大型水利水电工程施工智能控制成套技术及应用

温控防裂、混凝土施工质量和基础质量控制是300 m级特高拱坝建设期重要的技术问题。传统质量管理依赖于从业人员专业素养与责任,无法满足精细化控制要求。本文基于"全面感知、真实分析和实时控制"的智能控制理念,结合大体积混凝土施工全过程和基础灌浆等智能控制技术,实现了高坝施工质量全过程的全天候、精细化、在线实时监控和预报、预警及智能控制;构建了业务协同平台i Dam,以大坝全景信息模型DIM为核心,解决了复杂环境条件下数据采集、海量数据条件下数据挖掘、多方参与条件下数据共享、本质质量条件下数据应用,为大坝施工过程各专业、各环节的精细化管理提供了有效手段,并为其工作性态的真实分析、实时预测、施工方案的动态调整与优化提供了支撑。     

张光斗院士的来信

《水电站设计》编辑部：您们好!贵刊2005年第2期发表李嘉进教授级高级工程师的文章《对高拱坝混凝土设计中若干问题的思考》，读后深受教益。高拱坝混凝土配合比设计，对压拉强度、抗渗性、耐久性、极限拉伸等，都要满足拱坝设计要求，还要考虑到混凝土拌和楼的质量、混凝土拌和料的运输条件、混凝土浇筑设备的能力和技术。二滩高拱坝是外国承包商施工的，混凝土设计优良，混凝土拌和楼离坝很近，混凝土浇筑设备和技术很先进，混凝土配合比视浇筑情况可适当调整，所以二滩高拱坝施工质量很高。     

中型混凝土双曲拱坝施工技术

中型混凝土双曲拱坝是农村水电工程中常见的坝型。本文通过对芙蓉水库混凝土双曲拱坝施工技术、措施、工艺、质量控制等方面进行分析,特别是介绍了具有临建工程投资省、浇筑速度快、施工管理方便特点的简易缆机的应用,阐述了混凝土拱坝施工中坝基处理、混凝土水平和垂直运输、立模、浇筑等方面的特色和经验,对类似工程施工具有借鉴意义。     

石门坎水电站混凝土双曲拱坝施工质量控制

石门坎水电站混凝土双曲拱坝具有施工强度大、工期紧、技术与质量要求高、温度控制严格等特点,在施工中科学地进行质量控制,为确保拱坝的混凝土浇筑质量和快速施工提供了保证。本文针对石门坎水电站双曲拱坝混凝土施工工艺及质量、温控进行了详细的论述。     

高拱坝混凝土施工与钢衬安装仿真分析研究

在高拱坝泄洪孔钢衬安装与坝体混凝土浇筑交叉施工时,起重设备、空间位置、施工资源等方面均存在干扰.详细分析了高拱坝钢衬施工工艺流程,研究了钢衬安装与混凝土浇筑的干扰机制,提出了考虑钢衬安装施工干扰的高拱坝混凝土施工仿真方法.该方法在某高拱坝钢衬安装方案优选和混凝土进度控制中发挥了重要作用.     

白鹤滩混凝土坝浇筑效率提升措施

白鹤滩水电站大坝为300 m级特高拱坝,大坝混凝土工程量大、施工强度高、施工环境复杂。为保证大坝浇筑强度满足进度和质量要求,通过对混凝土生产、水平运输、垂直运输、平仓振捣各环节进行分解,采用定位技术和重量传感等进行缆机运行效率采集和分析,制定一系列技术和管理措施,有效提升了大坝浇筑"一条龙"效率。     

潘口水电站厂房蜗壳二期混凝土施工技术

为了控制和减小潘口水电站厂房二期混凝土浇筑过程中蜗壳的变形,经研究,决定采用通仓浇筑方案。由于电站厂房二期混凝土具有体型尺寸大、结构复杂、钢筋密集、温控要求高,以及浇筑难度大等特点。为了保证混凝土浇筑质量,施工前对混凝土浇筑施工的重点和难点进行了分析,并提出了有针对性的施工方案。由于浇筑方案合理有效,实际施工过程中严格组织实施,使二期混凝土浇筑取得了施工质量高、施工进度快的效果。     

构皮滩水电站拱坝施工工艺

构皮滩水电站拦河大坝为抛物线形双曲拱坝。本文从该拱坝的基础处理,砂石料、水泥、粉煤灰等的运输及预冷措施,混凝土生产及运输、入仓工艺,混凝土浇筑及模板,混凝土温度及质量控制,拱坝接缝灌浆等多方面的施工工艺及关键技术进行了全面阐述。目前该拱坝已浇筑混凝土约272万m3,工程质量良好,成功建成了喀斯特地区第一高拱坝。     

Tekeze水电工程大体积混凝土温控防裂实践与探讨

埃塞俄比亚Tekeze水电站混凝土双曲拱坝在配合比、拌和、运输、浇筑、冷却、温控、养护等方面采取了一系列技术措施,不但满足了混凝土快速施工的要求,整个大坝自始至终也未出现一条温度裂缝。本文中,作者对此提出了自己的分析与见解,可为今后类似混凝土拱坝快速施工及质量控制提供参考。     

锦屏一级特高拱坝混凝土 4. 5 m 仓层厚度施工关键技术

拱坝混凝土浇筑仓层厚度是影响拱坝混凝土施工质量和进度的关键因素之一,混凝土浇筑仓层厚度高度的突破面临温控防裂、三大高差控制和体型控制等一系列挑战,但同时也可以为工程建设带来巨大的进度和经济效益。针对锦屏一级特高拱坝混凝土施工采用4.5m仓层厚度时的关键技术问题开展研究,研究成果工程应用效果显著,可为其它高拱坝筑坝时面临的类似问题提供技术借鉴。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。