three groundwater genetic types Na-SO4, Mg-Cl, and Ca-Cl are dominant and indicate a continentalmarine stagnant environment.

Also, the study showed that the groundwater is oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, and under-saturated with respect to gypsum. The calculated mean values of PCO2 range between 8.79 x 10–4 and 1.38 x 10–2 atm., which are above that of PCO2 of the earth' atmosphere. These high values of PCO2 suggest that the Dammam limestone aquifer represents a closed system with respect to CO2. The ion-exchange, reverse ion-exchange and dedolomitization are the main geochemical processes prevailing in the aquifer. Furthermore, the carbonate weathering is most likely to operate in the aquifer. Controls on the distribution of water qualities reflect the ancient marine depositional environment, water-rock interaction, aquifer flushing including ion exchange effect, and the structural feature related to the Persian Gulf synclinorium.     

Groundwater Exploitation and Its Impact on the Environment in the North China Plain

Abstract

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of China's most important social, economic, and agricultural regions. Currently, the Plain has 17,950 thousand ha of cultivated land, 71.1 percent of which is irrigated, consuming more than 70 percent of the total water supply. Increasing water demands associated with rapid urban and industrial development and expansion of irrigated land have led to overexploitation of both surface and the ratio of groundwater resources, particularly north of the Yellow River. In 1993, the ratio of groundwater exploitation to recharge in many parts of the NCP exceeded 1.0; in some areas, the ratio exceeded 1.5. Consequently, about 1.06 million ha of water-short irrigated areas in the NCP also have poor water quality. Persistent groundwater overexploitation in the northern parts of the NCP has resulted in water-level declines in both shallow and deep aquifers. According to data from 600 shallow groundwater observation wells in the Hebei Plain, the average depth to water increased from 7.23 m in 1983 to 11.52 m in 1993, indicating an average water-table decline of 0.425 m/year. Water table declines are not uniformly distributed throughout the area. Depletion rates are generally greatest beneath cities and intensively groundwater-irrigated areas. Water-table declines have also varied over time. With the continued decline of groundwater levels, large depression cones have formed both in unconfined and confined aquifers beneath the Hebei Plain. Groundwater depletion in the NCP has severely impacted the environment. Large tracts of land that overlie cones of depression have subsided, seawater has intruded into previously freshwater aquifers in coastal plains, and ground-water quality has deteriorated due to salinization, seawater intrusion, and untreated urban and industrial wastewater discharge. In order to balance groundwater exploitation with recharge, the major remedial measures suggested are to strengthen groundwater management, to raise water use efficiency, to adjust the water-consumed structure, and to increase water supply     

Prioritizing Groundwater Monitoring in Data Sparse Regions using Atanassov Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (A-IFS)

Water quality index (WQI) is a single measure that is commonly used to prioritize water wells and manage groundwater resources. WQI is pragmatic as it combines several water quality parameters into a single index. However, the process of aggregation is imprecise and suffers from uncertainties in measurements and subjective specification of weights. The goal of this study is to demonstrate how Atanassov’s Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (A-IFS) can be used to aggregate water quality parameters into a composite index to rank and prioritize groundwater wells. The A-IFS weighted geometric mean (A-IFS-WGM) method and the A-IFS based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (A-IFS-TOPSIS) using Euclidean (A-IFS-TOPSIS-E) and Hamming (A-IFS-TOPSIS-H) are introduced and illustrated to prioritize and rank water supply wells in a fast growing yet poorly studied area in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The concept of A-IFS entropy is also presented to directly ascertain weights from the data. This objective selection of weights from the data eliminates the subjectivity and difficulties associated with assigning relative importance to different water quality parameters. The results of the study indicate that the weights obtained using the entropy methods are consistent with the geochemical characteristics of the regional aquifer. The A-IFS-WGM method is more sensitive to weights compared to the A-IFS-TOPSIS methods which are influenced to a larger extent by the membership and non-membership values (ratings). Special consideration must be placed on ascribing the hesitation margin of the decision maker and identifying the membership values for non-preference as the methods exhibit greater sensitivity to these factors. The developed methods provide pragmatic data-driven approaches to prioritize and rank groundwater wells within a monitoring network.     

Groundwater recharge in an endoreic basin with reclaimed municipal wastewater.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the groundwater pollution in an endoreic basin in southern Italy. The aquifer circulation was carried out on two different levels: a shallow groundwater, with a water table of about 10 m, and a deep groundwater in a karst aquifer, with a water table of 140-190 m. Reclaimed municipal wastewater and superficial water collected in the catchment area were both drained in a swallow hole linked with the deep groundwater. The agricultural practice conducted in the endoreic basin produced an excess of nitrate in the soil. Nitrate was subsequently washed out and displaced in the groundwater. With regard to the EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), the research activity conducted during 2003 showed the absence of pollution in the deep groundwater used for drinking water supply. The shallow groundwater, instead, was strongly influenced by agricultural and pasture activities, with detectable levels of nitrates and bacteria. In order to reduce the load of pollution entering the swallow hole and then in the deep groundwater, the realisation of a constructed wetland plant was proposed to improve the quality of reclaimed wastewater, as well as to pursue the wastewater reuse in agriculture.     

山东北部沿海区地下水质量评价及其成因分析——以潍坊市昌邑市卜庄镇为例

山东北部沿海区受自然和人为因素影响,水污染日益严重,区域地下水的质量评价和成因分析对区域经济发展具有重要意义。以潍坊昌邑市卜庄镇为对象,对山东北部沿海区地下水质量进行单因子评价和综合质量评价。单因子评价表明:当地4个村庄地下水为Ⅳ类,其它村庄均为Ⅴ类,TDS,F~-,Cl~-,NO~-_3,Na~+指标超过Ⅲ类地下水标准,分别是标准值的0.66～2.72,0.53～9.23,0.32～4.42,0～1.25,0.57～3.76倍。综合质量评价结果表明:地下水F值为4.41～7.44,地下水质量等级为较差-差,其中,11个村庄地下水等级为差,3个村庄地下水等级为较差。当地地下水中NO~-_3主要是受人类活动和农业活动影响,Na~+,Cl~-和TDS超标主要是海水入侵作用,地下水中F~-富集与海水入侵引起的偏碱性环境及Na~+-Ca~(2+)离子交换有关。     

水质标识指数法在赣江尾闾段水质评价中的应用

赣江为鄱阳湖的重要补给水源,赣江水质对鄱阳湖生态有着重要影响。本文以电导率（EC）、浊度（TUR）、悬浮物（SS）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄-N）、硝态氮（NO₃-N）以及化学需氧量（COD）作为赣江水质评价指标,采用水质标识指数法对赣江尾闾段2015年10月30日、12月4日以及2016年1月12日、3月10日和5月30日5个时间点、3个支流、8个监测点的水质进行综合评价分析。分析结果表明：采用主要污染物水质标识指数法（PP-WQI）所得赣江下游北、中、南支流污染指数分别为3.84（COD）、3.53（COD）、3.84（COD/SS）,综合水质标识指数法（CWQI）所得污染指数分别为3.8077、3.5003、3.7465;水质介于Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类之间,属于轻度污染,主要污染物为COD、TN和SS。水质在空间上表现为中支较好,南支和北支较差,上游优于下游;在时间上表现为夏季（5月30日）最差,冬季最好（12月4日和1月12日）。     

渭河流域地下水的水化学特征及形成机制

在对渭河流域407组地下水的水化学数据及139组含水层岩土样数据分析的基础上,运用图解法、数理统计法、Gibbs半对数法及PHREEQC模拟等方法对渭河流域地下水的水化学特征及形成机制进行了研究,取得了一些新的认识。根据地下水系统划分原则,将整个渭河流域的地下水系统划分为5个二级地下水系统:陇西黄土高原子系统、陇东黄土高原子系统、陕北黄土高原子系统、关中盆地子系统以及秦岭北麓子系统。渭河流域水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na为主,北部和中部还分布有HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·SO4·Cl-Na、SO4·Cl·HCO3-Na及Cl·SO4-Na型水,大部分地区地下水中的TDS为小于1g/L的淡水。地下水化学成分的形成主要受含水层矿物的溶解/沉淀、蒸发浓缩及阳离子交换作用的影响。     

Process Mining Approach of a New Water Quality Index for Long-Term Assessment under Uncertainty Using Consensus-Based Fuzzy Decision Support System

One of the biggest challenges in water quality monitoring is how to optimize big Data gathered from a wide range of resources. This paper presented a new software-based pathway of process mining approach for extending a flexible WQI (Water Quality Index) that would deal with uncertainties derived from missing data occurrence in short- and long-term assessments. The methodology is based on integration of four multi-criteria group decision-making models coupled with fuzzy simulation including AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), fuzzy OWA (Ordered Weighting Average), TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), and fuzzy TOPSIS that were used for data mining and group consensus evaluation.. Examining the methodology on groundwater resources being supplied for drinking in Shiraz, Iran showed high integrity, accuracy, and proximity-to-real interpretation of water quality. This was the first study where decision-making risks such as Decision Makers’ risk-prone or risk-aversion attitudes (optimistic degree), DMs’ power, and consensus degree of each water quality parameter have been considered in WQI research. The proposed index offered a flexible choice in defining the intended project duration, stakeholders’ judgments, types of water use and water resource, standards, as well as type and number of water quality parameters. Thus, beside sustaining the unity in structure, this methodology could be suggested as a potentially WQI for other regions. The presented methodology would help more efficient monitoring of water resources for drinking purpose with respect to water quality.