SWAT模型在金沙江上游小流域径流模拟中的应用

为探讨SWAT分布式水文模型在金沙江上游小流域水文过程模拟中的适用性,选择金沙江一级支流冲江河流域为研究区,利用该小流域控制站来远桥水文站1961~2012年月径流量数据进行模型参数率定与模型验证研究。结果表明：SWAT模型对金沙江上游山区小流域径流模拟精度较高,冲江河流域率定期和验证期月径流模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别达0.97和0.81,平均相对误差分别为16%和20%,纳什系数Ens分别为0.84和0.82。     

基于SWAT模型对洙赵新河流域径流的模拟研究

洙赵新河是南四湖流域重要的入湖河流,研究该流域的径流对南四湖湖西平原区具有重要意义。选用SWAT分布式水文模型,通过SWAT-CUP程序的Sufi-2算法进行参数率定、敏感性分析与不确定性分析,模拟了洙赵新河流域2008-2014年的月径流过程。结果表明:月径流在校准期和验证期的相关系数R2和NS效率系数均大于0. 85,表明SWAT模型在洙赵新河流域适用性较好;根据敏感性分析结果发现水文相关参数与径流有不同程度的相关性,其中植被蒸腾补偿系数、河岸调蓄的基流α因子、浅层地下水径流系数等13个参数最为敏感;在气象站点密度较小的地区,引入CMADS气象数据集作为流域水文模型的驱动数据集,取得了理想的效果。     

基于SWAT模型的寒区小流域径流模拟及径流成分研究

由于冻土、降雪及融雪入渗等影响因素的特殊性，寒区流域产汇流特性都有别于非冻区，使寒区径流模拟研究较为困难，已有的研究内容对寒区小流域的径流模拟研究以及径流成分分析还比较少。为探讨寒区小流域径流模拟方法并分析流域内径流成分组成，以永翠河流域为研究区域，选取1994—2015年共22年的水文气象资料，构建SWAT模型，以决定系数（R2）和效率系数Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE)评价SWAT模型的适用性，并基于构建的SWAT模型分析永翠河流域径流成分组成。结果表明，SWAT模型能够较好的模拟寒区小流域的径流过程，各径流成分中壤中流占比最大，地表径流次之，地下水占比最小，且三种径流成分产水量总体都呈现上升趋势。     

基于SWAT模型的北江飞来峡流域径流模拟

为满足北江飞来峡流域非点源污染负荷核算需要,利用SWAT模型对研究区1969-2011年日径流过程进行模拟。基于飞来峡流域水文、气象、地形、土地利用和土壤类型等资料构建SWAT径流模型,并运用SWAT-CUP中的SUFI-2方法对模型中的14个径流参数进行敏感性分析及参数率定,再进行径流模拟效果定量评价。结果表明:对径流过程有显著影响的参数主要为SCS径流曲线系数、主河道曼宁系数、地下水滞后系数以及地表径流滞后时间等;日径流率定期和验证期的效率系数均为0.83,相对误差分别为1.40%和0.58%,且大部分模拟数据落在不确定性区间内,模拟结果的不确定性较小,表明所构建的SWAT径流模型具有较高的精度,在北江飞来峡流域适用性良好。     

基于ArcSWAT2009的锦江流域径流模拟分析

基于ArcGis10.0建立了锦江流域数据库,将ArcSWAT2009模型应用于锦江流域的径流模拟。采用LH-OAT灵敏度分析方法进行参数灵敏度分析,得出模型灵敏参数序列,并利用4个水文站(危坊、宜丰、上高、高安)2001~2008年径流观测数据对SWAT模型进行参数率定。模型适用性评价结果表明:校准期和验证期年均值相对误差(Re)小于20%,月相关系数(R2)和月效率系数(NSE)均大于0.7,拟合精度较高,SWAT模型适宜锦江流域的径流模拟。     

基于SWAT与新安江模型的闽江建阳流域径流模拟研究

采用SWAT模型对闽江建阳流域的日径流过程进行模拟计算,利用研究区1993年~1997年的实测流量数据进行模型参数率定,1998年~2000年的实测流量数据进行模型检验,并与三水源新安江模型的模拟结果进行对比,采用纳什效率系数NS、相对误差RE和决定性系数R^(2)作为模型模拟精度的评价指标。研究结果表明,两个模型在建阳流域日径流模拟中都具有较好的适用性,且均能很好地用于该流域的径流预测与防洪规划。进一步分析建阳流域降雨和径流空间分布与变化特征的结果表明,该流域多年平均降雨量从西北向东南递减,径流空间分布与降雨空间分布相似,差异较明显;研究区总体径流呈增加趋势,但径流深的空间分布差异性呈减小趋势。     

CMADS在霍童溪流域SWAT模型径流模拟中的应用研究

中国东南沿海山区中小流域同样存在气象数据稀缺问题,导致流域水文模型研究受限。中国大气同化驱动数据集(CMADS)是一类可获得再分析气象数据集,用于填补水文模型数据空缺,研究其在SWAT径流模拟中的适用性显得尤为重要。以福建霍童溪流域为研究区,以测站数据为参照,通过数据一致性评价、SWAT模型径流模拟的检验系数以及水文要素空间分布对CMADS进行适用性评价。研究结果表明:两类数据降水空间分布一致,温度数据相关性较高;CMADS和测站数据在月、日尺度SWAT模型径流模拟中R~2和NSE系数均达到了较好的结果;CMADS模式水文相关分量与测站模式偏差较小且空间分布一致,CMADS数据集在东南沿海代表性流域径流模拟有较好的适用性。     

基于SWAT的乌伦古河流域径流模拟研究

以新疆乌伦古河流域上游为研究区,利用DEM、土地利用、土壤类型和水文气象资料,基于SWAT构建研究区分布式水文模型,探讨了SWAT模型在乌伦古河的适用性。应用LH-OAT法对参数进行敏感性分析,采用手动调参对模型参数进行率定和验证,根据已有的径流资料选用2000年—2005年为模型参数率定期,2006年—2009年为模型的验证期。研究结果表明:实测值与模拟值的趋势一致总体较为接近,率定期和验证期效率系数均大于0.6,相关系数0.8以上,径流平均误差小于15%。总体来看,SWAT模型参数率定之后,能较好的反映了乌伦古河流域的月径流水文过程,在该地区具有一定的适用性。更多还原     

SWAT模型在天山西部山区的应用

以伊犁喀什河流域为研究对象,采用分布式流域水文物理模型SWAT对喀什河流域进行径流模拟,并建立模型所需的土壤、土地利用、气象数据库。应用1990-1996年的月径流资料进行模型参数的率定;1997-2000年月径流资料进行模型的验证,评估了模型在天山西部山区的适用性。模型经过多次的参数率定后,能较好地模拟新疆山区水文过程。结果表明:率定期的径流相对误差RE为8.6%,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.8,模拟值与实测值之间的拟合程度较好。融雪是新疆径流形成的重要环节,模型中的融雪参数对模拟径流结果的影响较大,适当的调整融雪参数值,可提高模拟精度。     

遥感蒸散发数据应用对SWAT模型径流和蒸散发模拟精度的影响

为探讨遥感蒸散发数据补充研究区水文资料的能力,及其在SWAT模型应用中对径流和蒸散发模拟精度的影响。以淮河上游息县控制流域为研究区建模,并利用实测径流资料与遥感蒸散发数据(MOD16A2)设置3种参数率定情景:仅实测径流率定参数(S1)、仅遥感蒸散发率定参数(S2)、径流与蒸散发同时率定参数(S3),分析不同情景下径流与蒸散发过程的模拟效果。结果表明:从径流模拟而言,S2、S3较S1的模拟精度(NS系数)均有不同程度的降低,但S3在S2的基础上有较明显的改善;从子流域尺度上的蒸散发模拟而言,S1至S3模拟精度呈现出逐渐上升的趋势,在采用径流与蒸散发同时率定时,S3比S2情景NS系数上升的子流域个数占总数的46%。通过逐步深入探究遥感蒸散发数据在SWAT模型中的应用,以及对参数率定的影响,从而分析其对径流与蒸散发的模拟精度产生的变化,此方法也可推广到其他水文模型,在区域尺度水资源管理与利用上具有较好的参考价值。     

Development and Integration of Sub-hourly Rainfall–Runoff Modeling Capability Within a Watershed Model

Increasing urbanization changes runoff patterns to be flashy and instantaneous with decreased base flow. A model with the ability to simulate sub-daily rainfall–runoff processes and continuous simulation capability is required to realistically capture the long-term flow and water quality trends in watersheds that are experiencing urbanization. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been widely used in hydrologic and nonpoint sources modeling. However, its subdaily modeling capability is limited to hourly flow simulation. This paper presents the development and testing of a sub-hourly rainfall–runoff model in SWAT. SWAT algorithms for infiltration, surface runoff, flow routing, impoundments, and lagging of surface runoff have been modified to allow flow simulations with a sub-hourly time interval as small as one minute. Evapotranspiration, soil water contents, base flow, and lateral flow are estimated on a daily basis and distributed equally for each time step. The sub-hourly routines were tested on a 1.9 km² watershed (70% undeveloped) near Lost Creek in Austin Texas USA. Sensitivity analysis shows that channel flow parameters are more sensitive in sub-hourly simulations (Δt = 15 min) while base flow parameters are more important in daily simulations (Δt = 1 day). A case study shows that the sub-hourly SWAT model reasonably reproduces stream flow hydrograph under multiple storm events. Calibrated stream flow for 1 year period with 15 min simulation (R ² = 0.93) shows better performance compared to daily simulation for the same period (R ² = 0.72). A statistical analysis shows that the improvement in the model performance with sub-hourly time interval is mostly due to the improvement in predicting high flows. The sub-hourly version of SWAT is a promising tool for hydrology and non-point source pollution assessment studies, although more development on water quality modeling is still needed.     

淤地坝对流域水沙影响模拟研究

使用SWAT模型,结合淤地坝特点对模型自带的水库模型进行修正来设置淤地坝模块,研究淤地坝对流域径流和输沙的影响,并在内蒙古十大孔兑之一的西柳沟流域进行模拟和验证。以1980-1990年为率定期、2006-2015年为验证期,龙头拐水文站模拟径流量和输沙量与实测值拟合较好,线性拟合系数R²和纳什效率系数E_NS均超过0.6,说明SWAT模型中的水库模型可用于淤地坝模拟。结果表明：其他参数不变的情况下,淤地坝对流域的径流量有一定影响,能够拦截一部分径流量,对流域输沙量的影响巨大,减沙效果明显;淤地坝在一定程度上能影响流域的汇流过程,使得汛期后的月份中出现模拟径流量大于实测径流量的现象;相较于经验公式法,SWAT模型能够提高淤地坝对流域水沙影响的模拟精度;为更好地利用SWAT模型模拟淤地坝对流域径流和输沙的影响,淤地坝模块仍有待改进。     

Evaluation of Using Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Data in SWAT

This study applied a time series evapotranspiration (ET) data derived from the remote sensing to evaluate Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model calibration, which is a unique method. The SWAT hydrologic model utilized monthly stream flow data from two US Geological Survey (USGS) stations within the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) in Northwestern, Mississippi. Surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL), which utilized MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) to generate monthly ET time series data images were evaluated with the SWAT model. The SWAT hydrological model was calibrated and validated using monthly stream flow data with the default, flow only, ET only, and flow-ET modeling scenarios. The flow only and ET only modeling scenarios showed equally good model performances with the coefficient of determination (R²) and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) from 0.71 to 0.86 followed by flow-ET only scenario with the R² and NSE from 0.66 to 0.83, and default scenario with R² and NSE from 0.39 to 0.78 during model calibration and validation at Merigold and Sunflower gage stations within the watershed. The SWAT model over-predicted ET when compared with the Modis-based ET. The ET-based ET had the closest ET prediction (~8% over-prediction) as followed by flow-ET-based ET (~16%), default-based ET (~27%) and flow-based ET (~47%). The ET-based modeling scenario demonstrated consistently good model performance on streamflow and ET simulation in this study. The results of this study demonstrated use of Modis-based remote sensing data to evaluate the SWAT model streamflow and ET calibration and validation, which can be applied in watersheds with the lack of meteorological data.     

北庙水源地土地利用变化对水文要素影响的研究

选用保山市日气象观测数据和北庙水源地水库坝上径流资料,结合北庙水源地内的土地利用数据、土壤数据和DEM数据,构建其SWAT分布式水文模型,研究水源地三期不同土地利用方式变化对水文要素的影响。结果表明:在模型率定期和验证期,R2数分别为0.70和0.72,模型效率系数均大于0.55,径流模拟值与实测值相对误差在15%以内,SWAT水文模型在北庙水源地有较好的适用性。1986-2009年,北庙水源地土地利用类型以林地、耕地、草地为主;草地面积减少,耕地、未利用土地和居民用地增加是这一时期土地利用方式变化的主要特征。水源地水文要素发生相应的变化主要表现为坡面径流深、径流深和土壤侵蚀模数增加,而实际蒸散减少。     

Hydrological Simulation in a Forest Dominated Watershed in Himalayan Region using SWAT Model

The present study is taken up to test the suitability of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for estimation of runoff and to understand sensitiveness of model input parameters in a predominantly forested watershed in Kumaun region of Himalaya. The study area Dabka is a small watershed (69.41 km²) lies in North West of Nainital in Uttarakhand. The SWAT is calibrated at an upstream intermediate gauging site Bagjhala draining approximately an area of 65.78 km² on monthly basis due to non-availability of observed data at main outlet. A local sensitivity analysis is performed on 13 input variables in terms of model outputs such as water yield, surface runoff and baseflow to gain in depth understanding of the role of different model parameters for their proper selection. The study concluded that model performed well with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value 0.242 for calibration and 0.81 for validation. Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for calibration and validation period is obtained as 0.77 and 0.73 respectively whereas Coefficient of determination (R²) for calibration and validation period is 0.86 and 0.90 indicating good model performance. The most sensitive model parameters affecting water yield are CN2, GWQMN and SOL_Z. On the basis of sensitiveness of model parameters, the ranking of most sensitive parameters from highest sensitive to relatively lesser sensitiveness on stream flow are CN2, SOL_K and SOL_AWC whereas for base flow SOL_AWC, SOL_Z and GWQMN are found to be more sensitive followed by CN2, ESCO and SOL_K.     

简化SWAT模型模拟漓江支流小流域的适用性评价

以漓江支流某小流域作为非点源污染流域研究对象,应用简化的SWAT模型,模拟示范区流域非点源污染的负荷量。通过对SWAT模型的简化,建立适用于漓江支流小流域的非点源污染模型,并对模型的适用性做出评价,得出月均值相对误差Re均小于25%,月相关系数R~2均大于0.7,月效率系数E_(ns)均大于0.5,拟合效果良好。本文研究结果表明,在漓江支流小流域建立简化的SWAT模型,对该流域进行非点源污染模拟是可行的。     

Evaluating the SWAT Model for Hydrological Modeling in the Xixian Watershed and a Comparison with the XAJ Model

Already declining water availability in Huaihe River, the 6th largest river in China, is further stressed by climate change and intense human activities. There is a pressing need for a watershed model to better understand the interaction between land use activities and hydrologic processes and to support sustainable water use planning. In this study, we evaluated the performance of SWAT for hydrologic modeling in the Xixian River Basin, located at the headwaters of the Huaihe River, and compared its performance with the Xinanjiang (XAJ) model that has been widely used in China. Due to the lack of publicly available data, emphasis has been put on geospatial data collection and processing, especially on developing land use-land cover maps for the study area based on ground-truth information sampling. Ten-year daily runoff data (1987?C1996) from four stream stations were used to calibrate SWAT and XAJ. Daily runoff data from the same four stations were applied to validate model performance from 1997 to 2005. The results show that both SWAT and XAJ perform well in the Xixian River Basin, with percentage of bias (PBIAS) less than 15%, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) larger than 0.69 and coefficient of determination (R²) larger than 0.72 for both calibration and validation periods at the four stream stations. Both SWAT and XAJ can reasonably simulate surface runoff and baseflow contributions. Comparison between SWAT and XAJ shows that model performances are comparable for hydrologic modeling. For the purposes of flood forecasting and runoff simulation, XAJ requires minimum input data preparation and is preferred to SWAT. The complex, processes-based SWAT can simultaneously simulate water quantity and quality and evaluate the effects of land use change and human activities, which makes it preferable for sustainable water resource management in the Xixian watershed where agricultural activities are intensive.